Initiation of protein factors eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

Even though EIF4EBP2 protein binds eIF4E and inhibits translation initiation, growth factors can release this inhibition by a phosphorylation-dependent disruption. (prospecbio.com)
Markedly, we found that suppression of HIF-1α accumulation by celastrol correlated with strong dephosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), pathways known to regulate HIF-1α expression at the translational level. (spandidos-publications.com)
3 In that clinical trial, some clinical responses associated with the reduction of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) levels were seen. (haematologica.org)
The RNA helicase eIF4A and the scaffold protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the capping protein eIF4E are part of the complex that loads the mRNAs onto the 40 S ribosomal subunit, together with eIF3. (biosyn.com)
4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs) block the interaction of eIF4E with eIF4G to negatively regulate the formation of the eIF4F complex. (biosyn.com)
The 'closed-loop' model explains that the induction of 5'- to 3'-proximity of mRNAs requires the initiation factors eIF4E, eIF4G, and PABP. (biosyn.com)

BZW2 contains an eIF5C domain which is also present in eIF2BE, eIF4G, eIF5, and a GAP protein specific for eIF2. (wikipedia.org)
The EIF2AK4 protein can turn on (activate) another protein called eIF2 alpha (eIF2α), which helps control protein production. (medlineplus.gov)
When cells are under stress, for example when the level of protein building blocks (amino acids) is too low, EIF2AK4 activates eIF2α. (medlineplus.gov)
When turned on, eIF2α stimulates processes that reduce protein production, which helps conserve amino acids. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition, activated eIF2α can trigger production of certain proteins called transcription factors, which control gene activity. (medlineplus.gov)
The transcription factors regulated by eIF2α control the activity of genes involved in processes that help reduce the stress on the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Western blot analysis was used to measure eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation levels. (spandidos-publications.com)
As one of three primary UPR effectors, PERK directly phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), which consequently inhibits initiation of general translation and reduces ER burden ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
GS-002 also induced endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress as evidenced by increases in ER stress-responsive proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α (eIF2 α ), phosphorylated protein endoplasmic-reticular-resident kinase (PERK), and ATF-3. (hindawi.com)
In most metazoans, GCN2 is one of the four known kinases that phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 2, α subunit (eIF2α) to inhibit translation initiation [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Heterogeneous population of RNA granules serve as motile units to translocate, store, translate, and degrade mRNAs in the dendrites contain cis -elements and trans -acting factors such as RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs to convey stimulus-, transcript-specific local translation. (frontiersin.org)
The existence of mRNAs retaining both nuclear cap binding protein and EJC in the distal sites of neuronal processes suggests that some localized mRNAs have not yet undergone the "very first translation," which contribute to the spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
Through this interaction, mRNAs and their associative proteins form messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) that are actively transported along the cytoskeleton to intracellular destinations. (frontiersin.org)
EIF5B (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5B) is a conserved eukaryotic translation factor that mediates association of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits during eukaryotic translation initiation, and modulates the cell cycle progression by regulating the translation of upstream open reading frames (uORF)-containing mRNAs such as p27 and p21 [ 3 ]. (techscience.com)
In the glioma cells, EIF5B promotes cell survival by enhancing the translation of several IRES-containing mRNAs including those encoding anti-apoptotic proteins such as XIAP and Bcl-xL [ 4 ]. (techscience.com)

Murguia JR, Serrano R. New functions of protein kinase Gcn2 in yeast and mammals. (medlineplus.gov)
EIF4EBP2 mediates the regulation of protein translation by hormones, growth factors and other stimuli that signal through the MAP kinase pathway. (prospecbio.com)
GSK2606414 is a novel, highly selective inhibitor of protein kinase R‑like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). (spandidos-publications.com)
This process activates protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring kinase 1 and activating transcription factor (ATF) 6, and initiates unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways ( 13 , 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
For instance, it can be activated by oncogenic mutations of PTEN, VHL, the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
The induction of ATF-3 expression was mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in GS-002-treated cells. (hindawi.com)
Image analysis of the matched maps identified 7 proteins that were either over- or down-expressed: activated protein kinase c receptor (LACK), alpha tubulin (×2), prostaglandin f2-alpha synthase, protein disulfide isomerase, vesicular transport protein and a hypothetical protein. (who.int)
L'analyse d'image des cartes appariées a permis d'identifier sept protéines qui étaient soit surexprimées, soit sous-exprimées : le récepteur de la protéine kinase C activée, la tubuline alpha (×2), la prostaglandine F2-alpha synthase, la protéine disulfide isomérase, une protéine du transport vésiculaire et une protéine hypothétique. (who.int)
The General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) kinase is a conserved member of the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway that represses protein translation and helps cells to adapt to conditions of nutrient shortage. (biomedcentral.com)

The protein rep is part of SARS-CoV-2 virus and inhibits translation of BZW2. (wikipedia.org)

ATF4 induces expression of the proapoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), which mediates PERK-induced apoptosis ( 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

DR acts by promoting stress response pathways and preventing age-related functional decline, delaying the appearance of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegeneration in mammals, including non-human primates [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)

SNW1, a spliceosome protein, splices BZW2 mRNA variants. (wikipedia.org)
Here we report a class of mRNA granules in human neuronal processes that are enriched in the nuclear cap-binding protein complex (CBC) and exon junction complex (EJC) core components, Y14 and eIF4AIII. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to the cis -elements in its 3′UTR and trans -acting factor Staufen, posterior localization of oskar mRNA requires deposition of exon junction complex (EJC) in its first exon through splicing ( Hachet and Ephrussi, 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
Further analysis revealed that celastrol inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis, without affecting the expression level of HIF-1α mRNA or degradation of HIF-1α protein. (spandidos-publications.com)
The unprecedently speedy development of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was enabled with previous innovations in nucleoside modifications during in vitro transcription and lipid nanoparticle delivery materials of mRNA. (mdpi.com)
Recent updates are briefly described in the status of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and other viral pathogens. (mdpi.com)

The EIF2AK4 gene mutations involved in PVOD likely lead to a complete loss of functional protein. (medlineplus.gov)
In this study, we investigated the functional role of eukaryotic initiation factor 5B (EIF5B) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms. (techscience.com)
Important roles in the initiation and maintenance of postoperative pain are played by the functional control of kainate (KA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors in the rat dorsal horn (DH). (bvsalud.org)

Recent studies indicate that nutrient fluctuations and insulin resistance increase proinsulin synthesis in β cells beyond the capacity for folding of nascent polypeptides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, thereby disrupting ER homeostasis and triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR). (jci.org)

It is regulated by numerous transcription factors, including an estrogen receptor transcription factor (ESR2, ES3), leucine zipper transcription factor (RRFIP1), and Y sex-determining transcription factors (SRY). (wikipedia.org)
With these transcription factors, BZW2 has regulated expression in organs that contribute to cellular functions. (wikipedia.org)
In hypoxia, several transcription factors are induced to respond to the decreased oxygen level. (spandidos-publications.com)
Among these transcription factors, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is one of the most important factors that play a critical role in controlling oxygen delivery and metabolic adaptation to hypoxic conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
Impt-1 knockdown exacerbated DR-induced longevity and required several DR-activated transcription factors to extend lifespan, among them SKN-1 and DAF-16, which were induced during larval development and adulthood, respectively, in response to impt-1 RNAi. (biomedcentral.com)

Curcumin can also be excited at 488 nm with a lower fluorescent yield emission in the 500-550 nm range for detection in flow cytometry and confocal microscopy as we described before [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

It is a eukaryotic translation factor found in species up to bacteria. (wikipedia.org)

The present study investigated the effects of GSK2606414 on proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
Chronic ER stress promotes apoptosis, at least in part through the UPR-induced transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). (jci.org)
These findings suggest that CHOP is a fundamental factor that links protein misfolding in the ER to oxidative stress and apoptosis in β cells under conditions of increased insulin demand. (jci.org)
Activating transcription factor-(ATF-) 3, a stress-inducible transcription factor, is rapidly upregulated under various stress conditions and plays an important role in inducing cancer cell apoptosis. (hindawi.com)

In addition, RPE cells proliferate and secrete various proangiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which serves an important role in AMD-associated CNV ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This compound markedly decreased the hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1α protein dose-dependently, whereas it did not affect the expressions of HIF-1β and topoisomerase-I (topo‑I). Furthermore, celastrol prevented hypoxia-induced expression of HIF-1 target genes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO). (spandidos-publications.com)

An eIF5C domain follows the leucine motif, which is a part of proteins that are important for strict regulation of cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation of this protein is associated to cell proliferation, cell differentiation and viral infection. (prospecbio.com)

The progression from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes is caused by the failure of pancreatic β cells to produce sufficient levels of insulin to meet the metabolic demand. (jci.org)
Hypoxia is an important micro-environmental factor in promoting tumor progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
The major risk factors associated with HCC development and progression include chronic hepatitis B or C virus infections, high alcohol consumption, and activation of oncogenes [ 2 ]. (techscience.com)

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a major mechanism that detects and alleviates protein-folding stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum. (elifesciences.org)
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major subcellular compartment that is involved in protein folding and secretion. (elifesciences.org)

The introduction of vismodegib, which targets glioma-associated protein 1 (GLI1) through the Smoothened receptor (Smo), was based on the novel discovery by this group that UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 A (UGT1A) and GLI1 have increased expression in resistant AML cells and induce glucuronidation of ribavirin and cytarabine. (haematologica.org)
We hypothesized that after the rat's plantar incision, the synaptic incorporation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits in the DH ipsilateral to the incision would increase due to the interaction between GluK2 and neuropilin tolloid-like 2 (NETO2). (bvsalud.org)

Overall categories of resistance mechanisms include drug-resistant proteins, genetic alterations, miRNA alterations, and aberrant signaling activation. (haematologica.org)
Sample preparation (protein and drug-resistant L. tropica parasites extraction) niasis, early diagnosis and appropriate [8]. (who.int)

New technologies for purifying membrane-bound protein complexes in combination with cryo-electron microscopy (EM) have recently allowed the exploration of such complexes under near-native conditions. (researchgate.net)
Structural complexes between proteins and their substrates can be studied in the gas-phase to determine equilibrium dissociation constants. (biosyn.com)

ER protein determinations were performed using two-thirds of all breast cancers are ER at the time of diagnosis, the standard methods in the routine clinical laboratory (9). (lu.se)
based on a number of pathologic, physiologic, and clinical factors. (msdmanuals.com)

We assessed the effect of Chop deletion in multiple mouse models of type 2 diabetes and found that Chop -/- mice had improved glycemic control and expanded β cell mass in all conditions analyzed. (jci.org)

Several types of cellular stress, including hypoxia ( 8 ), infection ( 9 ), nutrient deprivation ( 10 ), oxidative stress ( 11 ) and dysfunctional calcium homeostasis ( 12 ), may induce accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen. (spandidos-publications.com)

There was also an upregulation in expression of positive regulators and key components of the AMPK pathway, autophagy, proteasome function, and the unfolded protein response. (nature.com)
Knockdown of the C. elegans IMPACT homolog impt-1 activated the ISR pathway and increased lifespan and stress resistance of worms in a gcn-2 -dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
IMPACT inhibits the ISR pathway, thus limiting the activation of stress response factors that are beneficial during aging and required under DR. (biomedcentral.com)

Basic Leucine Zipper and W2 Domain-Containing Protein 2 is a protein that is encoded by the BZW2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
As described in the name, the protein contains a leucine-zipper motif. (wikipedia.org)

The SNARE complex assembles from vesicular Synaptobrevin-2 as well as Syntaxin-1 and SNAP25 both anchored to the presynaptic membrane. (researchgate.net)

Here we report biallelic variants in CACNA2D1, encoding the α2δ-1 protein, in two unrelated individuals showing a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). (stanford.edu)

Oncology Research 2022 , 30 (2), 77-87. (techscience.com)

However, in the absence of interaction partners, Synaptobrevin-2 is largely unstructured and exhibit. (researchgate.net)

As such, GCN2 is required for longevity and stress resistance induced by dietary restriction (DR). IMPACT is an ancient protein that inhibits GCN2. (biomedcentral.com)

The EIF2AK4 gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps direct a cell's response to changes that could damage the cell. (medlineplus.gov)

To achieve this, cells of in vitro produced bovine embryos were traced from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst stage. (bioone.org)
Our preliminary study using 2D isolates were recovered from liq- new cases throughout the world cu- gel electrophoresis in drug sensitive/ uid nitrogen, and sub-cultured in taneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains resistant strains of L. tropica showed RPMI1640 medium (Gibco/BRL) a serious public health problem in that some proteins were differentially supplemented with 10% fetal bovine numerous countries [1,2]. (who.int)

Isoform 2 is 225 amino acids, containing only 11 exons and a shorter N-terminus. (wikipedia.org)
The coded protein is 419 amino acids long and weighs 48.3 kDa. (wikipedia.org)

The genetic model of DR - the eat-2 mutant - has a decreased pumping rate, thus ingesting less bacteria, and requires the FoxA transcription factor PHA-4 [ 8 ] and the dimethoxy ubiquinone hydroxylase CLK-1 [ 9 ] to extend its lifespan. (biomedcentral.com)

In vivo studies further confirmed the inhibitory effect of celastrol on the expression of HIF-1α proteins, leading to a decreased growth of Hep3B cells in a xenograft tumor model. (spandidos-publications.com)
Exposure to a variety of growth factors has also been shown to increase HIF-1 activity in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
On the other hand, ATF-3 is rapidly induced in cells treated with growth stimulators such as serum and growth factors [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Estrogens are important regulators of growth and differentiation in (range, 0 -9 fmol/mg protein, median 0.7). (lu.se)

Synaptobrevin-2 is one of the key players of neuronal exocytosis. (researchgate.net)

ABSTRACT In order to define the protein expressional changes related to the process of meglumine antimoniate resistance in anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), we performed a comparative proteomics analysis on sensitive and resistant strains of Leishmania tropica isolated from Iranian CL patients. (who.int)

It is not known how absence of EIF2AK4 protein function leads to the pulmonary vein abnormalities characteristic of PVOD. (medlineplus.gov)
Risk factors for pulmonary embolism are. (msdmanuals.com)

The human BZW2 protein has an overall charge of -3 which can go down to -9 in orthologs. (wikipedia.org)

Before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious or toxic material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics. (medscape.com)

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is the central mediator of cellular responses to low oxygen and vital to many aspects of cancer biology. (spandidos-publications.com)

2 However, resistance mechanisms and targeting strategies can be specific to certain subtypes and mutations. (haematologica.org)

Researchers demonstrated that ENT1 removal from the cell surface was induced by bone marrow stroma cell-secreted factors, and this contributed to cytarabine resistance in AML cells. (haematologica.org)
Phosphoryl guanidine oligo-2′-O-methylribonucleotides in neutral therapeutic oligonucleotides enable enhanced cell penetration! (biosyn.com)
Cell proteins were analysed with 2-dimensional electrophoresis and differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (who.int)
protein patterns of subjects with leish- Cell culture maniasis [17]. (who.int)

Patented processes indicating the use of B 2 O 3 , trialkylborate, and n -butylamine along with inert organic amide solvents have since improved yields [ 6 - 8 ] (Figure 2(a) ). (hindawi.com)

The major risk factors include chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, environmental carcinogens such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), alcoholic cirrhosis, and inherited genetic disorder such as hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, and tyrosinemia. (hindawi.com)

1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and 2 Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. (jci.org)

Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the EIF5B transcript and protein levels as well as the EIF5Bcopy number were significantly higher in the HCC tissues compared with the non-cancerous liver tissues. (techscience.com)

Anatomy21

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EIF4E6

EIF210

MRNAs5

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Inhibits translation1

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MRNA6

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20221

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