• We provide the first-ever study of the reported history and correlates of drug overdose among a broad sample of out-of-treatment people who inject drugs (PWID) in Lebanon. (who.int)
  • A history of drug overdose was reported in 171 (44.8%) PWID. (who.int)
  • It is estimated that mortality among people who inject drugs (PWID), which are frequently opioids, is 14 times greater than that of the general population (2). (who.int)
  • Prevalence of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Scotland is high. (strath.ac.uk)
  • During 2008-2009, PWID were recruited from services providing sterile injecting equipment across mainland Scotland, completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire and provided a dried blood spot for anonymous anti-HCV and HCV-RNA testing. (strath.ac.uk)
  • People who inject drugs (PWID) in Indonesia are disproportionately affected by HIV, but tend to be diagnosed at a late stage of infection, delay initiation to and have poor rates of retention in antiretroviral treatment, resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality. (researchsquare.com)
  • In addition to legal, policy and health system barriers, PWID may be hesitant to engage in HIV, treatment and care due to lack of knowledge, distrust of the health care system, and stigma related to their drug use and HIV status. (researchsquare.com)
  • CDC recommends that persons at increased risk of HIV infection, including PWID, undergo HIV testing at least annually [10]. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • Globally, there are nearly 15.6 million people (aged 15-64) who inject drugs (PWID), with an estimated 2.6 million PWID in North America (Degenhardt et al. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • 2019). The increase in injection drug use and the risks associated with using alone, in unhygienic or unsupervised settings necessitate the need for services that support safe injection practices among PWID. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) are a key population affected by hepatitis C virus (HCV). (bris.ac.uk)
  • Nine of 27 countries had data on HCV incidence among PWID, which was often high (2.7-66/100 person-years, median 13, Interquartile range (IQR) 8.7-28). (bris.ac.uk)
  • PWID using SIFs are also more likely to have a history of drug treatment 11 and less likely to have injected with borrowed syringes/needles. (researchgate.net)
  • In the first instance, people who inject drugs (PWID) should be advised of and provided with options for using sterile needles, syringes and other injecting equipment, and offered opioid substitution therapy for those who use opioids. (prepguidelines.com.au)
  • A recent systematic review of HIV-treatment adherence among PWID in the United States and Canada, undertaken to inform potential PrEP adherence interventions for people who inject drugs, found that younger age, female sex, homelessness and incarceration were obstacles to HIV treatment adherence ( 9 ). (prepguidelines.com.au)
  • Data tables and commentary for the unlinked anonymous monitoring surveys of infections and risk among people who inject drugs (PWID). (keywatch.fr)
  • The unlinked anonymous monitoring ( UAM ) surveys of people who inject drugs ( PWID ) aim to measure the level of HIV , hepatitis B and hepatitis C in this population. (keywatch.fr)
  • Evidence of an increase in injecting drug use at a global level highlights the need for improved coverage of interventions to prevent and manage drug-related harms among people who inject drugs (PWID), say two new reviews led by researchers at the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) and the Kirby Institute at UNSW Sydney. (edu.au)
  • Professor Jason Grebely from the Kirby Institute said the review looked at the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the characteristics of PWID and patterns of drug use and risk history. (edu.au)
  • Injecting drug use has now been documented in most countries and territories in the world, and HIV and HCV infection are prevalent in many populations of PWID," Professor Grebely said. (edu.au)
  • The second review, also published in Lancet Global Health , updates 2017 estimates of global coverage of needle and syringe exchange programmes (NSPs), opioid agonist treatment (OAT), and other harm reduction services that target PWID such as supervised consumption facilities, drug checking services, and take-home naloxone (THN) programmes. (edu.au)
  • Evidence suggests that there are 2.76 million women and 12.065 million men who inject drugs globally, and that 0.4 per cent of PWID identify as transgender. (edu.au)
  • Although HIV diagnoses among PWID have remained stable in recent years, injection drug use in some areas of the United States have created prevention challenges and placed new populations at risk for HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • Adult and adolescent PWID a accounted for 10% (3,864) b of the 37,968 new HIV diagnoses in the United States (US) and dependent areas c in 2018 (2,492 cases were attributed to injection drug use and 1,372 to male-to-male sexual contact d and injection drug use). (cdc.gov)
  • In Kenya, violence is common among people who inject drugs (PWID) living with HIV and their sexual and injecting partners and may lead to decreased uptake of HIV services, increased HIV risk behaviors, and increased HIV transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 3,302 sexual and/or injecting partners of PWID living with HIV were recruited through assisted partner services and participated in the study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A holistic approach that combines violence prevention and response, comprehensive harm reduction, healthcare access, and community support is crucial to address the complex issue of drug use and HIV burden among PWID in Kenya for improved health outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Kenya's Ministry of Health has identified key populations that the HIV epidemic disproportionately impacts, including people who inject drugs (PWID), sex workers, and men who have sex with men (MSM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among people who inject drugs (PWID), 60% have HCV and 50-90% of HIV-infected PWID are co-infected with HCV. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Police constitute a structural determinant of health and HIV risk of people who inject drugs (PWID), and negative encounters with law enforcement present significant barriers to PWID access to harm reduction services. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are investigating a large outbreak of recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among persons who inject drugs (PWID). (cdc.gov)
  • 7 Rates of acute HCV infection are increasing, especially among young nonurban PWID, often in association with abuse of injected prescription-type opioids. (cdc.gov)
  • People who inject drugs (PWID) are at an increased risk for Hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV due to needle sharing practices. (wikipedia.org)
  • Background: To expand hepatitis C (HCV) treatment for people who inject drugs (PWID), programs need to overcome barriers to initiating treatment. (inhsu.org)
  • Nationally, 43% of people who inject drugs (PWID) in India are married or with regular sex partners as per the National Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance (IBBS) for the year 2014-15. (allianceindia.org)
  • Most people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran have not undergone recent HIV testing . (bvsalud.org)
  • Most PWID in Iran , particularly those experiencing homelessness , have a longer injecting history , engage in more frequent injection practices, and possess a heightened perception of HIV risk would be willing to adopt HIVST. (bvsalud.org)
  • The spaces in which drug use occurs constitutes a key aspect of the "risk environment" of people who inject drugs (PWID). (harmreduction.eu)
  • Compared to PWID who primarily used private settings, the adjusted odds of recent overdose were greater among PWID who mostly used semi-public and public locations to inject drugs. (harmreduction.eu)
  • To assess the effect of involuntary drug treatment (IDT) on non‐fatal overdose among people who inject drugs (PWID). (cdpe.org)
  • Given the prevalence and harms of incarceration among persons who inject drugs (PWID) and their role in injection drug use initiation, this study aimed to investigate whether recent incarceration influences the likelihood PWID assist others in their first-ever injection. (cdpe.org)
  • This article examines the influence that law enforcement interactions have on the reporting of people who inject drugs (PWID) of assisting others with injection initiation. (cdpe.org)
  • This study examines the role of people who inject drugs (PWID) in facilitating the entry of others into injection initiation in settings characterized by cross-border migration that are associated with a unique risk environment. (cdpe.org)
  • This article examines whether a history of medication-assisted treatment for people who inject drugs (PWID) is associated with a reduced probability of providing injection initiation assistance. (cdpe.org)
  • People who inject drugs (PWID) face disparities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment outcomes and may be less likely to achieve durable viral suppression. (haifa.ac.il)
  • People who inject drugs (PWID) living with HIV often experience sub-optimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment outcomes, including HIV plasma viral load (PVL) rebound. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comprehensive clinical records linked to a community-based prospective observational cohort of HIV-positive drug users were used to identify PWID who had recently experienced viral rebound. (biomedcentral.com)
  • People who inject drugs (PWID) are considered a priority population in global HCV elimination efforts. (inhsu.org)
  • This qualitative study reports on the analysis of 28 semi-structured telephone interviews with people who inject drugs (PWID) in Bristol between June and August 2020. (addictionprofessionals.org.uk)
  • Historically, The first professionally staffed service for people who inject drugs (PWID) emerged in Rotterdam, Netherlands during the early 1970s as part of the "alternative youth service" provided by St. Paul's Church. (aivl.org.au)
  • Acquaintances of patient B reported injecting black tar heroin subcutaneously (skin popping) and sharing this drug with patient A. (cdc.gov)
  • Around 86% reported heroin as the first drug they had ever injected. (who.int)
  • People who use heroin (PWUH) have increased morbidity and mortality compared to the general population [ 1 ]. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • While similar pharmacological effects can be achieved by smoking or injecting heroin, peak plasma concentrations are 2-4 times lower when heroin is smoked, which may reduce risk of lethal opioid overdose [ 13 , 14 ]. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • Programs that encourage PWUH to transition from injecting to smoking heroin may decrease injection frequency and thereby reduce harms associated with heroin use, including risks of infection and overdose [ 15 ]. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • It's driven not just by prescription drug use, but also heroin and fentanyl. (contagionlive.com)
  • The surveys provide data on people who inject psychoactive drugs (such as heroin) and also on people who inject image and performance enhancing drugs ( IPEDs ). (keywatch.fr)
  • Needle sharing is the practice of intravenous drug-users by which a needle or syringe is shared by multiple individuals to administer intravenous drugs such as heroin, steroids, and hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a table ordering drugs by the 'mean harm rating by independent experts', heroin and cocaine are first and second, but alcohol comes in at number five and tobacco at number nine, much higher than the Class A drugs LSD (at number 14) and ecstasy (at number 18). (spiked-online.com)
  • Heroin, in combination with methamphetamine and tranquilizers, were the drugs most reported at the day of the event. (cdpe.org)
  • Many of them went from abusing prescription drugs to injecting heroin , which often is cheaper and easier to get. (kidshealth.org)
  • Most of these new infections are in young people (20 to 29 years old) who inject drugs - many of whom moved from abusing prescription pain relievers (opioids) to injecting heroin , which often is cheaper and easier to get. (kidshealth.org)
  • Fast forward to the 1990s, Sydney's Kings Cross was a notorious setting during a heroin boom, claiming countless lives through overdose, a mass of drug-related harms and increases in BBVs such as HIV and Hepatitis C through the sharing of needles. (aivl.org.au)
  • Some gay men inject heroin and crystal methamphetamine. (out.org.za)
  • Overdose deaths, which are attributable in most cases to opioids, contribute to between one-third and one-half of all drug-related deaths (2). (who.int)
  • People who inject opioids or other drugs and develop a potentially deadly heart infection require a unique approach to care that should include consultation with an addiction specialist, according to a new report from the American Heart Association. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • Use a new, sterile syringe to prepare and inject drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • Increased police presence and arrests in proximity to needle exchange programs can interfere with sterile syringe access for people who inject drugs. (ohtn.on.ca)
  • Law enforcement activities targeting possession of needles among people who use drugs is associated with risky injecting behaviour including syringe sharing. (ohtn.on.ca)
  • This study indicated that the SIF attracted IDUs who have been shown to be at elevated risk of blood-borne disease infection and overdose, and IDUs who were contributing to the public drug use problem and unsafe syringe disposal problems stemming from public injection drug use. (researchgate.net)
  • People who inject drugs can be referred to local needle and syringe programs, or the Australian Injecting and Illicit Drug Users League affiliates in their state or territory. (prepguidelines.com.au)
  • This approach is particularly relevant in Australia where sterile needle and syringe coverage is high and HIV prevalence and incidence among people who inject drugs remains low and stable ( 7, 8 ). (prepguidelines.com.au)
  • People who inject drugs that are in contact with a sample of specialist drug services (such as needle and syringe programmes and addiction treatment centres) throughout England, Wales and Northern Ireland, are recruited in to the surveys. (keywatch.fr)
  • Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment means using a needle or syringe after someone else used it to inject drugs or medicine or for tattoos or piercings. (cdc.gov)
  • Syringe services programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that provide a range of services, including access to sterile needles and syringes, facilitation of safe disposal of used syringes, and provide and link people to other important services and programs, such as substance use disorder treatment, vaccination, testing, and linkage to care and treatment for infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • In late 2014, interviews conducted with three persons newly diagnosed with HIV infections in three separate venues (i.e., an outpatient clinic, a drug rehabilitation program, during a hospitalization) indicated that two of these persons had recently injected drugs and had numerous syringe-sharing and sexual partners. (cdc.gov)
  • NEPs, also known as syringe exchange programs (SEPs), are a form of harm reduction policy that provide new needles to persons addicted to drugs in exchange for used ones in order to help control the spread of disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • During this, the syringe used to inject the drug was also in his hand. (tribuneindia.com)
  • His condition was critical, and he also had a syringe in his hand with which he must have injected himself with the drug. (tribuneindia.com)
  • Our analysis demonstrates that, after adjusting for relevant covariates, drug overdose is associated with a history of incarceration, drug treatment, and an increased number of arrests in one's lifetime for drug injection or possession. (who.int)
  • The observed associations suggest overdose prevention programmes may be effective if targeted to recently incarcerated people and to those receiving drug treatment. (who.int)
  • Drug overdose is a public health concern that affects diverse populations across the globe (1). (who.int)
  • We therefore conducted the first study of non-fatal drug overdose in Lebanon. (who.int)
  • 2017). Canada and the United States (US) have both seen significant increases in the rate of injection drug use, as well as a rise in the rate of infections and fatal overdose related to injection drug use (Jacka et al. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • 2020). The risk of fatal overdose significantly increases when people inject drugs alone, and may be prevented with timely intervention (i.e. administration of naloxone, an overdose prevention medication) (Colledge et al. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • Opioid overdose is a common cause of mortality among PWUH, with higher overdose risk among those who inject [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • People who inject drugs in public places in Scotland are much more likely to have HIV or hepatitis C and are at higher risk of overdose and skin and soft tissue infections caused by injecting, a survey of drug users has found. (aidsmap.com)
  • As well as providing a space for supervised injecting with sterile injecting equipment to prevent overdose and blood-borne virus transmission, facilities can also offer health care for drug users, testing for HIV and hepatitis C and linkage to treatment. (aidsmap.com)
  • Naloxone is a drug that can temporarily reverse opioid overdose. (edu.au)
  • Conversely, police may facilitate access via officer-led referrals, potentiating prevention of HIV, overdose, and drug-related harms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alongside rising global drug consumption patterns, drug-related harms such as overdose, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection related to injection drug use (IDU) remain significant public health problems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Review the most recent sources of data on HIV diagnoses, HCV diagnoses (acute as well as past or present), overdose deaths, admissions for drug treatment, and drug arrests. (cdc.gov)
  • High rates of injection drug use and especially prescription-type opioid abuse, drug-related overdose, drug treatment admission, or drug arrests. (cdc.gov)
  • Injecting drugs can also lead to overdose or drug poisoning. (catie.ca)
  • According to BuzzFeed , Finner told reporters that medical staff found a prick mark on the security guard's neck and that he had been treated with Narcan - a drug that can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose. (ksby.com)
  • Recent involuntary drug treatment in Mexico is a risk factor for non‐fatal drug overdose. (cdpe.org)
  • To explore a potential relationship between overdose and injection initiation, we assessed temporal associations between experiencing a non-fatal overdose and assisting others in initiating injection drug use among persons who inject drugs in two North American cities - Vancouver, Canada and Tijuana, Mexico. (cdpe.org)
  • Kings Cross had the highest concentration of people dying of drug overdose in Australia. (aivl.org.au)
  • The confronting scenes of public injection and overdose as well as discarded injecting equipment in Kings Cross inspired Reverend Ray Richmond to conduct an act of civil disobedience by establishing a safe injecting room inside Kings Cross' Wayside Chapel which became known as 'The Tolerance Room. (aivl.org.au)
  • According to the police, the man is reportedly addicted to drugs and he took an injection while sitting on the scooter, but due to overdose, he fainted and froth was coming out of his mouth. (tribuneindia.com)
  • Medical problems also arise from damage caused by the drugs themselves (eg, morbidity and mortality associated with drug overdose). (medscape.com)
  • Morbidity and mortality may result from infection secondary to injecting drug use, sequelae of injection with adulterants added to the drug mixture, sequelae of the drug use itself, drug overdose, or violence associated with drug use. (medscape.com)
  • By contrast, only 25 cases reported in 2016 and 2017 combined had injection drug use as a risk factor for HIV infection. (multco.us)
  • Injection drug use is a major contributor to the spread of HIV and Hepatitis C in Canada (1-4). (ohtn.on.ca)
  • Laws and policing practices that govern injection drug use influence the risk environment for people who inject drugs (5). (ohtn.on.ca)
  • Street-level policing activities can hinder injection drug users' access to sterile syringes (6-9), increase needle sharing (7;9-11), and increase rates of HIV and drug-related mortality (12-14). (ohtn.on.ca)
  • In Canada, injection drug use accounts for a large proportion of HIV and hepatitis C infections. (ohtn.on.ca)
  • According to modelling estimates, injection drug use accounts for 54% to 70% of hepatitis C infections across Canada (2). (ohtn.on.ca)
  • In Ontario, it is estimated that approximately 5% of injection drug users in Ontario are living with HIV (3), and that 36% of hepatitis C cases may be attributed to injection drug use (4). (ohtn.on.ca)
  • Engaging police in harm reduction strategies may provide an opportunity to reduce the injection drug-associated harms while also reducing crime. (ohtn.on.ca)
  • Do Supervised Injecting Facilities Attract Higher-Risk Injection Drug Users? (researchgate.net)
  • In Western Europe and elsewhere, medically supervised safer injection facilities (SIFs) are increasingly being implemented for the prevention of health- and community-related harms among injection drug users (IDUs), although few evaluations have been conducted, and there have been questions regarding SIFs' ability to attract high-risk IDUs. (researchgate.net)
  • Overall, 400 active injection drug users returned for follow-up between December 1, 2003 and May 1, 2004, among whom 178 (45%) reported ever using the SIF. (researchgate.net)
  • Includes infections attributed to male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use (men who reported both risk factors). (cdc.gov)
  • Injection drug use accounts for an estimated 8% 2 of the approximate 50,000 annual new HIV infections in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • The proportion of people in the U.S. hospitalized with infective endocarditis related to injection drug use doubled from 2002 to 2016, from 8% to about 16%, research shows. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • He added that more studies are needed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of medications used to treat infective endocarditis related to injection drug use. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • We aimed to add nuance to the characterization of "safe" and "unsafe" spaces in PWID's environments to further understand how these spaces amplify the risk of morbidities associated with injection drug use. (harmreduction.eu)
  • PRIMER is a multi-country study on the impact of different interventions in preventing people who use drugs from initiating others into injection drug use. (cdpe.org)
  • This study examines the social networks and structural contexts linked with assisting others in initiating injection drug use. (cdpe.org)
  • This article examines the risk factors for injection drug use initiation that are associated with migration. (cdpe.org)
  • Do Law Enforcement Interactions Reduce the Initiation of Injection Drug Use? (cdpe.org)
  • In adjusted analysis, injection drug use and homelessness were associated with increased virological rebound in earlier time periods, while only age and race were associated with virological rebound in 2012-2017. (haifa.ac.il)
  • emtricitabine [F]/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [TDF]) is an FDA-approved daily oral PrEP option for healthy adults and adolescents at risk of getting HIV through sex or injection drug use. (medscape.com)
  • [ 14 ] There is also a need to reduce the frequency of injection drug use, needle sharing, use of contaminated equipment, and similar risky behaviors. (medscape.com)
  • Common blood-borne viruses in this group include HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. These are mainly spread through the sharing of needles, syringes and drug preparation equipment or unprotected sexual contacts. (europa.eu)
  • INJECTION EQUIPMENT: Provide free access to clean drug injection equipment, including sterile needles and syringes, as part of combined multi-component prevention, harm-reduction, counselling and treatment programmes. (europa.eu)
  • Never reuse or 'share' syringes, water, or drug-preparation equipment. (cdc.gov)
  • If they are dependent on men to get their syringes or their drug supply or both, then they are often not an equal position to ensure that their syringes sterile. (contagionlive.com)
  • Most commonly, people get or transmit HIV through anal or vaginal sex, or sharing needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment-for example, cookers. (cdc.gov)
  • Drug treatment paradigms vary greatly from abstinence-only programs to opioid agonist therapy (OAT) such as methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) and buprenorphine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lead researcher, NDARC's Scientia Professor Louisa Degenhardt, said the landscape had changed since the last review, including increased support for research across multiple low-income and middle-income countries, shifts in patterns of drug use, the development of targets for reductions in HIV and viral hepatitis infection, and the inclusion of drug dependence treatment as one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. (edu.au)
  • 3 HCV infection is the most common blood-borne infection in the United States and percutaneous exposure via drug-injecting equipment contaminated with HCV-infected blood is the most frequent mode of transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • The analysis showed that Hispanics/Latinos accounted for 22.6% of CDC-funded HIV testing events and 23.3% of persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Using heat to cook the drugs can help them dissolve and reduce the chance of infection from certain viruses and bacteria that may be present. (catie.ca)
  • Previous AHA guidance on the condition, called infective endocarditis, did not provide detailed information on how people who inject drugs are affected or how their care might differ from other people with the infection. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • More people who inject drugs are having this potentially deadly heart infection," he said. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • Some people may not feel sick during the earlier stages of HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 1 Prevention and control of viral hepatitis infection: framework for global action is availab le at: http://www.who.int/ hiv/pub/hepatitis/Framework/en/ (accessed 5 November 2015). (who.int)
  • But most infected people (70%-85%) develop a chronic (long-lasting) HCV infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • An acute HCV infection is a short-term illness that clears within 6 months of when a person is exposed to the virus. (kidshealth.org)
  • A person who still has HCV after 6 months is said to have a chronic hepatitis C infection . (kidshealth.org)
  • Doctors do a blood test to look for antibodies to hepatitis C. If antibodies are present, it only means that the person has had an HCV infection at some point. (kidshealth.org)
  • But most infected people develop a chronic (long-term) infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • Most people with an infection have no symptoms. (kidshealth.org)
  • Hepatitis A is a highly contagious viral infection that typically spreads when a person unknowingly ingests the virus from food, drinks, or objects contaminated by undetected amounts of feces from an infected person. (medicinenet.com)
  • Gay men who have unprotected sex under the influence of drugs may also be at risk for HIV infection, or for infecting others. (out.org.za)
  • People who are sick with other diseases that weakens the immune system, such as diabetes, renal disease or HIV infection. (howardcountymd.gov)
  • According to the Office of Minority Health , while the rates of acute and chronic infection are lower in non-Hispanic Black people, the death rates are higher. (healthline.com)
  • People of Color develop the infection, and why do they have worse outcomes? (healthline.com)
  • About 30 percent of people who get an acute hepatitis C infection clear the virus on their own without any treatment within 6 months. (healthline.com)
  • However, people who don't clear the virus develop chronic hepatitis C infection. (healthline.com)
  • To reduce susceptibility of people to HIV infection through enabling access to effective STIs treatment. (who.int)
  • Both injecting drug use and HIV infection can spread rapidly within a community. (medscape.com)
  • Introduction of and rapid increase in injecting drug use is believed to be responsible for dramatic increases in HIV infection in some areas. (medscape.com)
  • In China, in Central Asia, and in several countries of Eastern Europe, injecting drug use is the primary risk factor for HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • Besides direct transmission of HIV, injecting drug use also contributes to the spread of HIV infection by perinatal transmission and by sexual contact with individuals who do not inject drugs. (medscape.com)
  • These recommendations have been developed specifically to address the daily use of antiretrovirals in HIV-uninfected people to block the acquisition of HIV infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is the leading authority on illicit drugs in the European Union. (europa.eu)
  • AIVL produces a number of resources every year for people who use/have used illicit drugs and their allies. (aivl.org.au)
  • Stay in touch with all the latest news relating to the health and human rights of people who use/have used illicit drugs. (aivl.org.au)
  • AIVL actively promotes peer-informed events of interest to people who use/have used illicit drugs - and their allies. (aivl.org.au)
  • Interested in a career at the Australian Injecting & Illicit Drug Users League? (aivl.org.au)
  • While harm reduction makes drug use somewhat safer, it's never safe to consume illicit substances without the close supervision of medical professionals who know how much to administer and the symptoms of dependency. (mynorthwest.com)
  • People who inject drugs should be considered for heart valve repair or replacement surgery whether they continue to inject drugs or not, the statement said. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • Structural-environmental influences resulting in non-adherence included housing transitions, changes in drug use patterns and intense drug scene involvement, and inadequate care for co-morbid health conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Causes of viral rebound can include drug resistance, poor adherence to an HIV treatment regimen or interrupting treatment. (aidsmap.com)
  • 2021) Utilizing patient perception of group treatment environment in exploring medication adherence, social support, and quality of life outcomes in people who inject drugs with Hepatitis C. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, Jul, 126, 108459. (clemson.edu)
  • This resource provides harm reduction information on how to prepare and inject crystal meth. (catie.ca)
  • Adding a small dose of a booster drug to an antiretroviral makes the liver break down the primary drug more slowly, which means that it stays in the body for longer times or at higher levels. (aidsmap.com)
  • A class of antiretroviral drugs. (aidsmap.com)
  • When a person on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has persistent, detectable levels of HIV in the blood after a period of undetectable levels. (aidsmap.com)
  • Although all participants had used - and a majority had developed resistance to - at least two antiretroviral drug classes, they were able to construct viable regimens using a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor and an active third agent such as etravirine ( Intelence ), maraviroc ( Celsentri or Selzentry ) or a nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor. (aidsmap.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: Low-level viraemia (LLV) occurs in some people with HIV (PWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and has been linked to inferior treatment outcomes. (lu.se)
  • Officers endorsing addiction services were less likely to be assigned to high drug use districts (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] = 0.50, 95% CI 0.24, 1.08) and more likely to agree that methadone programs reduce crime (APR = 4.66, 95% CI 2.05, 9.18) than officers who did not support addiction services. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interviews with acquaintances of patient B identified three additional persons (patients C, D, and E) who injected drugs and were admitted to the hospital during December 2-21, 2020, with cranial nerve impairment including diplopia (two), blurred vision (two), bilateral ptosis (one), upper extremity weakness (two), and respiratory failure requiring intubation (two). (cdc.gov)
  • Using new sterile equipment and other safer injecting practices helps to lower the chance of health issues for people who inject drugs. (catie.ca)
  • Providing education on safer injecting practices along with a range of free harm reduction supplies can support people to use their drugs as safely as possible. (catie.ca)
  • People who inject drugs are at higher risk for infective endocarditis if they are exposed to bacteria by re-using needles or from other injection practices that aren't sterile. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • The statement also calls for better public education about safer injection practices and for providing people who inject drugs with supplies to reduce potential harm, such as tourniquets, bandages and sterile water. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • Several of them are sex partners of male drug users who don't engage in high-risk behaviours and yet are at greater risk of HIV, HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) and other infections and health conditions because of the high-risk behaviours of their male sex partners who may be engaging in high-risk drug use and linked sexual practices. (allianceindia.org)
  • Participants will need to answer questions about their drug taking history and sexual practices. (out.org.za)
  • The outbreak was detected in 2015 and by November 2018, 119 people had been diagnosed with HIV. (aidsmap.com)
  • Researchers from Glasgow Caledonian University, University of Glasgow and Scotland's Health Protection Agency carried out a cross-sectional survey of people who inject drugs recruited through 139 harm reduction services in Scotland in 2017 and 2018. (aidsmap.com)
  • Introduction In 2018, the first Medically Supervised Injecting Room in Melbourne, Australia was officially opened. (researchgate.net)
  • This study assessed whether this facility attracted people who inject drugs, who were socially vulnerable, and who engaged in drug-related behaviors associated with increased morbidity and mortality risk. (researchgate.net)
  • Self-reports from HIV-negative people who inject drugs were that HIV-related stigma in social networks, negative experiences with health-care providers, lack of money, homelessness and the criminal justice system were likely barriers to PrEP access ( 10 ). (prepguidelines.com.au)
  • It is estimated that 24.8 per cent of people who inject drugs globally had experienced recent homelessness or unstable housing, 58.4 per cent had a lifetime history of incarceration, and 14.9 per cent had recently engaged in sex work, with substantial geographical variation. (edu.au)
  • They pointed out, wisely, how tackling homelessness needs more than whacking people into a place with a roof over their head. (addictionprofessionals.org.uk)
  • Engaging police and law enforcement in harm reduction programs provides an opportunity to reduce the harms associated with injecting (5;17). (ohtn.on.ca)
  • While there has been some progress toward improved service coverage, upscaling is required to respond to the clinical and social harms that many people face. (edu.au)
  • Injecting and sexual risk behaviour varied considerably geographically, as did risks of harms. (edu.au)
  • Risk groups overlap with those for the ongoing syphilis outbreak, an increase in sexually transmitted drug-resistant Shigella and efforts to prevent a local outbreak of Hepatitis A via vaccination. (multco.us)
  • Data were collected on sociodemographics, risk profiles, drug use histories, drug and sexual risk behaviours, history of substance use treatment and incarceration, and pertinent infectious disease test results. (who.int)
  • factors should be considered when providing support to people commencing PrEP when they are at risk of HIV through injecting drug use. (prepguidelines.com.au)
  • People with certain risk factors should get tested at least once a year. (cdc.gov)
  • People who use previously used needles are at increased risk of getting infected with blood-borne pathogens such as HIV, HBV, and HCV, and spreading the infections to others. (wikipedia.org)
  • People of a minority race or ethnicity are often at an increased risk of needle sharing, possibly due to lower levels of health education. (wikipedia.org)
  • People who inject drugs are at particularly high risk of getting hepatitis B or hepatitis C. The good news is that vaccines for hepatitis B and testing and treatment for hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections have been proven to lower the risk of liver cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusion: Geographic expansion and emergence of social injecting hotspots call for ongoing assessment of risk environments and adaptation of harm reduction strategies. (inhsu.org)
  • PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is for people who don't already have HIV but are at very high risk of getting it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This will not only increase the number of people who know about PrEP but may help your patients overcome embarrassment or stigma that could prevent them from talking to you about behaviors that put them at risk of getting HIV. (medscape.com)
  • These men may be at risk for HIV as HIV can spread explosively once it enters a drug-injecting population. (out.org.za)
  • Anyone can get TB, but some people are more at risk than others. (howardcountymd.gov)
  • Black Americans who are at risk for hepatitis C are less likely to get tested than white people with the same risks. (healthline.com)
  • Injection drugs abusers are at heightened risk for skin and soft-tissue infections, including necrotizing fasciitis. (medscape.com)
  • Other vulnerable groups (youth, including street children, uniformed services, migrants, women) have changed behaviour towards significant reduction of HIV transmission risk - withdrawal from drug abuse, delayed sexual activity/loyalty to one - withdrawal from drug abuse, delayed sexual activity/loyalty to one partner/use of condoms in sexual intercourse. (who.int)
  • [ 4 ] Injecting drug use is also associated with increased levels of high-risk sexual behavior. (medscape.com)
  • In a plenary session on March 10th, Steffanie Strathdee, PhD, discussed preventing HIV infections in people who inject drugs. (contagionlive.com)
  • The new statement was prompted by advances in understanding the unique challenges of treating heart infections in people who inject drugs, Dr. Daniel C. DeSimone said in a news release. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • Observational study - observes people and measures outcomes without affecting results. (mayo.edu)
  • New hepatitis C treatments could help level the outcomes for People of Color, but only in those who get access to treatment. (healthline.com)
  • Research in Glasgow suggests that around 500 people who inject drugs are regularly injecting in public places in Glasgow's city centre but the United Kingdom government recently rejected a proposal to establish a drug consumption room in the city centre. (aidsmap.com)
  • Glasgow City Council and Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS continue to advocate for a safer drug consumption facility in the city centre. (aidsmap.com)
  • Sydney's Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) turned 21, on Friday 6 May 2022, with the landmark achievement being recognised by Lord Mayor of Sydney Clover Moore, who handed over the key to the city to commemorate 21 years of service in saving lives. (aivl.org.au)
  • The church centre later turned into the world's first legally sanctioned drug consumption facility, after discussions with police and legislature who mutually decided that the service can operate provided no minors be admitted. (aivl.org.au)
  • Under the leadership of then NSW Premier Bob Carr, the 1999 drug summit coupled with the drug reform advocacy of then director of St. Vincent's Hospital Alcohol and Drug service Dr Alex Wodak and colleagues, set the foundation for the introduction of Australia's first medically supervised injecting centre, to be run by the charitable arm of the Uniting Church. (aivl.org.au)
  • The mean centres of dwelling and injecting locations have remained stable over time, however, deviation from these centres was greater in 2011-2017, suggesting geographical expansion over time. (inhsu.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 34,800 people were newly infected with HIV in 2019, and 1.2 million people in the country are living with HIV. (medscape.com)
  • The rarity of reported wound botulism outbreaks might be partially related to challenges from stigma precluding identification and epidemiologic linkage of patients who injected drugs together or purchased drugs from the same source. (cdc.gov)
  • 35 means we can empower more people living with HIV to challenge stigma with our information workshops, videos and broadcasts. (aidsmap.com)
  • People hospitalized for infective endocarditis should be screened for substance use and those found to inject drugs should be treated for that condition immediately, the statement advises. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • The standard treatment for infective endocarditis - six weeks of intravenous antibiotics - is not always possible for people who inject drugs because they often leave the hospital before treatment is completed. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • Stakeholders and partners should focus on prevention and care strategies for Hispanic/Latino subpopulations (e.g., men who have sex with men and persons who inject drugs) to reduce HIV-related disparities. (cdc.gov)
  • Data to identify target populations are required for all test events conducted in non-health care settings and are only required for HIV-positive persons from health care settings. (cdc.gov)
  • This included the major populations, periodicity and geographic location covered by the surveillance systems, the most recent sexual and injecting drug behaviour surveys and any surveillance of HIV drug resistance. (who.int)
  • Unfortunately, most people with chronic viral hepatitis are not aware of their status and do not receive appropriate treatment. (who.int)
  • Although hepatitis C affects people of all races and ethnicities, certain groups are disproportionately affected by the virus and develop complications like liver cancer. (healthline.com)
  • People of Color make up a disproportionately high share of hepatitis C diagnoses in the United States. (healthline.com)
  • The interventions proposed range from the supply of injection equipment, testing and vaccination to the treatment of infections and drug dependence. (europa.eu)
  • DRUG DEPENDENCE TREATMENT: Provide access to treatment, in particular substitution treatment for opioid users. (europa.eu)
  • Approximately half (53.0%) reported a history of substance use treatment, and 80.1% reported a history of arrest for the injection or possession of drugs. (who.int)
  • 5 allows us to reach millions of people globally with accurate and reliable resources about HIV prevention and treatment. (aidsmap.com)
  • When asked about barriers to treatment, 56% participants felt that they would need to stop using drugs to get HCV treatment, 61% felt that HCV treatment had many side effects and 20% reported insurance coverage barriers. (inhsu.org)
  • Such treatment should include medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration to reduce opioid-related withdrawal symptoms to improve the chances of the patient completing treatment for endocarditis. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • However, some treatment centers don't offer surgery, especially if the patient currently injects drugs or has had a previous valve surgery. (heartdoctorsnj.com)
  • People who had HCV as a result of drug use should get counseling or further treatment to help them overcome their addiction . (kidshealth.org)
  • Health experts caution that people who had hepatitis C due to drug use should get counseling or further treatment to help them overcome their addiction. (kidshealth.org)
  • Persons of childbearing potential must be non-nursing and have a negative serum pregnancy test to be included in the trial and will agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method or abstinence) from the time of screening to a period of 24 months following completion of the drug treatment cycle. (mayo.edu)
  • There is no treatment, but a person can learn strategies to cope with it. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • At the moment, there are few treatment services for people who inject drugs. (out.org.za)
  • Referring to a drug "addiction" is stigmatizing, advocates argue, so they do not actively push for treatment. (mynorthwest.com)
  • The City of Seattle has been funding supplies for fentanyl and other drug addicts without any attempt to push treatment. (mynorthwest.com)
  • The investigational HIV integrase inhibitor elvitegravir taken once daily continued to perform as well as twice-daily raltegravir ( Isentress ) at 96 weeks for treatment-experienced people with extensive drug resistance, according to data presented last week at the 19th International AIDS Conference in Washington, DC. (aidsmap.com)
  • A person who has previously taken treatment for a condition. (aidsmap.com)
  • Treatment-experienced people may have taken several different regimens before and may have a strain of HIV that is resistant to multiple drug classes. (aidsmap.com)
  • Another cause may be systemic problems in People of Color receiving treatment for other chronic conditions, such as diabetes. (healthline.com)
  • Treatment of individuals who use injection drugs may be complicated by social and political barriers to treatment and by a lack of resources for public health approaches to treatment. (medscape.com)
  • In January 2021, two persons (patients F and G) with diplopia, blurred vision, and shortness of breath who had injected drugs with either patient B or patient E were concerned that they might have botulism and were evaluated at area hospitals. (cdc.gov)
  • Prescribe cabotegravir (CAB) injections - approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2021 - as PrEP for your sexually active adult and adolescent patients (Grade IA). (medscape.com)
  • Globally, 14.8 million people aged 15 - 64 years are estimated to inject drugs. (edu.au)
  • A 2012 study (8) exploring the spatial overlap of drug-related arrests and access to needle exchange programs over time in New York City health districts found that districts with better access to needle exchange programs had higher rates of arrest. (ohtn.on.ca)
  • However, many states still provide the service despite the federal legislation, especially in large cities where intravenous drug use is a major health concern. (wikipedia.org)
  • Analyses included persons who tested positive for HIV during the most current test event in 2014 and were not previously reported in the health department's HIV surveillance system. (cdc.gov)
  • Injecting drugs can lead to a range of health issues including vein damage, blood-borne infections such as hepatitis C and HIV, and other types of blood, skin and heart infections. (catie.ca)
  • our global community of innovators, practitioners and change-makers to improve the health of people that use drugs. (inhsu.org)
  • Women, marginalized because of drug use, HIV and gender inequalities are amongst the most affected due to the health and social consequences of COVID-19. (allianceindia.org)
  • The landmark achievement also received praise from many who have been involved in alcohol and other drugs (AOD) health service spaces or engaged with MSIC. (aivl.org.au)
  • The study findings will be used to guide HIV and health responses for people who inject drugs. (out.org.za)
  • Richard Elion from Whitman-Walker Health presented long term data from a head-to-head phase III randomised controlled trial comparing 150mg elvitegravir once daily or 400mg raltegravir twice daily, both in combination with a fully active boosted protease inhibitor plus a third drug. (aidsmap.com)
  • It included questions on the coverage of population groups by routine serosurveillance surveys, determining whether sexual and drug use behaviour surveys or demographic health surveys with HIV testing had been conducted and whether of any surveillance of HIV drug resistance had been implemented. (who.int)
  • While macro- and meso-level laws and policies are intended to guide policing responses to drug and injection equipment possession and use, they do not necessarily align with policing behaviour enforced on the streets. (ohtn.on.ca)
  • There aren't enough interventions for people who use drugs, new research shows. (edu.au)
  • as the prime HIV-prevention strategy for people who inject drugs, and emphasises that access to harm- reduction services remains a critical component of HIV prevention in people who inject drugs ( 6 ). (prepguidelines.com.au)
  • Scottish investigators say that their findings provide strong evidence in support of providing safer drug consumption facilities to prevent further drug-related harm. (aidsmap.com)
  • Scottish harm reduction experts and drug users have advocated the adoption of safer injecting facilities like those opened in Switzerland and Vancouver, Canada. (aidsmap.com)
  • Harm reduction is a set of practical strategies and ideas aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with drug use (including safer use, managed use and abstinence). (aidsmap.com)
  • People come in, they get safer smoking supplies," she continued. (mynorthwest.com)
  • Our friends at People's Harm Reduction Alliance invented a whole new pipe so that people could smoke and not inject, which is proven to be safer method of using drugs. (mynorthwest.com)
  • According to Strathdee and colleagues (5), the legal environment affecting people who inject drugs can be separated into macro-, meso- and micro-legal environments. (ohtn.on.ca)
  • African American is a term often used for people of African descent with ancestry in North America. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2003, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimated about 1.4 million people used injection drugs in North America. (medscape.com)
  • What are the best ways of engaging law enforcement agencies in harm reduction programs for people who inject drugs? (ohtn.on.ca)
  • This review identifies the impacts of police and law enforcement activities on people who inject drugs, and summarizes ways to engage law enforcement in harm reduction approaches. (ohtn.on.ca)
  • If a sharps container is not available, needles can often be brought to local law enforcement, hospitals, or drug stores for safe collection and disposal. (wikipedia.org)
  • They do not believe law enforcement should play a role in drug addiction. (mynorthwest.com)
  • Alliance India has recently expanded the target to cover more FSPs based on the experiences thus far and to also ensure that during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic additional risks such as gender-based violence (GBV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) don't impede access to life-saving drugs and support services by this underserved community. (allianceindia.org)
  • In 2011, about 17% of new HIV diagnoses were in people who inject drugs (1). (ohtn.on.ca)
  • Diagnoses refers to the number of people who received an HIV diagnosis during a given year. (cdc.gov)
  • They make up a higher proportion of new HIV diagnoses and people with HIV, compared to other races and ethnicities. (medlineplus.gov)
  • HIV, hepatitis) and serious infections associated with injecting drugs, which are often related to using unsterile equipment, injecting in unhygienic settings, or rushed injections (Colledge et al. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • all reported dissolving and injecting tablets of the prescription-type opioid oxymorphone (OPANA® ER) using shared drug preparation and injection equipment. (cdc.gov)