• Bailis JM and Forsburg SL (2004) MCM proteins: DNA damage, mutagenesis and repair. (yeastgenome.org)
  • We have reconstituted chromatin replication with purified proteins, which is providing unprecedented insights into chromosome biology. (crick.ac.uk)
  • We have reconstituted the process of chromatin replication with purified proteins. (crick.ac.uk)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. (nih.gov)
  • Recently, his laboratory has reconstituted regulated initiation with purified proteins. (royalsociety.org)
  • The two unwound strands that will be used as replication templates are stabilised by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. (microbiologynote.com)
  • LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The duplication of chromosomes and the regulation of their replication and repair requires dozens of proteins acting together to maintain the duplex DNA genome. (rockefeller.edu)
  • To initiate replication, three proteins, ORC, Cdc6 and Cdt1, co-assemble into a condensed liquid phase on chromosome surfaces to load the replicative helicase onto DNA. (tx.us)
  • In this millennium, two gathering forces will reshape molecular cell biology: genomics, the complete DNA sequence of many organisms, and proteomics, a knowledge of all the possible shapes and functions that proteins employ. (freepdfbook.com)
  • DDX5 is required for cell proliferation by controlling the transcription of genes expressing DNA replication proteins in cancer cells in which the DDX5 locus is amplified, and this has uncovered a dependence on DDX5 for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • Each origin is initiated by a combination of regulatory proteins that prepare the chromatin for replication before synthesis (S)-phase entry. (bmj.com)
  • Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
  • Finally, we demonstrate that Polycomb proteins and associated epigenetic marks are crucial for the control of the replication timing of the INK4a/ARF locus during senescence. (plos.org)
  • Our results suggest that in young cells Polycomb proteins are recruited to the INK4/ARF locus through CDC6 and the resulting silent locus is replicated during late S-phase. (plos.org)
  • Evidence supporting the direct control of the cell cycle by Pc-G proteins in vertebrates came from studies on mouse Bmi1 mutants. (plos.org)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • thus protecting the chromosome ends from being recognized by the cell as double-strand breaks, in addition to protection by proteins that bind the telomere. (rupress.org)
  • Other enzymes (e.g. helicase, topoisomerase, and DNA ligase) and protein factors (e.g. origin binding proteins and single-stranded binding proteins) are required for the replication process. (online-sciences.com)
  • Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used to assess the effects of miRNA mimics or inhibitors on regulation of candidate proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • 13 Genome Plasticity and B Cell, University of Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cancer Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. (jci.org)
  • Maintaining the integrity of the genome requires the precise duplication of all of the cell's chromosomes in each cell cycle. (crick.ac.uk)
  • DNA replication in prokaryotes, such as bacteria and archaea, is the process by which the genome is copied so that a daughter cell can be created. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Before a cell divides, the eukaryotic genome undergoes a process called DNA replication. (microbiologynote.com)
  • MCM2 a mini-chromosome maintenance protein, essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. (affbiotech.com)
  • The controlled assembly of replication forks is critical for genome stability. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • It was also observed that regions of the genome that switch replication timing and nuclear compartment continue to maintain their structural boundaries. (fsu.edu)
  • Genome-wide analysis of replication domains revealed that they are indeed stable structural units corresponding to Topologically-Associating Domains (TADs) defined by Hi-C. Next we showed that the interphase chromatin structure consisting of TADs and their long-range contacts are established during early G1 coincident with the establishment of the replication-timing program. (fsu.edu)
  • 23.Organization of eukaryotic genome. (unizg.hr)
  • Here we have mapped sites of DNA replication initiation across the T. cruzi genome using Marker Frequency Analysis, which has previously only been deployed in two related trypanosomatids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genome replication is responsible for accurate transmission of genetic information through cell division cycles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As originally proposed in 1963, cells rely on two genetic elements to duplicate their genome: the replicator, a DNA region where replication begins (now named the replication origin), and the initiator, a protein or a protein complex that recognizes the replicator [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Accumulated evidence suggests head-on collisions have a more pronounced effect on genome instability, perhaps because more extensive changes to the machinery and template are needed to resolve such conflicts [ 12 ], some of which might result in increased single-stranded DNA gaps and DNA double strand break (DSB) formation [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Replication of DNA is initiated at multiple sites along the genome, known as replication origins, which form bidirectional replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • The Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) binds to sites in chromosomes to specify the location of origins of DNA replication. (nature.com)
  • In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , there are over 400 origins of DNA replication located on 16 chromosomes and they can function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) when inserted into a plasmid 19 . (nature.com)
  • We aim to understand how the 46 chromosomes in our cells are precisely duplicated in each cell cycle, how this process responds to DNA damage and how it is misregulated in cancer. (crick.ac.uk)
  • In 1973, I continued these studies on the replication and structure of SV40 chromosomes at Harvard Medical School where they culminated in promotion to Full Professor with tenure in 1985. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
  • We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • Noteworthy, was our demonstration that although termination of DNA replication did not require specific DNA sequences, some DNA sequences did promote pausing of DNA replication forks in vivo (and DNA polymerase in vitro), and some sequences, such as thosewithin the termination region for SV40 DNA replication, did promote formation of catenated intertwines during separation of sibling chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • Eukaryotic chromosomes are duplicated via semiconservative replication with a leading (continuous synthesis for net growth at the 3′ end of the nascent leading strand) and lagging (discontinuous Okazaki fragment synthesis for net growth at the 5′ end of the nascent lagging strand) elongating strand as shown in Fig. 1 . (rupress.org)
  • The six subunit Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) together with Cdc6 and Cdt1, load the MCM replicative helicase as a double hexamer around double stranded DNA at origins. (crick.ac.uk)
  • During origin firing, the MCM helicase is activated, which involves a remodeling of the MCM ring to encircle single-stranded DNA, accompanied by assembly of a stable CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) complex. (crick.ac.uk)
  • We are using this to understand the mechanism of MCM helicase loading and activation, how the replisome is assembled and regulated by protein kinases and how the DNA replication machinery interfaces with other aspects of chromosome biology. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. (nih.gov)
  • DNA helicase, by severing hydrogen bonds between the nucleic acid's nitrogenous bases, unwinds the DNA at the replication origin. (microbiologynote.com)
  • DNA helicase and SSBs work together at both replication origins to unwind and stabilise the two templates. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Replication fork activation is enabled by a single-stranded DNA gate in CMG helicase. (rockefeller.edu)
  • In summary, our work provides fundamental insights into DDK structure, control and selective activation of the MCM2-7 helicase during DNA replication. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The DBF4-dependent kinase (DDK) composed of CDC7 kinase and its regulatory subunit DBF4, which is required for CDC7 kinase activity, is a critical regulator of DNA replication by catalyzing MCM helicase (MCM2-7) (Fig. 1 A) [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of the MCM complex at origins by cyclin-dependent kinases and the CDC7 protein kinase (P06243) leads to initiation of DNA synthesis. (yeastgenome.org)
  • MCM2-7 complexes unwind the double stranded DNA at the origins, recruit DNA polymerases and initiate DNA synthesis. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Okazaki fragments are constantly being generated because the lagging strand requires RNA primers in order to synthesis DNA in the 5′ to 3′ orientation. (microbiologynote.com)
  • DNA polymerase, like DNA polymerase, needs an RNA primer to synthesise the new DNA strand and then removes the primer after synthesis is complete. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Indeed, a number of agents currently used in cancer treatment are known to target DNA synthesis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • amino acid synthesis from intermediates of citric acid cycle and other major pathways. (unizg.hr)
  • We demonstrated that DNA synthesis occurs discontinuously only on one arm of replication forks (the arm where the direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of fork movement) through the repeated initiation, synthesis and joining of Okazaki fragments (transient nascent DNA chains of 40 to 300 nucleotides). (nih.gov)
  • All eukaryotic cells precisely regulates histone levels by shutting off histone transcription at the end of DNA synthesis. (wustl.edu)
  • Our data provides crucial evidence that in addition to mRNA turnover, histone transcription shut off would efficiently lower histone transcript levels once DNA synthesis is complete, thus eliminating overproduction of core histones. (wustl.edu)
  • The replisome contains activities that separate the strands and hold them apart for synthesis by the replisome version of DNA polymerase, called DNA polymerase III in bacteria. (blogspot.com)
  • Since the two strands of DNA are antiparallel, synthesis using one template strand occurs in the same direction as fork movement, but synthesis using the other template strand occurs in the direction opposite fork movement. (blogspot.com)
  • This limitation presents no difficulty for leading-strand synthesis since once DNA synthesis is under way nucleotides are continuously added to a growing chain. (blogspot.com)
  • However, on the lagging strand, the synthesis of each Okazaki fragment requires a new initiation event. (blogspot.com)
  • The use of short RNA primers gets around the limitation imposed by the mechanism of DNA polymerase, namely, that it cannot initiate DNA synthesis de novo . (blogspot.com)
  • About once every second, primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA primer using this single-stranded DNA as a template. (blogspot.com)
  • DNA polymerase III catalyzes synthesis of DNA in the 5′ → 3′ direction by extending each short RNA primer. (blogspot.com)
  • The reaction proceeds in three steps: removal of the RNA primer, synthesis of replacement DNA, and sealing of the adjacent DNA fragments. (blogspot.com)
  • DNA replication is the process of DNA synthesis using parent DNA strands as a template. (online-sciences.com)
  • DNA replication is semiconservative: Each DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of a new strand producing two DNA molecules , each with one new strand and one old strand. (online-sciences.com)
  • The RNA-primed synthesis of DNA demonstrating the template function of the complementary strand parental DNA . (online-sciences.com)
  • The synthesis of a DNA molecule can be divided into three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. (online-sciences.com)
  • Studies the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, recombination, and repair. (rockefeller.edu)
  • O'Donnell's laboratory studies these DNA metabolic mechanisms with the goal of understanding how the protein gears of DNA duplication act together with signal processes that function with repair and recombination factors to ensure genomic integrity. (rockefeller.edu)
  • 19.Replication and recombination. (unizg.hr)
  • Mechanisms for maintaining genetic information during cell division and the generation of genetic variation: replication, mitosis, meiosis, recombination. (lu.se)
  • A human cytomegalovirus-encoded microRNA regulates expression of multiple viral genes involved in replication. (virosin.org)
  • A viral microRNA down-regulates multiple cell cycle genes through mRNA 5′UTRs. (virosin.org)
  • Repetitive genes and noncoding DNA. (unizg.hr)
  • In fact, amplification of genes by over replication of certain regions of DNA is one of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells become resistant to drug therapy. (nih.gov)
  • The putative origins identified in T. cruzi show a notable enrichment of GC content, a preferential position at subtelomeric regions, coinciding with genes transcribed towards the telomeres, and a pronounced enrichment within coding DNA sequences, most notably in genes from the Dispersed Gene Family 1 (DGF-1). (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings suggest a scenario where collisions between DNA replication and transcription are frequent, leading to increased genetic variability, as seen by the increase SNP levels at chromosome subtelomeres and in DGF-1 genes containing putative origins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • H2B Tyr37 phosphorylation suppresses expression of replication-dependent core histone genes. (wustl.edu)
  • Due to the presence of just one replication origin in bacterial DNA, only two replication forks are generated during replication. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Both of these replication forks can move in either direction. (microbiologynote.com)
  • His lab studies how the replisome interacts with DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint machinery, how initiation of replication is directed by nucleosomes, and how replication forks perform nucleosome inheritance, the process by which nucleosomes (the fundamental structural unit of chromosomal DNA) are passed down from parental to daughter DNA during replication. (rockefeller.edu)
  • the region where replication forks terminate directs the mode of separation for the two sibling molecules. (nih.gov)
  • Of particular importance were our studies on DNA replication forks. (nih.gov)
  • After origin firing, bidirectional replication forks travel until they reach termination sites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previously it was thought that DNA replication began at an origin in chromosomal DNA adjacent to the telomere repeats, with the replication forks moving bidirectionally away from the subtelomeric origin ( Fig. 1 A ), thus replicating the telomere. (rupress.org)
  • The ORC-Cdc6 complex (product 1) assembles in step 1 around origin DNA and with the help of another replication initiator protein, Cdt1, it recruits the Mcm2-7 hexamer to the origin in step 2. (nature.com)
  • Consistent with this hypothesis, we discovered a protein Rif1 that enters the nucleus right after mitosis and its knockout has a profound disruptive effect on RT in both mouse and human cells. (fsu.edu)
  • Cyclin A degradation by primate cytomegalovirus protein pUL21a counters its innate restriction of virus replication. (virosin.org)
  • However, the replisome can be stalled by depletion of nucleotide pools or barriers on the template, such as DNA damage, secondary structures or protein complexes [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, we show that the Polycomb protein BMI1 interacts with CDC6, an essential regulator of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. (plos.org)
  • Upon senescence, Jmjd3 is overexpressed and the MLL1 protein is recruited to the locus provoking the dissociation of Polycomb from the INK4/ARF locus, its transcriptional activation and its replication during early S-phase. (plos.org)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • While studying the activity of BRCA2 gene promoter in breast cancer cells, we discovered that this promoter has bi-directional activity and the product of the reverse activity (a ZAR1-like protein, we named ZAR2) silences the forward promoter at the G0/G1 phase of the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Standard techniques like cell synchronization by serum starvation, flow cytometry, N-terminal or C-terminal FLAG epitope-tagged protein expression, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, dual luciferase assay for promoter evaluation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were employed during this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Replication protein A (RPA) coats ssDNA formed during DNA replication and DNA repair which facilitates the localization of ATR kinase to sites of DNA damage. (wustl.edu)
  • Bioinformatic analyses of DNA- and protein sequences. (lu.se)
  • protein sorting and protein maturation by passage through the cytoplasmic organelles of the cell. (lu.se)
  • Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component signaling systems, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • Expression of the L1 protein using recombinant DNA technology produces noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs). (cdc.gov)
  • There are three stages of DNA replication: initiation, elongation, and termination. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptide chain. (unizg.hr)
  • A new paradigm of epigenetic regulation linking cell. (umn.edu)
  • Cellular studies show the replisome is intimately involved with the inheritance of epigenetic information and cell fate, and the O'Donnell lab is working to understand the mechanistic details of these processes. (rockefeller.edu)
  • These studies can be expected to provide new insights into eukaryotic replication, repair, and epigenetic inheritance. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Replication Timing (RT) is a stable epigenetic property that is cell type specific and is extensively regulated during differentiation in units that range from 400-800kb called replication domains. (fsu.edu)
  • Agherbi H, Gaussmann-Wenger A, Verthuy C, Chasson L, Serrano M, Djabali M (2009) Polycomb Mediated Epigenetic Silencing and Replication Timing at the INK4a/ARF Locus during Senescence. (plos.org)
  • We obsevered that WEE1 kinase deposit pY37-H2B epigenetic marks upstream of Hist1 cluster, suppressing global histone transcription in both yeast and mammalian cells. (wustl.edu)
  • Thus, WEE1, a cell cycle regulator has a dual role as an epigenetic modifier that maintains histone transcript levels. (wustl.edu)
  • Dependence of various cancer cells on WEE1 signaling suggests that targeting epigenetic activity of WEE1 is a viable strategy. (wustl.edu)
  • As Chief, Dr. Pommier oversees the Branch's clinical/translational research program, which emphasizes new approaches to cancer treatments targeting DNA, epigenetic and chromatin, and connected biomarkers. (cancer.gov)
  • In a chromosome with numerous replication sources, various bubbles of replication will emerge. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Finally, replication timing and its association with chromatin structure are highly conserved and are observed even at the single chromosome level. (fsu.edu)
  • http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201410061 ) report that DNA replication initiates at measurable frequency within the telomere of mouse chromosome arm 14q. (rupress.org)
  • However, at the end of the chromosome, the gap after removal of the 5′ terminal RNA primer on the lagging strand cannot be filled in, and the chromosome may become shorter with each ensuing round of replication. (rupress.org)
  • All eukaryotic DNA molecules are double-stranded and linear. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The clinical isolates were passed in MDCK cells, and the supernatant was used for viral RNA extraction with the Viral RNA Extraction Miniprep System kit (Viogene, Sunnyvale, CA). Viral RNA was amplified into double-stranded DNA by RT-PCR by using the Ready-To-Go RT-PCR Beads (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). (cdc.gov)
  • The results illuminate the molecular mechanism of a critical biochemical step in the licensing of eukaryotic replication origins. (nature.com)
  • John Diffley is known for his elegant use of genetics, biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology to elaborate the events that occur at origins of eukaryotic DNA replication throughout the cell cycle. (royalsociety.org)
  • 1) Understand the molecular language of initiator liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS)Replication initiator factors have intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that drive DNA-dependent LLPS but the mechanism underlying this is unknown. (tx.us)
  • Identify the molecular determinants of IDR-DNA and IDR-IDR binding. (tx.us)
  • Molecular Cell Biology concentrates on the macromolecules and reactions studied by biochemists, the processes described by cell biologists, and the gene control pathways identified by molecular biologists and geneticists. (freepdfbook.com)
  • All the concepts of molecular cell biology continue to be derived from experiments, and powerful experimental tools that allow the study of living cells and organisms at higher and higher levels of resolution are being developed constantly. (freepdfbook.com)
  • In this fourth edition, we address the current state of molecular cell biology and look forward to what further exploration will uncover in the twenty-first century. (freepdfbook.com)
  • Molecular biologists aim to understand the actual events within individual living cells, not just the behavior of the mythical "average" cell. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Decades of genetic and molecular studies indicate that although DNA replication and division are clearly coordinated, they are not dependent on one another," Levin said. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Schaum's Easy Outline Molecular and Cell Biology is a pared-down, simplified, and tightly focused review of the topic. (freepdfbook.com)
  • Expert tips for mastering molecular and cell biology. (freepdfbook.com)
  • Last-minute essentials to pass the courseSupports the major textbooks for molecular and cell biology coursesAppropriate for the following courses: Molecular and Cell Biology, Cell Biology, Cytology, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics, Genetics, Microbial Genetics, Biotechnology, Molecular Evolution, Evolution. (freepdfbook.com)
  • Easy-to-follow review of molecular and cell biology. (freepdfbook.com)
  • Supports all the major textbooks for molecular and cell biology courses. (freepdfbook.com)
  • My laboratory has developed new technologies and applied them towards understanding the molecular biology and enzymology of DNA replication in animal cells and viruses (SV40, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus), and at the beginning of animal development (mouse preimplantation embryos and frog eggs). (nih.gov)
  • Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences of Newcastle University. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • The course is an optional second-cycle course for a degree of Bachelor or Master of Science in Biology and Molecular Biology. (lu.se)
  • Molecular mechanisms for regulation of gene expression at different levels: remodeling of chromatin, initiation of transcription, nuclear transport and signalling, and RNA interference. (lu.se)
  • During DNA replication, a molecular machine called a replisome forms at the replication fork where the two strands of DNA are separating. (blogspot.com)
  • Research from O'Donnell's lab has provided an overview of how the replication machine, or replisome, functions in Escherichia coli , yeast, and humans. (rockefeller.edu)
  • His recent work centers around humans and budding yeast, and understanding the dynamic behavior of the eukaryotic replisome components. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The team employs strategies such as super resolution microscopy to observe individual replisomes in real time during DNA replication in living cells, and cryo-electron microscopy of DNA-replisome and other replisome-associated complexes. (rockefeller.edu)
  • A cartoon of a section of chromatin in the nucleus with replication origins in three different states. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, histones bundle eukaryotic DNA firmly into the nucleus of the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
  • DNA that replicates at distinct times during S-phase is also spatially separated in the nucleus. (fsu.edu)
  • In the G0/G1 growth phase ZAR2 is predominantly located inside the nucleus of the breast cells, binds to the BRCA2 promoter and inhibits the expression of BRCA2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNA replication occurs in the nucleus during the synthetic (S) phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle . (online-sciences.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Modern biology is rooted in an understanding of the molecules within cells and of the interactions between cells that allow construction of multicellular organisms. (freepdfbook.com)
  • Having multiple origins of replication provides a mechanism for rapidly replicating the great length of eukaryotic DNA molecules. (online-sciences.com)
  • M phase), each daughter cell receives one of the two identical DNA molecules. (online-sciences.com)
  • Cellular communication: Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • In all other eukaryotes, clear consensus sequences for origins are elusive, perhaps indicating there are no cis elements to initiate replication in most of these cells and organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mechanisms that regulate development from single cell to multicellular organisms. (lu.se)
  • Cells are the units from which all living organisms are built. (learningcloud.ie)
  • Some organisms (e.g. bacteria) have only one cell in the entire organism. (learningcloud.ie)
  • 1. All known living organisms are composed of one or more cells. (learningcloud.ie)
  • DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part of biological inheritance. (online-sciences.com)
  • As the replication fork progresses, the parental DNA is unwound, and more and more single-stranded DNA becomes exposed. (blogspot.com)
  • DNA polymerases require the presence of a primer (i.e. oligonucleotide of RNA with free 3´ hydroxyl group), a template (i.e single-stranded DNA), and deoxyribonucleotides (d ATP , d CTP, d GTP, and d TTP) in order to function. (online-sciences.com)
  • The overall mechanism of DNA replication is called semidiscontinuous to emphasize the different mechanisms for replicating each strand. (blogspot.com)
  • Dr. Pommier conceptualized the "interfacial inhibitors" mechanism based on his finding that DNA topoisomerase inhibitors act by trapping topoisomerase-DNA complexes (Capranico et al. (cancer.gov)
  • We use a variety of human cell models to understand how the deregulation of normal replication control mechanisms leads to genomic instability and whether this plays a role in cancer biology. (crick.ac.uk)
  • While the contribution of these mechanisms to cell and tissue identity is widely accepted, their role in physiological and pathological contexts within tissues is just beginning to be appreciated. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • 2013. Geminin deploys multiple mechanisms to regulate Cdt1 before cell division thus ensuring the proper execution of DNA replication. (virosin.org)
  • Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
  • The notion could be that unique cellular mechanisms are triggered in the breast cancer cells to stimulate BRCA2 gene expression as a temporary measure to regulate the growth of the breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNA replication guarantees that each daughter cell inherits an identical set of genetic information from its parent cells. (microbiologynote.com)
  • DNA polymerases are enzymes responsible for replicating genetic material. (microbiologynote.com)
  • His major research interests were nucleic acid chemistry and enzymology, nucleotide metabolism, genetic aspects of biochemistry, immunological diversification and recombinant DNA, authoring more than 260 papers and three books. (umn.edu)
  • 18.DNA, RNA and the flow of genetic information. (unizg.hr)
  • Describe the storage of genetic information within cells and how this information is passed on to the next generation. (learningcloud.ie)
  • 3. Cells contain genetic information that controls the cell's functions. (learningcloud.ie)
  • 4. Genetic information is duplicated and transmitted from parent cells into any new cells. (learningcloud.ie)
  • Understanding factors required for DNA replication will enrich our knowledge of this important process and potentially identify vulnerabilities that can be exploited in cancer therapy. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We applied an assay that measures the stability of maintenance of an episomal plasmid in human tissue culture cells to screen for new DNA replication factors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Interphase chromatin structure is established along with the establishment of RT and may act as scaffold for replication regulation factors like Rif1. (fsu.edu)
  • Then, when cells reach S-phase, a set of enzymatic and regulatory factors activate some, but not all, origins, which are differently used depending on the cell types and stages of development, and even in different cells of the same population. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Semiconservative replication. (unizg.hr)
  • In chromosomal semiconservative replication, the short 5′ RNA primer is removed from the nascent strand and the gap is filled in by DNA that is ligated to the adjacent nascent DNA. (rupress.org)
  • In G2 phase, the replication timing-program is lost while inter-phase chromatin structure acquired in early G1 was retained. (fsu.edu)
  • This shows that interphase chromatin structure is not sufficient to dictate RT and lead us to hypothesize that the chromatin structure set-up during early G1 may act as a scaffold to seed the assembly of some factor capable of setting replication initiation thresholds. (fsu.edu)
  • In summary, the work descried in this thesis uncovers a model where replication-timing is regulated at the unit of chromatin structure called TADs, which are generally stable across cell-types, but the compartment that they reside in corresponds to the time of their replication. (fsu.edu)
  • To do this, we use a variety of approaches including genetics, cell biology and biochemistry. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Petra Levin, the George William and Irene Koechig Freiberg Professor of Biology in Arts & Sciences at Washington University, an author of the new paper, has a keen interest in single-cell biology. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Gene regulation in developmental biology and the cell cycle. (lu.se)
  • Cell biology is an introductory course designed for everyone wanting to learn more about biology. (learningcloud.ie)
  • Review basic cell structure and discuss the scope and nature of cell biology. (learningcloud.ie)
  • Dr. Mukhopadhyay did his doctoral studies in Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry from Calcutta University and received the postdoctoral training in the Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, USA. (jnu.ac.in)
  • Dr. Pommier is a leader on DNA topoisomerase biology and biochemistry, and their cancer relevance. (cancer.gov)
  • Eukaryotic regulation transcriptional activation and repression. (unizg.hr)
  • Collision between replication and transcription is considered especially problematic, as each are catalyzed by large multiprotein machines, and can occur co-directionally, when the replication fork and transcription machinery are moving in the same direction, or on the leading strand and is head-on, when the fork and transcription are moving towards each other. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Elevated levels of replicative stress in gynecological cancers arising from uncontrolled oncogenic activation, loss of key tumor suppressors, and frequent defects in the DNA repair machinery are an intrinsic vulnerability for therapeutic exploitation. (bmj.com)
  • In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
  • The lab's findings also provide insights into how replisomes achieve the asymmetric inheritance needed for development, and how they participate in DNA damage checkpoint control pathways. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Cyc activity is common in cancer, and regulation of replication initiation is necessary for genomic health, how these pathways conspire to drive genomic instability in cancer remain. (tx.us)
  • Furthermore, GSEA and immune infiltrating analyses showed that the signature had close interactions with immune-related pathways and was closely related to CD8 T cells and monocytes in the tumor environment. (scielo.br)
  • In parallel, Dr. Pommier has profoundly contributed to the elucidation of the repair pathways for topoisomerase-=induced DNA damage (Pommier et al. (cancer.gov)
  • 2018). While studying the tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase (TDP1 and TDP2) repair pathways for the excision of topoisomerases from DNA, Dr. Pommier revealed that TDP1 repairs a broad range of 3'-blocking lesions in addition to TOP1 (Murai et al. (cancer.gov)
  • Here we report the cryo-EM structure at 3.3 Å resolution of the yeast ORC-Cdc6 bound to an 85-bp ARS1 origin DNA. (nature.com)
  • Identification of the origins of replication: Origins of replication in eukaryotes (e.g. yeast) are called replicators. (online-sciences.com)
  • Eukaryotic genomes replicate via the synchronous firing of clusters of origins that together produce multi-replicon domains, each of which replicates at a defined time during S-phase. (fsu.edu)
  • In the past, our research focused on viral genomes as models for DNA replication in mammalian cell nuclei. (nih.gov)
  • DNA replication in trypanosomatids operates in a uniquely challenging environment, since most of their genomes are constitutively transcribed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The organisation and evolution of the eukaryotic genomes. (lu.se)
  • Mobile DNA elements and the dynamics of genomes. (lu.se)
  • Lastly, we explored the conservation of replication timing at single cell level that revealed a highly conserved yet stochastic regulation of replication timing. (fsu.edu)
  • Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)
  • DNA replication in prokaryotes takes place at a single origin of replication, whereas in eukaryotes it takes place at multiple origins of replication. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The DNA double helix is antiparallel, thus one strand travels in a 5′ to 3′ orientation (leading strand). (microbiologynote.com)
  • Replication stops when the leading strand of one replication bubble collides with the trailing strand of another replication bubble. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Double-strand breaks in DNA can wreak havoc in cells if not repaired. (rupress.org)
  • The short pieces of lagging-strand DNA are named Okazaki fragments in honor of their discoverer, Reiji Okazaki. (blogspot.com)
  • Okazaki fragments are eventually joined to produce a continuous strand of DNA. (blogspot.com)
  • The free 3´ hydroxyl group of the primer acts as an accepter for the first deoxyribonucleotide in the newly formed DNA strand. (online-sciences.com)
  • DNA polymerases utilize one deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate as a source of the deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate for the growing DNA strand by the removal of pyrophosphate. (online-sciences.com)
  • Researchers have utilized single-cell data to develop a revised framework for comprehending the link between cell growth, DNA replication, and division in bacterial systems. (scitechdaily.com)
  • However, for a long time, scientists have found it convenient to consider bacterial cells as merely "average. (scitechdaily.com)
  • These methods characterize the behavior of an idealized "average" cell and form the basis of current models for bacterial growth. (scitechdaily.com)
  • In her research work, Levin has made seminal contributions to our understanding of bacterial cell growth. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Taking advantage of the Zoom era brought on by the early days of the pandemic, Levin and Iyer-Biswas developed their virtual collaboration to revisit some of the "beautiful, classic models of the bacterial cell cycle," as Levin describes them. (scitechdaily.com)
  • They wanted to figure out how these "whimsical" individual bacterial cells - or, as a more typical physicist might say, these stochastic cells - manage to exquisitely coordinate DNA replication with growth and division, so that overall events happen in the right sequence despite the "noisiness" of each process. (scitechdaily.com)
  • But for a long time, scientists have found it convenient to think of bacterial cells as just that: "average. (wustl.edu)
  • These population-level approaches describe the behavior of idealized average cells, and they serve as the foundation for prevailing models of bacterial growth. (wustl.edu)
  • As a graduate student with Julius Adler, I identified the basal body of the bacterial flagellum, develop methods for its purification, and elucidate its fine structure and specific attachments to the bacterial cell envelope. (nih.gov)
  • In this approach, replicating cells are sequentially labeled by two different nucleotide analogues that are subsequently identified by immunofluorescence. (rupress.org)
  • Dr. Pommier also discovered that the natural compound, ecteinascidin 743 (commercialized as Yondelis) and its analog trabectedin acts by alkylating DNA and killing cancer cells by trapping transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) (Takebayashi et al, Nature Med 2001). (cancer.gov)
  • DNA replication is the biological process whereby two identical copies of DNA are synthesised from a single DNA molecule . (microbiologynote.com)
  • The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (nature.com)
  • The structure reveals that Cdc6 contributes to origin DNA recognition via its winged helix domain (WHD) and its initiator-specific motif. (nature.com)
  • Recent mouse model studies have identified two populations of cells, namely the granule neuron progenitors in the external germinal layer and the multipluripotent neural stem cells likely from the dorsal brain stem [ 4 ], as the cellular origin of medulloblastoma. (oncotarget.com)
  • It is important to note that the DNA of prokaryotes only has a single replication origin. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Nucleosome-directed replication origin licensing independent of a consensus DNA sequence. (rockefeller.edu)
  • This is consistent with a model of replication timing regulation where the timing is the outcome of stochastic origin firing and is not affected by the precise environment within a cell. (fsu.edu)
  • Here we show that in young proliferating embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) member EZH2 together with PRC1 members BMI1 and M33 are strongly expressed and localized at the INK4/ARF regulatory domain (RD) identified as a DNA replication origin. (plos.org)
  • These results imply that hcmv-miR-US5-1 may affect viral replication and host cellular environment by regulating expression kinetics of GMNN during HCMV infection. (virosin.org)
  • 2003. Human cytomegalovirus infection leads to accumulation of geminin and inhibition of the licensing of cellular DNA replication. (virosin.org)
  • Cellular apparatus for DNA replication. (unizg.hr)
  • We were among the first to develop and exploit sub-cellular systems that allowed SV40 and polyomavirus to complete DNA replication in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • The ultrastructural study of the cellular modifications (during the life cycle reversion of T. nutricula) showed the presence of both degenerative and apoptotic processes. (researchgate.net)
  • The ultrastructural study of the cellular modifications (during the life cycle re version of T. (researchgate.net)
  • Each cell has three independent (stochastic) timers (equivalent to the whimsical tune from above) that start ticking each time DNA replication begins, and whose orchestration determines the sequence of cell cycle events. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Starting from this simple idea, Joshi discovered he could predict the sequence of DNA replication initiation, the end of DNA replication, and division based on when the three timers independently go off and reset. (scitechdaily.com)
  • DNA in eukaryotes is roughly 50 times as abundant as DNA in bacteria. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Host parasite interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • Together, these results provide a unified model that integrates replication, transcription and epigenetics at the INK4/ARF locus. (plos.org)