NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Activating and inhibitory receptors on synovial fluid natural killer cells of arthritis patients: role of CD94/NKG2A in control of cytokine secretion. (ox.ac.uk)
An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), is a conserved sequence of amino acids that is found intracellularly in the cytoplasmic domains of many inhibitory receptors of the non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptor family found on immune cells. (wikipedia.org)
In humans, this "missing self" recognition is ensured by inhibitory receptors such as KIR, which dampen NK cell activation upon interaction with their MHC class I ligands. (nih.gov)
We investigated the genetic profiles of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in Ebola virus-infected patients. (cdc.gov)
Aside from the Fc receptor, Natural Killer cells express a variety of receptors that serve to either activate or suppress their cytolytic activity. (wikidoc.org)
These inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I alleles , which could explain why NK cells kill cells possessing low levels of MHC class I molecules. (wikidoc.org)
Expanded natural killer cells killed both allogeneic and autologous primary myeloma cells avidly via a perforin-mediated mechanism in which the activating receptor NKG2D, natural cytotoxicity receptors, and DNAX-accessory molecule-1 played a central role. (haematologica.org)
A dysregulated immune system (including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. (wjgnet.com)
NKp46 consists of two Ig-like domains assembled to leukocyte immunoglobulin-like (LIR) and killer inhibitory receptors (KIR). (thermofisher.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells, with inhibitory and activating receptors, play unique roles in AXR by promoting graft rejection or tolerance. (iupui.edu)
NK cells express germ-line receptors that are either stimulatory or inhibitory, and the summation of these signals determines activation status ( Caligiuri, 2008 ). (elifesciences.org)
Particularly, the paired receptors CD300c and CD300a have been shown to elicit activating and inhibitory capabilities respectively. (nih.gov)
Expression of inhibitory receptors in natural killer (CD3(-)CD56(+)) cells and CD3(+)CD56(+) cells in the peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. (wikigenes.org)
Studies have shown that exposure of T cells to tumor antigens upregulates the expression of inhibitory checkpoint receptors, leading to T-cell dysfunction or exhaustion. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
The human NK cell repertoire is functionally diversified through a tightly regulated differentiation process characterized by an early transition from CD56bright to CD56dim NK cells, followed by coordinated changes in expression of inhibitory receptors, including NKG2A and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). (confex.com)
Endometrium from pregnant heifers had greater mRNA abundance for the inhibitory molecules, CD274 and lymphocyte activating gene 3 (LAG3), and greater cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), molecules that can interact with receptors on antigen-presenting cells and induce lymphocyte tolerance. (psu.edu)
NK cells express both activating and inhibitory receptors on their cell surface. (grantome.com)
It is believed that a balance of signaling from both activating and inhibitory receptors regulates the NK cell. (grantome.com)
Tumors escape immune surveillance by inducing various immunosuppressive pathways, including the activation of inhibitory receptors on tumor-infiltrating T cells. (molecule.to)
B46 had no detectable effect on HIV-specific Tcell responses, but this allele is unusual in containing an HLA-C epitope that binds inhibitory receptors on natural killer (NK) cells. (cdc.gov)
Receptor7
In order to become phosphorylated, the inhibitory receptor has to be brought in close proximity to the kinase. (wikipedia.org)
Association of inhibitory NKG2A and activating NKG2D natural killer cell receptor genes with resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection in a western Indian population. (bvsalud.org)
These proteins are 50-58 kDa type I glycoproteins that belong to the Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family: (KIR2DL2/L3/S2). (bdbiosciences.com)
In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells ( e.g ., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC. (wjgnet.com)
Moreover, treatment with imiquimod downregulated MHC class I molecules on tumor cells possibly resulting in a reduced binding affinity for inhibitory receptor NKG2A expressed on γδ T cells. (aacrjournals.org)
NKp46 (CD335, NCR1, ) is a cytotoxicity-activating receptor that may contribute to the increased efficiency of activated natural killer (NK) cells to mediate tumor cell lysis. (thermofisher.com)
it functions as an inhibitory checkpoint receptor, thereby limiting adaptive and innate immunity. (molecule.to)
NKG2A2
Here we report, using the pathogenic model of antiretroviral therapy-treated, SIV-infected rhesus macaques that sequential interleukin-21 and interferon alpha therapy generate terminally differentiated blood natural killer cells (NKG2a/c low CD16 + ) with potent human leukocyte antigen-E-restricted activity in response to SIV envelope peptides. (nature.com)
The frequency and activity of terminally differentiated NKG2a/c low CD16 + natural killer cells correlates with a reduction of replication-competent SIV in lymph node during antiretroviral therapy and time to viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption. (nature.com)
Cytotoxic T-cel1
The function of these and other cytotoxic T cells (CTL) is controlled by stimulatory and inhibitory signaling. (psu.edu)
Stimulatory2
In the tumor microenvironment, T cells, as crucial immune response against malignant diseases as well as other immune central effector cells, such as natural killer cells, are regulated via co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals from immune or tumor cells. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that destroy abnormal cells (virus infected or malignant cells) through the release of cytolytic granules or immune stimulatory cytokines. (grantome.com)
Molecules5
We show here that NK cells lacking inhibitory KIR for self MHC class I molecules are present in human peripheral blood. (nih.gov)
Natural killer (NK) cells are "licensed" with functional competence following education with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 1 . (nature.com)
To overcome these obstacles, combinational therapies with newly discovered inhibitory molecules or combined blockage of several checkpoints provide a rationale for further research. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
The hypothesis that the relative abundance of CTL and expression of inhibitory signaling molecules is increased by the conceptus during early pregnancy was tested. (psu.edu)
The proportions of lymphoid lineage cells and expression of inhibitory signaling molecules in the endometrium during early pregnancy in dairy heifers were determined using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR on days 17 and 20 of pregnancy and day 17 of the estrous cycle. (psu.edu)
Tumor2
This phenomenon could be offset by a dual-CAR system incorporating both an activating CAR against the cognate tumor antigen and an NK self-recognizing inhibitory CAR that transferred a 'don't kill me' signal to NK cells upon engagement with their TROG + siblings. (nature.com)
Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells are produced from the patient's T cells which are extracted from the tumor and grown in a cell culture system with the lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). (msdmanuals.com)
Expression1
We tested whether natural killer cells expanded by co-culture with K562 cells transfected with 41BBL and membrane-bound interleukin-15 could kill myeloma cells with a high-risk gene expression profile in vitro and in a unique model which recapitulates human myeloma. (haematologica.org)
Recognize1
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize the absence of self MHC class I as a way to discriminate normal cells from cells in distress. (nih.gov)
Interferon1
This is in contrast to control macaques, where less differentiated, interferon gamma-producing natural killer cells predominate. (nature.com)
Lymphocyte1
Natural killer cells (or NK cells ) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the Innate immune system . (wikidoc.org)
Mechanism1
The N-terminal SH2 domain is involved in an auto-inhibitory mechanism, as removal of this domain activates the phosphatase. (wikipedia.org)
Abstract1
ABSTRACT Natural kil er (NK) cel s are key players in the immune response to viruses. (who.int)
Immune response5
An important class of innate immune cells that play a critical role in mediating the antitumor immune response is the natural killer (NK) cell. (frontiersin.org)
Natural killer (NK) cells are activated early during inflammatory events and contribute to the shaping of the ensuing adaptive immune response. (ox.ac.uk)
This includes the amount of shed antigen in the serum at the time of treatment that could initiate immune complex formation as well as the shedding of inhibitory material into the serum possibly effecting an immune response. (jcancer.org)
MDSC role is to damp an immune response by inhibiting the function of T cells, natural killer cells and stimulating other inhibitory immune cells like regulatory T cells. (databasefootball.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the immune response to viruses and tumors. (grantome.com)
Overcome1
Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy may overcome genetic mechanisms of resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy through antigen- and MHC-independent recognition of malignant cells. (elifesciences.org)
Activation1
They were named "natural killers" because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are missing "self" markers of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I . However, it is now known that the cells are activated. (wikidoc.org)
Lymphoid1
Unlike HIV infection, which progresses to AIDS absent suppressive anti-retroviral therapy, nonpathogenic infections in natural hosts, such African green monkeys, are characterized by a lack of gut microbial translocation and robust secondary lymphoid natural killer cell responses resulting in an absence of chronic inflammation and limited SIV dissemination in lymph node B-cell follicles. (nature.com)
Innate1
BACKGROUND: Natural Killer (NK) cells are a crucial component of the host innate immune system with anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. (fda.gov)
Cancer3
Among them, TaKE1‑Fc was predicted to form a circular tetrabody‑like configuration and exhibited the highest production and greatest cancer growth inhibitory effects. (spandidos-publications.com)
The resulting TaKE1 exhibited trispecificity via its ability to bind cancer cells, T cells and NK cells, as well as comparable or greater cancer growth inhibitory effects to those of two bispecific antibodies that recruit T cells and NK cells, respectively. (spandidos-publications.com)
Natural Killer (NK) cells play an essential role in cancer surveillance and have a unique capability of spontaneous cytotoxicity against cancer cells. (confex.com)
Humans1
Conclusions These studies provide the rationale for testing expanded natural killer cells in humans. (haematologica.org)
Mice1
These mice are devoid of endogenous natural killer and T-cell activity and were used to determine whether adoptively transferred expanded natural killer cells could inhibit myeloma growth and myeloma-associated bone destruction. (haematologica.org)
Lysis1
It is believed that NK cells, in turn, evolved as an evolutionary response to this adaption, as the loss of the MHC would deprive these cells of the inhibitory effect of MHC and render these cells vulnerable to NK-cell mediated lysis. (wikidoc.org)
Adoptive1
Adoptive transfer of expanded natural killer cells inhibited the growth of established OPM2 and high-risk primary myeloma tumors grown in the murine model. (haematologica.org)
Cellular3
The defining functional feature of NK cells remains their intrinsic ability to conduct "natural killing" of cellular targets without prior sensitization. (frontiersin.org)
This allows Natural Killer cells to target cells against which a humoral response has been mobilized and to lyse cells through Antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) . (wikidoc.org)
The expanded NK (D2NK) cell has strong natural killing activity against both K562 and Vero cells, and killed the WNV infected Vero cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). (fda.gov)
Role1
There is compelling clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the recognition and eradication of tumors. (frontiersin.org)
Cytokine1
Some EBOV infections generate a cytokine storm, which hinders peripheral natural killer cells (NK) and T and B lymphocytes. (cdc.gov)
Class1
This response is in contrast to NK cells that express a single inhibitory KIR specific for self MHC class I, which are functionally competent when exposed to the same stimuli. (nih.gov)
Potent1
of various populations of NKR+ T cells whole blood were withdrawn from Natural killer (NK) cells are potent have been reported to be impaired in each participant on ethylenediamine- antiviral cells which eliminate the vi- chronic hepatitis C patients [16,21]. (who.int)
Studies1
Numerous studies showing that essential oils are natural mold inhibitors and are effective at reducing mold. (mold-help.org)
Growth1
The transferred, expanded natural killer cells proliferated in vivo in an interleukin-2 dose-dependent fashion, persisted up to 4 weeks, were readily detectable in the human bone, inhibited myeloma growth and protected bone from myeloma-induced osteolysis. (haematologica.org)
Human2
Anti-West Nile virus activity of in vitro expanded human primary natural killer cells. (fda.gov)
Natural killer (NK) cells are essential for establishment of human and rodent pregnancies. (psu.edu)
Activity1
Given their strong cytolytic activity and the potential for auto-reactivity, Natural Killer cell activity is tightly regulated. (wikidoc.org)
Possibly1
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate. (medlineplus.gov)