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Calcium ChannelsCalcium Channel BlockersInositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate ReceptorsCalcium Channels, L-TypeIon ChannelsCalcium Channels, N-TypeCalcium Channels, T-TypeCalcium SignalingCalcium Channel AgonistsIon Channel GatingReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearCalciumPotassium Channels, Inwardly RectifyingCalcium Channels, P-TypeCalcium Channels, Q-TypeDihydropyridinesInositol 1,4,5-TrisphosphateReceptors, Interleukin-1Calcium Channels, R-TypeNifedipinePotassium Channel BlockersChloride Channelsomega-Conotoxin GVIAElectrophysiologyCalcium, DietaryMembrane Potentialsomega-ConotoxinsPotassium Channels, Voltage-GatedDiltiazemKATP ChannelsVerapamilIsradipinePatch-Clamp TechniquesPotassium Channels, Calcium-ActivatedNitrendipineMibefradilElectric ConductivitySodium Channel BlockersBariumNimodipineomega-Agatoxin IVATRPC Cation ChannelsShaker Superfamily of Potassium ChannelsKineticsNeuronsCells, CulturedLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsPotassiumCalcium CarbonateCyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation ChannelsOocytesMolecular Sequence DataCalcium ChlorideRats, Sprague-DawleyTRPV Cation ChannelsDose-Response Relationship, DrugNicardipineXenopus laevisAmino Acid SequenceRyanodine Receptor Calcium Release ChannelTRPM Cation ChannelsAcid Sensing Ion ChannelsSpider VenomsCalcium PhosphatesCell LineEpithelial Sodium ChannelsKv1.3 Potassium ChannelEther-A-Go-Go Potassium ChannelsCalcium IsotopesKv1.2 Potassium ChannelKv1.1 Potassium ChannelCalcium RadioisotopesProtein SubunitsAmlodipineKv1.5 Potassium ChannelAgatoxinsXenopusMyocardiumSmall-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsSodiumAction PotentialsRabbitsIon TransportTime FactorsAdenosine TriphosphateMollusk VenomsTransient Receptor Potential ChannelsKCNQ Potassium ChannelsShab Potassium ChannelsRats, WistarKCNQ1 Potassium ChannelEgtazic AcidElectric StimulationCell MembraneShaw Potassium ChannelsKv1.4 Potassium ChannelTetrodotoxinProtein Structure, TertiaryModels, BiologicalCalcium Oxalate
ReceptorNeuronsCurrentsPharmacologyPresynapticShown to inhibitMechanismSubunitsReceptorsConcentrationsCaV2.2IntracellularInhibitorsInhibitoryNeurotransmitter releaseSelectivelyBlockersSodiumActivatorNitrendipineInflux of calciumUptakeNeuronalActivityExtracellularAgonistVoltage-dependeEndoplasmic reticulumVenomPorcineDependenceDerivativeCoronary arteriesPhosphorylationCellsInterneuronModulateFunctionallyKineticsSynapticMechanismsAntagonistMedicationsHigh voltageActivationActionActivateFoundDemonstratePrescribeNeurodegenerativeMutations
Receptor14
  • The ω-agatoxin IVA receptor on the P-type channel is located at the S3-S4 linker. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cannabinoids act at the CB1 receptor to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
  • In striatal neurons in primary culture, both the CB1 receptor agonist [3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-11-hydroxy-Δ 8 tetrahydrocannabinol] (HU210) and the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation when applied separately. (jneurosci.org)
  • Treatment of the pertussis toxin-treated cells with cholera toxin before CB1 receptor activation amplified the stimulatory pathway, suggesting that this response was mediated through a G s -type G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
  • Previously, CB1 receptors have been shown to inhibit D1 receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation ( Bidaut-Russell and Howlett, 1991 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • They are predominantly modulated via G protein-coupled receptor activated pathways, and the well characterized Gβγ subunits inhibit Cav2.2 currents. (edu.au)
  • Analgesic α-conotoxin Vc1.1, a peptide from predatory marine cone snail venom, inhibits Cav2.2 channels by activating pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/o proteins via the GABAB receptor (GABABR) and potently suppresses pain in rat models. (edu.au)
  • Wild-type and mutant 5-HT 1A receptors were stably transfected into both Ltk − and GH4C1 cells to investigate receptor coupling to multiple signaling pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In both cell lines, the T149A mutant displayed similar agonist affinities as the wild-type receptor. (aspetjournals.org)
  • whereas the T149A 5-HT 1A receptor failed to mediate a calcium mobilization response at equivalent receptor levels to wild-type. (aspetjournals.org)
  • When associated with mutations in GABA A receptor or calcium channel genes, it seems to follow an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase the likelihood of the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • α-conotoxin AuIB is the only one of the 4/6 type α-conotoxins (α-CTxs) that inhibits the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor B (GABABR)-coupled N-type calcium channel (CaV2.2). (myjournals.org)
  • Conclusions and Implications The data suggest that two types of Sig1R ligand (BD1047/BD1063 and 4-IBP) are inhibitors of receptor- or chemically activated calcium access channels, acting relatively directly and independently of the Sig1R. (nanoker-society.org)
  • Overexpression of wild type (WT) or A275S or R249G mutant CACNA1E transcripts promoted NSCLC cell proliferation with activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway, whereas knockdown of this gene exerted inhibitory effects on NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
Neurons16
  • LR ingestion increased excitability (threshold for evoking action potentials) and number of action potentials per depolarizing pulse, decreased calcium-dependent potassium channel (IK(Ca)) opening and decreased the slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) in sensory AH neurons, similar to the IK(Ca) antagonists Tram-34 and clotrimazole. (nih.gov)
  • P type calcium channels were named in 1989 because they were discovered within mammalian Purkinje neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have shown that calcium signaling is dramatically disturbed in HD76 neurons, specifically demonstrating higher levels of store-operated and voltage-gated calcium uptakes. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, comparing the HD76 neurons with the previously described low-repeat HD models, we have demonstrated that the severity of calcium signaling alterations does not depend on the length of the polyglutamine tract of the mutant huntingtin. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we have also observed greater expression of huntingtin and an activator of store-operated calcium channels STIM2 in HD76 neurons. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our results are fully supportive in favor of the crucial role of calcium signaling deregulation in the HD pathogenesis and indicate that the cornerstone of excessive calcium uptake in HD-specific neurons is a calcium sensor and store-operated calcium channels activator STIM2, which should become a molecular target for medical treatment and novel neuroprotective drug development. (frontiersin.org)
  • We demonstrate that the GTPase Rem2 is regulated at the transcriptional level by calcium influx through L-VGCCs and inhibits dendritic arborization in cultured rat cortical neurons and in the Xenopus laevis tadpole visual system. (jneurosci.org)
  • GPR18 was heterologously expressed in rat sympathetic neurons, and the modulation of N-type (Ca(v)2.2) calcium channels was examined. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Application of NAGly on GPR18-expressing neurons did not inhibit calcium currents but instead potentiated currents in a voltage-dependent manner, similar to what has previously been reported (Guo et al. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • in developed brains creates an environment that blocks (inhibits) signaling between neurons and prevents the brain from being overloaded with too many signals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations that result in overactive calcium channels cause certain neurons to become overstimulated, triggering seizures. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Indeed, we show that uncleaved α 2 δ−1 inhibits presynaptic calcium transient-triggered action potential (AP) in hippocampal neurons and that this effect is reversed by the cleavage of α 2 δ−1. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thus, there is significant diversity in the types of neurons that respond to cold, as well as an expansive range of cold activation thresholds. (nih.gov)
  • Multiple types of calcium channels have been found in neurons, but uncertainty remains about which ones are involved in stimulus-secretion coupling. (northwestern.edu)
  • Two types of calcium channels in rat sympathetic neurons were described, and their relative importance in controlling norepinephrine release was analyzed. (northwestern.edu)
  • Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
Currents6
  • L-type calcium channels were activated by step depolarizations from a holding potential of -60 mV to a test potential of 0 mV, and unitary currents carried by 100 mM BaCl2 were recorded. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The blocking of calcium currents may cause the organism to experience impaired functioning and viability. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other proposed agonists of GPR18, including anandamide and abnormal cannabidiol, also failed to induce inhibition of calcium currents. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Mutants of GPR18, designed to constitutively activate receptors, did not tonically inhibit calcium currents, indicating a lack of GPR18 activation or coupling to endogenous G proteins. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Pore-forming, alpha-1C subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel that gives rise to L-type calcium currents. (idrblab.net)
  • Among the three families of Ca V channels (Ca V 1, Ca V 2 and Ca V 3), the Ca V 2 family and more specifically Ca V 2.1 and Ca V 2.2 channels (generating P/Q and N-type currents, respectively) are particularly important for synaptic transmission in central and peripheral nervous systems ( Dolphin, 2012 ). (elifesciences.org)
Pharmacology1
Presynaptic3
  • P-type calcium channels play a similar role to the N-type calcium channel in neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic terminal and in neuronal integration in many neuronal types. (wikipedia.org)
  • In knockin mice expressing phosphorylation-deficient MORs, chronic morphine treatment resulted in tolerance to, rather than facilitation of, subsequent morphine signaling at MThal-DMS terminals, suggesting phosphorylation-deficiency unmasks adaptations that counter the facilitation observed at presynaptic terminals in wild-type mice. (iasp-pain.org)
  • An autoimmune attack directed against the voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) on the presynaptic motor nerve terminal results in a loss of functional VGCCs at the motor nerve terminals. (medscape.com)
Shown to inhibit1
  • [1,2] Recently, however, halothane was shown to inhibit Na/calcium (Ca) exchanger and Ca channels in heart cells [3] and to decrease ion transport in canine tracheal epithelium, an effect that may contribute to decreased mucous clearance in the perioperative period. (asahq.org)
Mechanism7
  • The ω-agatoxin IVA effects the gating mechanism of the P-type channel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Novel mechanism of voltage-gated N-type (Cav2.2) calcium channel inhib" by Thuan G. Huynh, Hartmut Cuny et al. (edu.au)
  • We propose a novel mechanism by which Vc1.1 activates GABABR and requires the GABAB1a proximal carboxyl terminus domain to inhibit Cav2.2 channels. (edu.au)
  • Therefore, it is proposed that capsaicin inhibits L-type calcium channels to drive vasorelaxation, demonstrating a TRPV1-independent mechanism of action for capsaicin. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Together, these findings suggest that barrage firing is probably triggered by a multicellular mechanism involving calcium signalling and gap junctions, but operating independently of chemical synaptic transmission. (janelia.org)
  • Thus, we identify a mechanism of action for a pruritogenic bacterial factor and demonstrate the potential of inhibiting V8-PAR1 signaling to treat itch. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Some antiepileptic drugs work by acting on combination of channels or through some unknown mechanism of action. (medscape.com)
Subunits4
  • There can be γ subunits found in calcium channels of skeletal muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Blockade of L-CaChs in muscle cultures inhibited agrin-induced AChR aggregation but not tyrosine phosphorylation of MuSK or AChR beta subunits. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, the Thr149 residue is directly involved in G protein coupling to calcium mobilization (mediated by βγ subunits of G i2 ) and to inhibition of calcium channel activation (mediated by βγ subunits of G o ) but plays a minor role in coupling to α i -mediated inhibition of cAMP accumulation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Auxiliary α 2 δ subunits are important proteins for trafficking of voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca V ) at the active zones of synapses. (elifesciences.org)
Receptors4
  • whereas dopamine D2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase via G i -proteins ( Sibley and Monsma, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Other downstream effectors of Gα(i/o)-coupled receptors, G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels and adenylate cyclase, were not modulated by GPR18 signaling. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Opioids acutely inhibit glutamatergic transmission from medial thalamic (MThal) inputs to the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) via activity at μ-opioid receptors (MORs). (iasp-pain.org)
  • Moreover, many of these channels are receptors for ligands that elicit distinct psychophysical sensations, such as the heat associated with capsaicin and the cold felt with menthol. (nih.gov)
Concentrations4
  • We found that 0.3-30 microM ethaverine on either side of the channel caused a reduction in the channel open probability (EC50 approximately 1 microM), with the higher concentrations inhibiting channel activity almost completely. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Macrophages exposed to high concentrations (200 ug/mL) of ultrafine carbon black (14 nm) have been shown to produce a modest level ofTNF-a, which can be blocked by introduction of the calcium channel blocker verapimil. (cdc.gov)
  • Epithelial type II cells from adult rat lungs were exposed to halothane concentrations of 1, 2, and 4% from 0.5-4 h. (asahq.org)
  • Potassium-evoked norepinephrine release was markedly reduced by cadmium and the conesnail peptide toxin ω-Conus geographus toxin VIA, agents that block both N- and L-type channels, but was little affected by nitrendipine at concentrations that strongly reduce calcium influx, as measured by fura-2. (northwestern.edu)
CaV2.26
  • Neuronal voltage-gated N-type (Cav2.2) calcium channels are expressed throughout the nervous system and regulate neurotransmitter release and hence synaptic transmission. (edu.au)
  • In contrast to GABA and baclofen, Vc1.1 changes Cav2.2 channel kinetics by increasing the rate of activation and shifting its halfmaximum inactivation to a more hyperpolarized potential. (edu.au)
  • These findings provide important insights into how GABABRs mediate Cav2.2 channel inhibition and alter nociceptive transmission. (edu.au)
  • To improve its inhibitory activity, a series of variants were synthesized and evaluated according to the structure-activity relationships of 4/7 type α-CTxs targeting GABABR-coupled CaV2.2. (myjournals.org)
  • substitutions of position 9-12 with basic or hydrophobic amino acid and the addition of hydrophobic amino acid Leu or Ile at the second loop to mimic 4/7 type α-CTxs all failed to improve the inhibitory activity of AuIB against GABABR-coupled CaV2.2. (myjournals.org)
  • Our study demonstrated that 4/6 type α-CTxs, with the disulfide bridge connectivity "1-4, 2-3," are also potent inhibitors for GABABR-coupled CaV2.2, exhibiting potent analgesic activity. (myjournals.org)
Intracellular3
  • Although the agrin/MuSK signaling pathway remains largely unknown, changes in intracellular calcium levels are required for agrin-induced AChR aggregation (Megeath and Fallon [1998]: J Neurosci 18: 672-678). (nih.gov)
  • Our results establish a novel role for L-CaChs as important sources of the intracellular calcium necessary for the aggregation of AChRs. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, the effects of halothane were assessed in the absence of extracellular calcium (Ca) with or without 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, an intracellular Ca chelating agent. (asahq.org)
Inhibitors8
  • Calcium channel blockers ( CCBs ) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used to treat high blood pressure . (medicinenet.com)
  • Side effects of calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors that are similar include rash , low blood pressure , drowsiness, and dizziness . (medicinenet.com)
  • Side effects of calcium channel blockers that are different from ACE inhibitors include constipation , nausea , headache , swelling of the legs and feet with fluid ( edema ), liver dysfunction, overgrowth of the gums, and sexual dysfunction. (medicinenet.com)
  • Side effects of ACE inhibitors that are different from calcium channel blockers include cough , elevated blood potassium levels, headache , weakness , abnormal taste (metallic or salty), chest pain , increased uric acid levels, sun sensitivity, and increased BUN and creatinine levels. (medicinenet.com)
  • Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) slow (inhibit) the activity of the enzyme ACE, which decreases the production of angiotensin II. (medicinenet.com)
  • What are the side effects of calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors? (medicinenet.com)
  • Chemical foundations for TRP channel inhibitors are suggested. (nanoker-society.org)
  • The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Inhibitory1
Neurotransmitter release1
  • This disruption is thought to result from an autoantibody-mediated removal of a subset of the P/Q-type Ca 2+ channels involved with neurotransmitter release. (medscape.com)
Selectively2
  • The pore of P-type calcium channels are sensitive to compounds that can be divided into three groups: Peptide ion channel blockers Low molecular weight compounds Therapeutics There are only two peptide toxins that selectively block P-type channels: ω-agatoxin IVA and ω-agatoxin IVB. (wikipedia.org)
  • Selectively inhibits calcium channels on arteriolar smooth muscle cells, resulting in significant vasodilation without cardiodepression. (medschool.co)
Blockers8
Sodium5
  • In addition to synthesizing surfactant, alveolar type II cells actively transport sodium (Na) from the alveolar space to the interstitium. (asahq.org)
  • Exposure of epithelial type II cells to halothane reduced the activity of sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase, and amiloride-sensitive Na channels, whereas Na cotransporters were unchanged. (asahq.org)
  • Sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase, and amiloride-sensitive Na channel activities are impaired by halothane in alveolar type II cells in vitro. (asahq.org)
  • [1-3] Because of the hypnotic effects of these agents, attention has focused mainly on the central nervous system, and several studies have reported that halothane exposure depressed voltage-gated sodium (Na) channels and potassium (K) channels. (asahq.org)
  • The firing of an action potential by an axon is accomplished through sodium channels. (medscape.com)
Activator1
  • In porcine coronaries, capsaicin abolished the contractile response to Bay-K 8644, a L-type calcium channel activator. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Nitrendipine2
  • To test whether the effect of ethaverine on open probability was due to a displacement of the dihydropyridine agonist, we studied the effect of ethaverine on the binding of [3H]nitrendipine to cardiac sarcolemma and found that ethaverine inhibited [3H]nitrendipine binding with a Ki of approximately 8.5 microM. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Nitrendipine inhibited activity of L-type channels but not N-type channels. (northwestern.edu)
Influx of calcium1
Uptake2
  • Since shRNA-mediated suppression of STIM2 decreased store-operated calcium uptake, we have speculated that high expression of STIM2 underlies the excessive entry through store-operated calcium channels in HD pathology. (frontiersin.org)
  • It was also found that the presence of capsaicin inhibited the uptake of Ca2+ in depolarised porcine coronary arteries and rat aortae on reintroduction of calcium. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Neuronal1
  • At the level of the primary afferent nerve, the site at which thermal stimuli are converted into neuronal activity, temperature-sensitive members of the TRP channel family are found. (nih.gov)
Activity3
  • Channel activity was enhanced by the presence of the dihydropyridine agonist (+)-202-791 (0.5 microM) and the activated alpha subunit of the stimulatory GTP-binding protein, Gs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Enteric neuron excitability and ion channel activity were measured using patch clamp recordings. (nih.gov)
  • This information will allow a more complete understanding of the molecular and cellular nature of pyrethroid-induced toxicity and expand our knowledge of the structure-activity relationships of pyrethroids with regard to their action on voltage-sensitive calcium channels. (journaldatabase.info)
Extracellular2
  • This response was diminished by a depolarising concentration of extracellular K+, implicating the involvement of K+ channels. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Induction of barrage firing was blocked by lowering extracellular calcium, as long as normal action potential threshold was maintained, and it was inhibited by blocking L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. (janelia.org)
Agonist1
  • The Sig1R agonist "type":"entrez-protein","attrs":"text":"SKF10047″,"term_id":"1156210965″,"term_text":"SKF10047″SKF10047 experienced no effect. (nanoker-society.org)
Voltage-depende1
Endoplasmic reticulum1
  • It has been proposed that production of ROS leads to the oxidation of calcium pumps in the endoplasmic reticulum. (cdc.gov)
Venom1
  • The toxins from this venom which show selectivity for P-type channels are ω-agatoxin IVA and ω-agatoxin IVB. (wikipedia.org)
Porcine1
Dependence1
Derivative1
Coronary arteries1
Phosphorylation1
  • Inhibits cell growth through enhancement of MAPK1 and MAPK2 phosphorylation and subsequent up-regulation of CDKN1B. (cusabio.com)
Cells9
  • Without calcium flux in the Purkinje cells, action potentials fire sporadically at a high frequency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, loading the stimulated/recorded interneuron with BAPTA did not block barrage firing, suggesting that the required calcium entry occurs in other cells. (janelia.org)
  • However, rather than inhibiting the production of Angiotensin II it blocks its effect on the cells of the heart and blood vessels. (silverfoxinn.net)
  • Calcium channels transport positively charged calcium atoms (calcium ions) into cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Halothane alters surfactant biosynthesis and metabolism of alveolar type II cells. (asahq.org)
  • Na enters the cells through amiloride-sensitive Na channels or Na cotransporters and is extruded by a Na pump. (asahq.org)
  • Inhibits L-type calcium channels on ventricular myocardial, cardiac nodal and arteriolar smooth muscle cells. (medschool.co)
  • Studies of selected TRP channels over-expressed in HEK 293 cells supported this hypothesis. (nanoker-society.org)
  • Calcium influx into these cells is inhibited by LEMS IgG. (medscape.com)
Interneuron1
  • Pirtle, T.J. and Satterlie, R.A. The contribution of the pleural type 12 interneuron to swim acceleration in Clione limacina . (collegeofidaho.edu)
Modulate2
  • This is a newer type of medication which helps to modulate the renin-angiotensin system which has a big role in maintaining the bodies overall blood pressure and the volume of blood in the body. (silverfoxinn.net)
  • HALOTHANE and the volatile anesthetic agents can modulate ion channel function or ion transport in different tissues. (asahq.org)
Functionally1
  • The A subunit, called α1ACa2+, corresponds to what is functionally defined as the P-type and Q-type isoforms. (wikipedia.org)
Kinetics2
  • The β subunit regulates the kinetics and expression of the channel, along with the α2δ subunit. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although ω-agatoxin IVA and ω-agatoxin IVB have the same affinity and selectivity for P-type channels, their kinetics are different. (wikipedia.org)
Synaptic2
  • Each type of neuron in the mammalian CNS has a distinctive dendritic arbor that is typically extensively branched, and that instructs the specific function of the neuron in part by ensuring that the proper synaptic connections are formed ( Elston, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Our data indicate that the proteolytic maturation increases the association of α 2 δ−1 with Ca V channel complex and is essential for its function on synaptic release. (elifesciences.org)
Mechanisms2
  • These studies provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of the effect that pyrethroids have on voltage-sensitive calcium channels in general. (journaldatabase.info)
  • Different types of antihypertensives reduce blood pressure by different mechanisms, so many different treatment strategies are possible. (msdmanuals.com)
Antagonist1
Medications2
  • This class of medications reduce the overall level of calcium in the heart which in turn reduces the blood pressure since the level of calcium dictates the force with which the heart pumps blood. (silverfoxinn.net)
  • For some people, doctors use a stepped approach to treatment with medications: They start with one type of antihypertensive and add others as necessary. (msdmanuals.com)
High voltage3
Activation1
Action1
Activate1
  • When there is a strong depolarization to activate the channel, ω-agatoxin IVA can no longer block the channel. (wikipedia.org)
Found1
  • It was found that the effects of biochar on soil greenhouse gas emissions varied with the types of biochar feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, application ratio, and soil and vegetable types. (bvsalud.org)
Demonstrate1
  • Our results demonstrate that LR targets an ion channel in enteric sensory nerves through which LR may affect gut motility and pain perception. (nih.gov)
Prescribe2
  • A physician will prescribe the type of drug best suited for the needs of the individual patient. (silverfoxinn.net)
  • For other people, doctors find a sequential approach is preferable: They prescribe one antihypertensive, and if it is ineffective, they stop it and prescribe another type. (msdmanuals.com)
Neurodegenerative1
  • When cellular cholesterol trafficking is interrupted, it can lead to fatal disorders, such as the neurodegenerative Niemann Pick type C (NPC) disease, in which cholesterol accumulates in late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LYSs) and fails to reach the homeostatic sensing machinery in the ER 4 . (nature.com)
Mutations1
  • Mutations in other genes that do not provide instructions for making ion channels have also been associated with childhood absence epilepsy. (medlineplus.gov)