Initiated in mitochondria. Medical search. Frequent questions

We previously developed stabilized α-helix of BCL-2 domains (SAHBs) that directly initiate BAX-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. (nature.com)
Apoptosis can also be initiated by outside triggers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
ATZ also induces morphological changes similar to apoptosis and initiates mitochondria-dependent cell death in several experimental models. (frontiersin.org)
There, I studied a mitochondria-initiated apoptosis pathway, specifically looking at the molecular mechanisms behind the activation mechanism of apoptosome. (berkeley.edu)
However, alteration of Complex IV also facilitates mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in response to oxidative stress. (amherst.edu)
Both proteins can localize at the mitochondrion , but the way they control apoptosis still remains unclear. (sdbonline.org)
Bax and Bak have been shown to play a critical role in cytochrome c release from mitochondria and thus initiate apoptosis. (thermofisher.com)
The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)
During apoptosis, Bax undergoes a conformational change involving NH 2 -terminal exposure and translocates to mitochondria to release apoptogenic factors. (rupress.org)
We now report an alternate mechanism of GAS-mediated apoptosis of primary human keratinocytes, initiated by extracellular GAS and involving dysregulation of intracellular calcium to produce endoplasmic reticulum stress. (lu.se)
We propose that cell signalling initiated by extracellular GAS compromises the epithelial barrier by inducing premature keratinocyte differentiation and apoptosis, thereby facilitating GAS invasion of deeper tissues. (lu.se)

Hint2, one of the three members of the Hint family of proteins, is localized to mitochondria of various cell types. (wikipedia.org)
Int2, a member of the superfamily of histidine triad proteins, has been localized exclusively in mitochondria, near the contact sites of the inner membrane. (wikipedia.org)
[22] A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins . (wikipedia.org)
They initiate changes in expression of genes and proteins in a process called signal transduction. (feedstuffs.com)
In most cells, damaged mitochondria are decomposed in a process known as mitophagy, which is initiated by two proteins, PINK1 and Parkin. (genengnews.com)
Through the newly reported studies, the team found that Parkin proteins encircled damaged mitochondria and targeted them for degradation, demonstrating that mitophagy starts in neurons in the same way as it does in other cell types. (genengnews.com)
The study, published in Science on September 21, 2023, revealed that when electrons take one of two initial routes through mitochondria, genes and proteins become activated that are needed for immune cells to recognize and kill tumor cells. (technologynetworks.com)
2012). Furthermore to its function in pore starting, CyP-D has been proven to catalyze folding of recently brought in proteins in the matrix of mitochondria (Matouschek et al. (mingsheng88.org)

A major site of oxidative stress in cells is in mitochondria, Bottje said. (feedstuffs.com)
Lack of neuronal IFNβ or disruption of its downstream signaling causes the accumulation of damaged mitochondria with excessive oxidative stress and insufficient adenosine triphosphate production. (medscape.com)

Nakamura is senior author of the researchers' published paper in Science Advances , which is titled, " Longitudinal tracking of neuronal mitochondria delineates PINK1/Parkin-dependent mechanisms of mitochondrial recycling and degradation . (genengnews.com)
Indeed, neurons have unusually high energy needs and their mitochondria are much more resistant to degradation by Parkin than those in other cell types. (genengnews.com)
This study evaluated the roles of PINK1 mitochondrial kinase, and Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase in targeting depolarized mitochondria for degradation in vivo, using quantitative measurements of mitochondria in Drosophila nervous system. (sdbonline.org)

Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)
Now, Salk Institute scientists have found that manipulating an early step in energy production in mitochondria-the cell's powerhouses-reduces melanoma tumor growth and enhances the immune response in mice. (technologynetworks.com)
Amyloid beta can interfere with the mitochondria, or the cell's energy powerhouse. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)

However, in chronic (or long-term) conditions of alcohol exposure-such as that which occurs after years of alcohol consumption as seen in alcohol addiction-the continual cycle of mitochondrial damage followed by their removal becomes pathogenic, as fewer healthy mitochondria remain each time. (medicalxpress.com)
It suggests that mitochondrial recycling is critical to maintaining healthy mitochondria, and disruptions to this process can contribute to neurodegeneration … Our future studies will investigate how these pathways contribute to disease and how they can be targeted therapeutically. (genengnews.com)

To understand more fully how alcohol damages mitochondria, and how this leads to mitophagy, researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) used an advanced imaging technique to investigate changes in mitochondrial function within the livers of mice that were exposed to alcohol. (medicalxpress.com)

This causes leaks in the membranes of mitochondria, which are the powerhouses that convert oxygen into energy in the cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Mitochondria have enclosing outer membranes, and inner membranes with deep folds, called cristae, which extend far into the mitochondrial matrix. (harvardmagazine.com)
Although it is still not clear where autophagosome membranes originate, possible sources are the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and the Golgi [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). (wikipedia.org)
1995). Latest studies on individual SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells showed that CyP-D may also become a redox sensor in mitochondria of mammalian cells (Linard et al. (mingsheng88.org)
The membrane anchor of SQR in mammalian mitochondria and proteobacteria, such as Escherichia coli , consists of two polypeptides (SdhC and SdhD) and contains one heme group. (lu.se)

For their newly reported study, Nakamura's group followed mitochondria inside living neurons and examined how PINK1 and Parkin affected their fate. (genengnews.com)
We combined time-lapse microscopy and correlative light and electron microscopy to track individual mitochondria in neurons lacking the fission-promoting protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and delineate the kinetics of PINK1-dependent pathways of mitochondrial quality control," they pointed out. (genengnews.com)
Gladstone researchers, including Ken Nakamura (left), Zak Doric (center), and Huihui Li (right), tracked mitochondria inside neurons and uncovered a new recycling pathway that may be linked to Parkinson's disease. (genengnews.com)
Attributed to the failure of neurons to clear dysfunctional mitochondria , loss of gene expression leads to loss of nigrostriatal neurons. (sdbonline.org)
This paper only adds to the allure that mitochondria may have in contributing to PD by providing evidence of a novel process by which mitochondria may be not only contributing to PD and loss of dopamine neurons but may play a larger role in the subsequent effects that many people with PD experience ― dementia," Beck said. (medscape.com)

2009), and regulate Ca2+ exchange between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria (Rieusset et al. (mingsheng88.org)

The Parkinson's disease genes pink1 and parkin , which encode a mitochondrially targeted protein kinase, and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, respectively, participate in a key mitochondrial quality-control pathway that eliminates damaged mitochondria. (sdbonline.org)
The Pink1/parkin pathway plays a role in the quality control mechanism aimed at eliminating defective mitochondria, and the failure of this mechanism results in a reduced lifespan and impaired locomotor ability, among other phenotypes. (sdbonline.org)
This intracellular transport pathway of LDL-LDLR bypasses the lysosomes and delivers cholesterol to the mitochondria for steroidogenesis. (bvsalud.org)

Mitochondria primed by death signals determine cellular addiction to antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members. (nature.com)
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
[20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
Rupture of mitochondria and release of DAMPs causes widespread inflammation, which can lead to cellular damage in the liver , contributing to liver disease and even cancer. (medicalxpress.com)
The initiating event in the cellular response to red light involves the absorption of photons by Complex IV of the electron transport chain. (amherst.edu)
Completion of the proposed work will further our understanding of novel aspects of cellular respiration, a fundamental process by which mitochondria, a major cellular organelle, use oxygen to make energy (i.e. (amherst.edu)
Mitotic segregation of mitochondria may result in asymmetric proportions of heteroplasmic allelic variants in descendant cellular lineages [ 5 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Mitochondrial porin , also known as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), is a multi-functional channel protein that shuttles metabolites between the mitochondria and the cytosol and implicated in cellular life and death decisions. (sdbonline.org)

We report here that nitric oxide generators including artemisinin, sodium nitroprusside, and L -arginine mimics calorie restriction and resembles hydrogen peroxide to initiate the nitric oxide signaling cascades and elicit the global antioxidative responses in mice. (peerj.com)

By purifying and analysing mitochondria from different cell types, we show that PINK-1 and PDR-1 are required to set heteroplasmy differences between major somatic tissue groups in C. elegans and that removal of these genes equalises ΔmtDNA heteroplasmy across the organism. (biorxiv.org)

Mechanistically, the outer mitochondrial membrane protein CISD2 binds to the cytosolic tail of LDLR and tethers LDLR+ vesicles to the mitochondria. (bvsalud.org)
The fusogenic lipid phosphatidic acid generated by PLD6 facilitates the membrane fusion of LDLR+ vesicles with the mitochondria. (bvsalud.org)
Their terminations contain numerous small vesicles and mitochondria. (cdc.gov)

In mammals, HINT2 is expressed in the liver, adrenal cortex, and pancreas and localizes to the mitochondria within their cells. (wikipedia.org)
A mitochondrion within a pancreas cell. (harvardmagazine.com)

The hypotheses was tested that impairment of mitochondrial quality control via suppression of PINK1 function should produce failures of turnover, accumulation of senescent mitochondria in the axon, defects in mitochondrial traffic, and a significant shift in the mitochondrial fission-fusion steady state. (sdbonline.org)
Receptors often include nonneural elements which incorporate and interact with the axon terminal in initiating generator potentials. (cdc.gov)

Within the cell, TSPO is predominantly located in mitochondria, specifically in the outer mitochondrial membrane. (uni-regensburg.de)
Depolarized mitochondria recruit Parkin to the outer mitochondrial membrane, triggering autophagosome formation, rapid lysosomal fusion, and Parkin redistribution," the team noted. (genengnews.com)

In double knockout Hint2 mice, higher acylation and morphological alterations were observed in the mitochondria, suggesting that Hint2 may regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)

To prevent this, cells have a process called mitophagy to remove damaged mitochondria selectively before they cause inflammation. (medicalxpress.com)
In a completely novel discovery, they found that it is this depolarization that indicates to the cell that the mitochondria are damaged and thereby causes activation of the mitophagy machinery to remove the damaged mitochondria before they can cause harm. (medicalxpress.com)
The current study determined that mitochondrial injury, specifically depolarization, initiates mitophagy to prevent damaged mitochondria from accumulating in cells. (medicalxpress.com)

There's an explosion of recent research activity from my lab and others revealing how mitochondria regulate the immune system and inflammation, and this study highlights an exciting new chapter in this story," says Professor Gerald Shadel , co-senior author, holder of the Audrey Geisel Chair in Biomedical Science, and director of the San Diego Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging. (technologynetworks.com)

The serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a stress-responsive kinase and sensor for reactive oxygen species, which can initiate cell survival through NF-κB signaling. (biologists.com)
ROS may originate from mitochondria and/or NADPH oxidases but the exact oxygen sensing mechanisms, as well as the question of whether increased or decreased ROS cause HPV, are under debate. (ersjournals.com)
Probing mitochondria and oxygen, Vamsi Mootha finds new ways to understand disease. (harvardmagazine.com)
It was previously thought that cancer cells do not rely heavily on mitochondria despite still having oxygen and sugars available to them to fuel mitochondrial metabolism. (technologynetworks.com)

For this study, their labs altered a key step in the electron transport chain, a process that moves electrons through mitochondria, leading to the production of adenosine phosphate (ATP), the main energy-providing molecule in cells. (technologynetworks.com)

The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name. (wikipedia.org)

Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. (nature.com)
Kim HE , Du F, Fang M, Wang X. Formation of apoptosome is initiated by cytochrome c-induced dATP hydrolysis and subsequent nucleotide exchange on Apaf-1. (berkeley.edu)

Damaged mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) initiates and spreads Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology, potentially opening new avenues for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and drug development. (medscape.com)

Studies headed by researchers at the Gladstone Institutes have generated new insights into the role played by genes known as PINK1 and Parkin, which are associated with Parkinson's disease, in the recycling of energy-generating mitochondria in brain cells. (genengnews.com)
They documented the key initial steps in which damaged, Parkin-coated mitochondria fuse with other components inside the cell to form mitochondria-degrading structures called mitolysosomes. (genengnews.com)

Both necroptosis and pyroptosis are thought to actively initiate inflammation to alert the immune system of pathogen infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)

3- 5 Therefore, during severe hypoxia or anoxia, the cell initiates a cascade of events that leads to apoptotic cell death, thereby preventing the accumulation of cells with hypoxia induced mutations. (bmj.com)

[1] pl. mitochondria ) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes , such as animals , plants and fungi . (wikipedia.org)
No longer free-living, that bacterium evolved to become what is now the mitochondrion, an intracellular organelle. (harvardmagazine.com)

Previously, researchers noted that after acute (or short-term) alcohol exposure-such as that which occurs during a single night of binge drinking-mitochondria are damaged but can recover. (medicalxpress.com)
The part of the cell where catabolism primarily occurs is mitochondria . (biologyonline.com)
[ 1 , 2 ] Loss of mitochondria occurs in many of these maladies, but defects in the remaining mitochondria are emerging as key players in diabetes [ 3 ] and aging-related dysfunctions. (medscape.com)

Earlier that week, he'd read about them in his pathology class, for which the definitive textbook included just a single, brief reference suggesting that mutations in mitochondria might lead to a human muscle disease. (harvardmagazine.com)

Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)

BIM SAHB directly initiates BAX activation in vitro . (nature.com)
The DOX-loaded mPEG-(ss-TPP) 2 NPs were characterized in terms of their physicochemical and morphological properties, drug-loading and release behaviors, in vitro anticancer effects, and mitochondria-targeting capacity. (acs.org)

While most commonly known as "the powerhouses of the cell" because of their energy producing capabilities, mitochondria also play important roles in regulating the health of cells. (medicalxpress.com)
This hypothesis dominated the field of cancer metabolism until recently, when scientists found that mitochondria actually play multiple important roles in tumor growth. (technologynetworks.com)

Mitochondria aid in the removal of AcAld, but they become damaged or depolarized in the process, necessitating their removal. (medicalxpress.com)
Cells can also produce a quick and easy form of sugar-based energy without the help of mitochondria, through an anaerobic process called glycolysis, but a mitochondrion oxidizing the same sugar yields 15 times as much energy for the cell to use. (harvardmagazine.com)
In eukaryotes, this process takes place in the mitochondria by enzymes of the respiratory chain. (gauss-centre.eu)
Figure 1 shows the largest of those enzymes, complex I or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, which initiates the cell respiration process in many aerobic organisms. (gauss-centre.eu)

Mitochondria produce metabolic energy by oxidizing carbohydrates, protein, and fatty acids. (harvardmagazine.com)
G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels present on the endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that form the walls of cerebral blood vessels initiate many of the signaling cascades that enable these intrinsic adaptive processes. (elifesciences.org)
Most, if not absolutely all, prior studies were centered on ANT being a focus on protein getting together with CyP-D to initiate the pore opening. (mingsheng88.org)

Kaech and Shadel teamed up to better understand how mitochondria influence both tumor growth and the way in which the immune system recognizes and responds to cancer. (technologynetworks.com)

Loss of PINK1 also produced specific, directionally balanced defects in mitochondrial transport, without altering the balance between stationary and moving mitochondria. (sdbonline.org)

Mitochondria may have a number of different shapes. (wikipedia.org)
A few of these black and white images have been artificially tinted, revealing the varied shapes that mitochondria assume in different tissues. (harvardmagazine.com)

Mitochondria have folding to increase surface area, which in turn increases ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production. (wikipedia.org)

A large number of unicellular organisms , such as microsporidia , parabasalids and diplomonads , have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures . (wikipedia.org)

The APC gene located on chromosome 5 is the first mutation in the adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence and is believed to initiate the sequence. (medscape.com)

In human adrenocarcinoma cells, Hint2 modulates Ca2+ handling by mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
The primary event for initiating adaptive immune responses is the encounter between T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the T cell area of secondary lymphoid organs and the formation of highly organized intercellular junctions referred to as immune synapses (IS). (informationalwebs.com)
Mitochondria initiate most of the free radical reactions occurring in the cells. (vitacost.com)
Undamaged mitochondria are replicated, and the cells continue to function properly. (medicalxpress.com)
These so-called "bad" mitochondria, which have been damaged by the toxic AcAld, can release their toxic DAMPs into the cells if not segregated and degraded. (medicalxpress.com)
The subject was mitochondria, the tiny energy-producing organelles inside cells. (harvardmagazine.com)
Even in an era of specialization, such singular focus might seem extreme, but mitochondria are one of the most complex biological machines within cells-and arguably the most interesting. (harvardmagazine.com)
Mitochondria are small and they move inside cells, frequently fusing with each other or splitting in two, which makes them difficult to track. (genengnews.com)
Altering a key step in energy production in the mitochondria of cancer cells makes them more visible to killer T cells. (technologynetworks.com)

Mitochondria also affect cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals. (wikipedia.org)

Consistent removal of so many injured mitochondria leads to problems such as mitochondrial depletion syndrome, where not enough ATP (or energy) is produced. (medicalxpress.com)

However, the initial signaling events leading to localization of PKD1 to the mitochondria are unknown. (biologists.com)

Here, we show that formation of mitochondrial diacylglycerol (DAG) and its binding to PKD1 is the means by which PKD1 is localized to the mitochondria in response to ROS. (biologists.com)
Canonical autophagy initiates with the formation of a small vesicular sac called a phagophore (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)

Overall, the rate of synthesis of N -acetylglutamate, the enzyme activator that initiates incorporation of ammonia into the cycle, regulates the activity of the cycle. (medscape.com)

A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, [17] whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. (wikipedia.org)

The scientists also used a method that allowed them to generate larger-than-normal mitochondria, making them easier to see under a microscope. (genengnews.com)

Mitochondria (shown in red) are damaged and degraded (shown in green) upon ethanol exposure (right) that is not seen under normal conditions (left). (medicalxpress.com)

According to a study publishing in Clinical Interventions in Aging, "mitochondria, in which there is a continuous generation of free radicals throughout cell life, and especially mitochondrial DNA, are key targets of the free radical attack. (vitacost.com)
We had to develop a new way of tracking individual mitochondria over long periods of time, almost a full day," explained Zak Doric, a graduate student at Gladstone and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and is co-first author of the new study. (genengnews.com)

Mitochondria can become a timebomb, and we have to contain them," said John J. Lemasters, M.D., Ph.D., director for the Center for Cell Death, Injury and Regeneration and the GlaxoSmithKline Distinguished Endowed Chair in the College of Pharmacy. (medicalxpress.com)

[5] The eukaryote Monocercomonoides is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, [6] and the multicellular organism Henneguya salminicola is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. (wikipedia.org)

There are two primary routes by which electrons flow inside mitochondria to initiate ATP production. (technologynetworks.com)

Anatomy32

Organisms11

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs145

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes48

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Apoptosis11

Proteins8

Oxidative stress2

Degradation3

Cell's4

Healthy mitochondria2

Damages mitochondria1

Membranes3

Mammalian3

Neurons5

Endoplasmic1

Pathway3

Cellular8

Hydrogen peroxide1

Somatic1

Vesicles3

Pancreas2

Axon2

Outer2

Lipid2

Mitophagy3

Regulate1

Oxygen4

Electron1

Powerhouse1

Cytochrome2

MtDNA1

Parkin2

Inflammation1

Apoptotic1

Organelle2

Occurs3

Mutations1

Membrane1

Vitro2

Important roles2

Process4

Protein3

Immune system1

Defects1

Shapes2

Adenosine1

Structures1

Sequence1

Cells9

Signals1

Energy1

Initial1

Formation2

Synthesis1

Liver1

Generate1

Exposure1

Study2

Cell Death1

Loss1

Production1