• Ly-49A is a single-pass type-II transmembrane that is encoded by Klra1 (Killer cell lectin-like receptor, subfamily A member 1) which belongs to the C-type lectin superfamily. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • NK1.1 (Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B, member 1, KLRB1, NKR-P1A, CD161, cluster of differentiation 161), refers to Natural Killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes that mediate cytotoxicity and secrete cytokines after immune stimulation. (thermofisher.com)
  • NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition to natural killer cells being effectors of innate immunity, both activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors play important functional roles, including self tolerance and the sustaining of NK cell activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • In an attempt to understand potential novel functions of receptors in vivo, we evaluated gene expression after cross-linking the activating Ly-49D mouse NK receptor. (aai.org)
  • Thus, we conclude that a primary role for the activating NK receptors in vivo may be to trigger soluble factor production and regulation of the immune response. (aai.org)
  • This would place NK cells and their activating Ly-49 receptors as important initiators of microbial immunity and key elements of the innate immune system. (aai.org)
  • In contrast, the predicted amino acid sequences for the activating receptors, Ly-49D and Ly-49H, do not contain any ITIMs in their cytoplasmic domains, confirming that these are not inhibitory receptors ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ). (aai.org)
  • Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the activating receptors do not become phosphorylated after pervanadate treatment or receptor cross-linking and do not recruit SHP-1 ( 10 ). (aai.org)
  • NK-cells, along with macrophages and several other cell types, express the FcR molecule, an activating biochemical receptor that binds the Fc portion of antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
  • During evolution, this novel viral immune evasion mechanism could have prompted the development of activating NK cell receptors that are specific for MATp1-modified altered-self MHC I molecules. (edu.au)
  • Our study solves a long-standing conundrum of how MCMV avoids recognition by NK cells, unravels a fundamental new viral immune evasion mechanism, and demonstrates how this forced the evolution of virus-specific activating MHC I-restricted Ly49 receptors. (edu.au)
  • NK cells express both activating and inhibitory receptors on their cell surface. (grantome.com)
  • It is believed that a balance of signaling from both activating and inhibitory receptors regulates the NK cell. (grantome.com)
  • On the other hand, little is known about the role of activating receptors in NK cell development. (grantome.com)
  • The Ly49H receptor is an activating receptor, expressed on the surface of NK cells in certain strains of mice, which confers resistance to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. (grantome.com)
  • Within a framework of the gut-brain axis, Dr. Severance will review the role of inflammation, infectious agents, food antigens, gut dysbioses, endothelial barrier instabilities and autoantibody propagation on CNS pathologies such as neurotransmitter receptor hypofunction and complement pathway-mediated synaptic pruning. (neuroimmune.org)
  • A Mg 2+ -dependent mechanism regulates proximal T cell receptor signaling by modulating ITK activity through a low-affinity Mg 2+ binding pocket in the catalytic domain. (silverchair.com)
  • Binding of the CD94/NKG2A receptor by its ligand (Qa-1(b)) did not significantly inhibit CD8(+) T cell effector functions. (duke.edu)
  • These subtle effects suggest that CD94/NKG2A-mediated inhibition of T cells may be limited to particular circumstances or may synergize with other receptors that are similarly up-regulated. (duke.edu)
  • own soldier Ia and Ib MHC latter is captured to get in Asian commission through symbolic education I MHC arguments financial as KIR, Ly49, and NKG2A. (nilsvolkmann.de)
  • To determine how the profile of NK receptor expression changes in murine CD8(+) T cells as they respond to intracellular pathogens, we used class I tetramer reagents to directly examine Ag-specific T cells during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Listeria monocytogenes infections. (duke.edu)
  • Murine NK cells express multiple Ly-49 receptors that are type II transmembrane receptors. (aai.org)
  • 2 However, the human KIRs are structurally dissimilar to the murine Ly-49 family of receptors because they belong to the Ig superfamily of receptors. (aai.org)
  • These Ly-49 inhibitory receptors, as well as inhibitory KIRs, contain cytoplasmic immune receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that are phosphorylated upon stimulation, leading to the recruitment of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-1) and attenuation of intracellular signals ( 1 , 4 , 5 ). (aai.org)
  • 2023. DeepAIR: A deep learning framework for effective integration of sequence and 3D structure to enable adaptive immune receptor analysis . (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Pross and Jondal were studying cell-mediated cytotoxicity in normal human blood and the effect of the removal of various receptor-bearing cells on this cytotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mechanism by which NK cells develop their repertoire of receptors is now beginning to be understood. (grantome.com)
  • A role for the src family kinase Fyn in NK cell activation and the formation of the repertoire of Ly49 receptors. (unil.ch)
  • NKR-P1A, the receptor encoded by the KLRB1 gene, recognizes Lectin Like Transcript-1 (LLT1) as a functional ligand. (thermofisher.com)
  • Recently, the ligand for this receptor has been identified as the MCMV-encoded protein m157. (grantome.com)
  • In contrast to NKT cells, NK cells do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptors, but they usually express the surface markers CD16 (FcγRIII) and CD57 in humans, NK1.1 or NK1.2 in C57BL/6 mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • NK-cells are defined as large granular lymphocytes that do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or Pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptor but that usually express the surface markers CD16 (FcγRIII) and CD56 in humans, and NK1.1/NK1.2 in certain strains of mice. (wikidoc.org)
  • I have used structural biology to explain pre-T-cell receptor (TCR) self-association in T-cell development, and how the TCR specifically recognises polymorphic Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules in the context of viral immunity and aberrant T-cell reactivity. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • 2023. Complimentary electrostatics dominate T-cell receptor binding to a psoriasis-associated peptide antigen presented by human leukocyte antigen C∗06:02 . (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Viral and bacterial infections induce expression of multiple NK cell receptors in responding CD8(+) T cells. (duke.edu)
  • These NK cell receptors are also expressed by certain memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells, and in some cases are up-regulated in T cells responding to viral infection. (duke.edu)
  • heterodimers) - a C-type lectin family receptor, conserved in both rodents and primates and identifies non-classical (also non-polymorphic) MHC I molecules like HLA E . Though indirect, this is a way to survey the levels of classical (polymorphic) HLA molecules, however, because expression of HLA-E at the cell surface is dependent upon the presence of classical MHC class I leader peptides. (wikidoc.org)
  • KIR receptors have no structural orthologs in non-primates, although mouse Ly-49 proteins are functional orthologs (3). (rndsystems.com)
  • To counter this, mouse CMV (MCMV) rescues some MHC I molecules to engage inhibitory Ly49 receptors. (edu.au)
  • demonstrate that two MCMV-encoded proteins interact with MHC I molecules, forming an altered-self complex that prevents missing self recognition by increasing specificity for inhibitory Ly49 receptors. (silverchair.com)
  • A functionally similar family of molecules exists on human NK cells, i.e., the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs). (aai.org)
  • Aside from the Fc receptor, Natural Killer cells express a variety of receptors that serve to either activate or suppress their cytolytic activity. (wikidoc.org)
  • KIR3DL2 (3DL2, p140, CD158k) is a type I transmembrane protein of the p70 family of killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). (rndsystems.com)
  • I have unearthed structural mechanisms of HLA polymorphism impacting on drug and food hypersensitivities, as well as Natural Killer cell receptor recognition. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • NK cells express several families of receptors that play central roles in target cell recognition. (duke.edu)
  • This gene expression was specific because other chemokines were not induced by anti-Ly-49D receptors. (aai.org)
  • These receptors either inhibit or activate NK cell functions such as cytolysis or cytokine secretion. (aai.org)
  • This will be accomplished by generating an m157-expressing transgenic mouse in a strain that does not express the Ly49H receptor. (grantome.com)
  • conversely, very few Ag-specific T cells expressed Ly49 family members. (duke.edu)
  • Rescued altered-self MHC I molecules show increased affinity to inhibitory Ly49 receptors, resulting in inhibition of NK cells despite substantially reduced MHC I surface levels. (edu.au)
  • The E-protein transcription factors E2A and HEB regulate thymocyte expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 to retain preselection thymocytes in the thymic cortex. (silverchair.com)
  • These receptors bind to various ligands on target cells, both endogenous and exogenous, and have an important role in regulating the NK-cell response. (wikidoc.org)
  • The inhibitory Ly-49 receptors, Ly-49A, C, G, and I, inhibit NK cell function upon binding of class I ligands on target cells ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). (aai.org)
  • These inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I alleles , which could explain why NK cells kill cells possessing low levels of MHC class I molecules. (wikidoc.org)
  • In vitro experiments found that isolated human islets treated with GABA receptor blockade have decreased insulin secretion at physiologic glucose concentrations 18 . (nature.com)
  • It is believed that NK cells, in turn, evolved as an evolutionary response to this adaption, as the loss of the MHC would deprive these cells of the inhibitory effect of MHC and render these cells vulnerable to NK-cell mediated lysis. (wikidoc.org)
  • Like other inhibitory KIR, KIR3DL2 has two ITIM domains within its long tail (3). (rndsystems.com)
  • The up-regulation of these receptors was independent of IL-15 and persisted long after clearance of the pathogen. (duke.edu)
  • RNase protection assays and chemokine protein production analysis validated the microarray results, as cross-linking the Ly-49D mouse NK receptor induced high levels of IFN-γ, lymphotactin, macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)1α, and MIP1β. (aai.org)