AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Angiotensin IIIAngiotensin IIGlutamyl AminopeptidaseReceptors, AngiotensinReceptor, Angiotensin, Type 1Angiotensin IReceptor, Angiotensin, Type 2AngiotensinsAntigens, CD13Angiotensin Receptor AntagonistsAngiotensin II Type 1 Receptor BlockersAngiotensin II Type 2 Receptor BlockersNatriuretic AgentsAngiotensin AmideSaralasinGold CompoundsTetrazolesElectric StimulationLosartanSulfonic AcidsAminopeptidasesBenzimidazolesImidazolesRenin-Angiotensin SystemNatriuresisBlood PressurePyridinesRats, Sprague-DawleyPeptidyl-Dipeptidase AAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsElectric Stimulation TherapyStimulation, Chemical1-Sarcosine-8-Isoleucine Angiotensin IIReninBiphenyl CompoundsCells, CulturedVasoconstrictor AgentsPhysical StimulationDeep Brain StimulationModels, AnimalMethionineEncyclopedias as Topic
EnzymeBlocking angiotensin II stimulatedVasoconstrictorRenalConversion of angiotensinAction of angiotensinHypertrophyVascularAngiotensinogenCardiacRelease of reninAldosteroneReceptorsBlockersACE2CardiomyocytesInhibitorsKidneysHypertensionEndothelinAntagonistsPathophysiologicalBradykininInhibitoryEndothelialSympathetic nervePeptideInflammatoryRenin activityBlood vesselsSelectiveProteinActivationPlasma reninSignificantly inhibitedHigh glucoseActivityAdrenergicSodiumEpithelialActivatesExtracellularPathwayHormoneAcidsIncludeTissue2023Chronic heart f
Enzyme19
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts Ang I into angiotensin II (Ang II) which acts on an angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor. (hindawi.com)
  • Intrinsic brain RAS is an enzyme-neuropeptide system having functional components (angiotensinogen, peptidases, angiotensin, and specific receptor proteins) with important biological and neurobiological activities in the brain. (hindawi.com)
  • The inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), the enzyme responsible for the degradation of incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), represents an effective and safe therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (fapesp.br)
  • The effect of local converting enzyme inhibition on the vascular responses to angiotensin and bradykinin in the forearm resistance vessels in man. (cardiffmet.ac.uk)
  • SARS-CoV-2 gains cell entry via angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, a membrane-bound enzyme of the "alternative" (alt) renin-angiotensin system (RAS). (nature.com)
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, b-adrenergic receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists target the inhibition of renin--angiotensin--aldosterone system and adrenergic nervous system and have become a standard component of therapy for heart failure (HF). (docksci.com)
  • Renin ( etymology and pronunciation ), also known as an angiotensinogenase , is an aspartic protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)-also known as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis-that increases the volume of extracellular fluid ( blood plasma , lymph and interstitial fluid ) and causes arterial vasoconstriction . (wikipedia.org)
  • The renin enzyme circulates in the bloodstream and hydrolyzes (breaks down) angiotensinogen secreted from the liver into the peptide angiotensin I . (wikipedia.org)
  • Angiotensin I is further cleaved in the lungs by endothelial-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) into angiotensin II , the most vasoactive peptide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Renin activates the renin-angiotensin system by using its endopeptidase activity to cleave the peptide bonds between leucine and valine residues in angiotensinogen, [11] produced by the liver , to yield angiotensin I , which is further converted into angiotensin II by ACE , the angiotensin-converting enzyme primarily within the capillaries of the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2013. Green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) prevented hypertension by an inhibitory effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats. (raysahelian.com)
  • Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications, including diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This vasoconstrictor is formed by the proteolytic action of renin (released by the kidneys) acting on circulating angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). (cvpharmacology.com)
  • Indirect evidence also indicates that Zn2+ may decrease the activity of angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), known to be the receptor for SARS‑CoV‑2. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Other ways that GRA may cause hypertension and hypokalemia include inhibition of 5 β-reductase in the liver, an enzyme that metabolizes aldosterone and direct stimulation of mineralocorticoid receptors, though overall these mechanisms may not be as important as the effect of GRA on cortisol metabolism in renal tissue. (pearls4peers.com)
  • ACE stands for angiotensin converting enzyme.Perindopril is traditionally used to treat high blood pressure And to reduce heart attack in people with coronary artery disease. (wheretobuyuk.net)
  • Individuals with certain mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mutations and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes (DD genotype) may be particularly susceptible to the damaging effects of alcohol. (medscape.com)
  • The increase in tissue turnover suggests an alteration in the regulation of the catecholamine biosynthesis and possibly suggests an alteration in the feedback inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase, the key enzyme in the production of catecholamines. (medscape.com)
  • Two clones were selected to evaluate the test performance of three assays to measure antibodies to Pgp3: multiplex bead assay (MBA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and lateral flow assay (LFA). (cdc.gov)
Blocking angiotensin II stimulated1
Vasoconstrictor3
  • Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor and an important mediator of sodium and water retention in the proximal tubule, and the main mechanism by which this occurs is by stimulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3). (fapesp.br)
  • There is an overwhelming mass of evidence demonstrating the development of endothelial dysfunction in animal models of diabetes and in human blood vessels from diabetic patients, as evidenced by increased release of reactive oxygen species, decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity, decreased release of prostacyclin (PGI 2 ), and enhanced endothelial production of vasoconstrictor thromboxane (Tx)A 2 /prostaglandin (PG)H 2 in early stages of diabetes ( 1 - 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Besides causing fluid retention, licorice ingestion has also been found to increase systemic vascular resistance possibly by increasing vascular tone and remodeling of the vascular wall, potentiating the vasoconstrictor actions of angiotensin II and catecholamines in smooth muscle, and suppressing vasodilatory systems, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase and prostacyclin synthesis. (pearls4peers.com)
Renal6
  • These studies emphasize and confirm that the appropriated treatment to contain the progression of cardiovascular diseases requires a cardiorenal approach, considering that little modifications of renal function are strictly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.The renin-angiotensin system plays a central role in the pathophysiology of HF. (fapesp.br)
  • This incretin hormone also exerts renoprotective actions characterized by increments of natriuresis in humans and in experimental models, at least in part, due to inhibition of NHE3 transport activity in the apical membrane of the renal proximal tubule. (fapesp.br)
  • They discovered that changes in blood pressure, or alterations in Angiotensin II, provoke rapid trafficking of renal sodium transporters between membrane domains, associated with phosphorylation and pool size regulation. (usc.edu)
  • 2014. Asparagus racemosus leaf extract inhibits growth of UOK 146 renal cell carcinoma cell line: simultaneous oncogenic PRCCTFE3 fusion transcript inhibition and apoptosis independent cell death. (raysahelian.com)
  • We know that the renin-angiotensin system is found in many tissues, including heart, brain, vascular and renal tissues. (cvpharmacology.com)
  • In this review we discuss current evidence that complement activation contributes to progression of CKD, how complement could cause renal inflammation and whether complement inhibition would slow progression of renal disease. (wjgnet.com)
Conversion of angiotensin1
  • Therefore, ACE inhibitors may act at these sites besides blocking the conversion of angiotensin in the circulating plasma. (cvpharmacology.com)
Action of angiotensin1
  • This action of angiotensin II augments sympathetic activity on the heart and blood vessels, promoting cardiac stimulation and vasoconstriction. (cvpharmacology.com)
Hypertrophy5
  • Effects mediated by the AT2 receptor are suggested to include inhibition of cell growth, fetal tissue development, modulation of extracellular matrix, neuronal regeneration, apoptosis, cellular differentiation, and maybe vasodilation and left ventricular hypertrophy. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, angiotensin II potentiates the neural liberation of catecholamines, is arrhythmogenic, promotes vascular hyperplasia and pathological myocardial hypertrophy, as well as stimulates cardiomyocytes apoptosis. (fapesp.br)
  • It was also found that CRA blunted cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and promoted autophagy in Angiotensin II (Ang II)-treated H9c2 cells. (silverchair.com)
  • Moreover, to further verify whether CRA inhibits cardiac hypertrophy by the activation of autophagy, blockade of autophagy was achieved by CQ (an inhibitor of the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes) or 3-MA (an inhibitor of autophagosome formation). (silverchair.com)
  • It was found that autophagy inhibition counteracts the protective effect of CRA on cardiac hypertrophy. (silverchair.com)
Vascular3
  • Therefore, we assessed the effects of β-adrenergic activation on 1) regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation-two tyrosine kinase-dependent enzymes linked to cell growth-and 2) microarray analysis in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Hyperglycemia contributes to glycosylation of proteins and lipids, increases the production of reactive oxygen species, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins in various tissues, promoting thus inflammation processes in the vascular wall [ 2 , 3 ]. (medsci.org)
  • Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of vascular injury in diabetes and is preceded by the development of overt cardiovascular diseases ( 1 - 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Angiotensinogen4
  • The brain has shown the presence of various components of brain RAS such as angiotensinogen (AGT), converting enzymes, angiotensin (Ang), and specific receptors (ATR). (hindawi.com)
  • Conventional RAS involves the conversion of inactive angiotensinogen into angiotensin I (Ang I) in the presence of renin which is released from the kidney in response to low blood volume. (hindawi.com)
  • Renin is not commonly referred to as a hormone , albeit it having a receptor, the (pro)renin receptor, also known as the renin receptor and prorenin receptor (see also below), [4] as well as enzymatic activity with which it hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I . (wikipedia.org)
  • Plazentar produziertes humanes Renin interagiert dabei mit mütterlichem humanen Angiotensinogen, was zu einer exzessiven Erhöhung von Angiotensin II-Spiegeln führt. (fu-berlin.de)
Cardiac9
  • Inhibition of lymphatic lymphangiogenesis is involved in cardiac edema and cardiac remodeling after ischemic injury or pressure overload. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, whether lymphatic vessel integrity is disrupted during angiotensin II- (Ang II-) induced cardiac remodeling remains to be investigated. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, cardiac remodeling models were established by Ang II (1000 ng/kg/min) in VEGFR-3 knockdown (Lyve-1Cre VEGFR-3f/-) and wild-type (VEGFR-3f/f) littermates. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results indicated that Ang II infusion not only induced cardiac lymphangiogenesis and upregulation of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression in the time-dependent manner but also enhanced proteasome activity, MKP5 and VE-cadherin degradation, p38 MAPK activation, and lymphatic vessel hyperpermeability. (bvsalud.org)
  • Selective stimulation of lymphangiogenesis or inhibition of proteasome activity may be a potential therapeutic option for treating hypertension-induced cardiac remodeling. (bvsalud.org)
  • Activity and outflow of renin--angiotensin--aldosterone system (RAAS) and ANS are enormously elevated in HF in order to maintain circulatory homeostasis and cardiac output [6,7]. (docksci.com)
  • By reducing the effects of angiotensin II on the kidney, ACE inhibitors cause natriuresis and diuresis , which decreases blood volume and cardiac output, lowering arterial pressure. (cvpharmacology.com)
  • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is implicated in the modulation of almost all physiological cardiac functions and is also involved in the development and progression of cardiac diseases. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • However, numerous studies have demonstrated that light to moderate alcohol consumption (ie, 1-2 drinks per d or 3-9 drinks per wk) decreases the risk of cardiac events such as myocardial infarction. (medscape.com)
Release of renin1
  • Perindopril also causes an increase in plasma renin activity probably due to a loss of feedback inhibition mediated by ATII about the release of renin and/or stimulation of adrenal mechanisms via baroreceptors. (wheretobuyuk.net)
Aldosterone3
  • Angiotensin II also acts on the adrenal glands and releases aldosterone , which stimulates the epithelial cells in the distal tubule and collecting ducts of the kidneys to increase re-absorption of sodium, exchanging with potassium to maintain electrochemical neutrality, and water, leading to raised blood volume and raised blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Angiotensin II then constricts blood vessels , increases the secretion of ADH and aldosterone , and stimulates the hypothalamus to activate the thirst reflex, each leading to an increase in blood pressure . (wikipedia.org)
  • Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone , which acts on the kidneys to increase sodium and water reabsorption, leading to increased blood volume and arterial pressure. (cvpharmacology.com)
Receptors6
  • The angiotensin II receptors, (ATR1) and (ATR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ligands. (wikipedia.org)
  • The AT1 and AT2 receptors share a sequence identity of ~30%, but have a similar affinity for angiotensin II, which is their main ligand. (wikipedia.org)
  • Angiotensin II constricts arteries and veins by binding to AT 1 receptors on the smooth muscle, which are coupled to a Gq-protein and the IP 3 signal transduction pathway . (cvpharmacology.com)
  • He L (1994) Involvement of mu opioid receptors of periaqueductal grey (PAG) in AP inhibition of noxious blood pressure response in rabbits . (med-vetacupuncture.org)
  • Ligands of mu opioid receptors were microinjected into the PAG to observe their effects on AP inhibition of the pressor response. (med-vetacupuncture.org)
  • Noxious stimulation activated PAG mu-opioid receptors to modulate the noxious response and EAP enhanced that activation. (med-vetacupuncture.org)
Blockers1
  • In the last decade, it has been shown that metformin, thiazolidinediones, vitamin E, ezetimibe, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, and antiobesity drugs may improve hepatic pathophysiological disorders as well as clinical parameters. (hindawi.com)
ACE25
  • ACE2 counteracts angiotensin II by converting it to potentially protective angiotensin 1-7. (nature.com)
  • We estimated ACE activity using the angiotensin II:I ratio (ACE-S) and estimated systemic alt-RAS activation using the ratio of alt-RAS axis metabolites to PRA-S (ALT-S). We applied mixed linear models to assess how PRA-S and ACE/ACE2 concentrations affected ALT-S, ACE-S, and angiotensins II and 1-7. (nature.com)
  • ACE2 also predicted angiotensin 1-7 levels and ALT-S. No single factor or the combined model, however, could fully explain ACE-S. ACE2 and ACE-S trajectories in severe COVID-19 did not differ between survivors and non-survivors. (nature.com)
  • A shift to the alt-RAS axis because of increased ACE2 could partially explain the relative reduction in angiotensin II levels. (nature.com)
  • Because studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) stimulates ACE2 and Spike (S) priming proteases that mediate SC2 infection, studies were undertaken to determine if interventions that target CHI3L1 are effective inhibitors of SC2 viral variant infection. (elifesciences.org)
Cardiomyocytes1
  • Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) were treated with angiotensin II (Ang II) and delphinidin in vitro. (nih.gov)
Inhibitors2
Kidneys2
  • 3. The response to nerve stimulation was normal in kidneys from mature SH rats, but responses to noradrenaline, angiotensin II and barium chloride were greater than the control. (portlandpress.com)
  • 4. Cocaine potentiated the response to nerve stimulation more in the kidneys from mature SH rats than in those from the control rats. (portlandpress.com)
Hypertension4
  • The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is the part of the endocrine system that plays a prime role in the control of essential hypertension. (hindawi.com)
  • Hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension are major public health problems that are frequently treated with statins and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockades. (radcliffecardiology.com)
  • Iotova VG (1991) [The AP stimulation of the hand points in hypertension patients with different types of blood circulation] . (med-vetacupuncture.org)
  • Folk and traditional systems often suggest bitter melon for microbial infections, sluggish digestion and intestinal gas, menstrual stimulation, wound healing, inflammation, fever reduction, hypertension, and as a laxative and emetic. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Endothelin1
Antagonists1
Pathophysiological1
  • 2,3 An important emerging concept for prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis is that pathophysiological cross-talk between risk factors may be effectively addressed by combination therapy that simultaneously targets several risk factors and addresses multiple molecular mechanisms. (radcliffecardiology.com)
Bradykinin1
Inhibitory1
  • 7,8 In addition, statins have antioxidative effects via indirect NO inhibitory action through inhibition of Rac isoprenylation and attenuate oxidative stress through inhibition of Rac1. (radcliffecardiology.com)
Endothelial3
  • Statins reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and improve endothelial function via stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity, and mediate antioxidant effects that result in enhanced NO bioactivity. (radcliffecardiology.com)
  • and reduced lymphatic vessel hyperpermeability in WT mice, indicating that inhibition of proteasome activity is required to maintain lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) integrity. (bvsalud.org)
  • This is because NAFLD may be more tightly associated with insulin resistance and with markers of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction than with the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for MetS in nonobese, nondiabetic subjects [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Sympathetic nerve2
  • the more efficient neuronal uptake causes normalization of the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation. (portlandpress.com)
  • Down regulate sympathetic adrenergic activity by blocking the facilitating effects of angiotensin II on sympathetic nerve release and reuptake of norepinephrine. (cvpharmacology.com)
Peptide1
Inflammatory3
  • By studying transcriptome- and lipid mediator profiles in MDM of convalescent SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with previous mild disease, we show that inflammatory gene expression and eicosanoid profiles as well as altered responsiveness to inflammatory cues are maintained at 3-5 months post infection as well as throughout macrophage differentiation. (nature.com)
  • Zinc plays a signaling role involved in the modulation of inflammatory responses ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A few of these inflammatory responses, such as inflammatory cell recruitment, can be modulated by alcohol exposure [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (cdc.gov)
Renin activity2
  • in 1970 proposed that even after nephrectomy of adult mongrel dogs, the tissue's renin activity persisted even after 12 days [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In mixed linear models, renin activity most strongly predicted angiotensin II and 1-7 levels. (nature.com)
Blood vessels1
Selective1
  • Exposure of isolated bovine coronary arteries to high glucose (30 mmol/l d -glucose) but not to osmotic control mannitol (30 mmol/l) switched angiotensin II-stimulated prostacyclin (PGI 2 )-dependent relaxation into a persistent vasoconstriction that was sensitive to either indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, or SQ29548, a selective thromboxane receptor antagonist. (diabetesjournals.org)
Protein6
  • The activated receptor in turn couples to Gq/11 and Gi/o and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C. Activated receptor also inhibits adenylate cyclase and activates various tyrosine kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • i, j) Western blot results of the protein expression of tRAS components (ACE and AT1) and MMP13 in the human NP tissue (= 3). (findadig.com)
  • c, d) Western blot revealed the relative protein expression of tRAS components (ACE and AT1) in human NP cells induced by IL-1or TNF (= 3). (findadig.com)
  • 3). (e) The protein expression. (findadig.com)
  • Stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or LPS triggered exaggerated prostanoid-, type I IFN-, and chemokine responses in post COVID-19 MDM. (nature.com)
  • Mechanistically, delphinidin reduced ROS accumulation upon Ang II stimulation through the direct activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and subsequent inhibition of the activity of Rac1 and expression of p47 phox . (nih.gov)
Activation3
  • In contrast, both vasopressin and angiotensin 2-mediated stimulation of ERK activation was enhanced in SHR. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Open in a separate window Figure 1 Activation of the tissue renin-angiotensin system (tRAS) in the human degenerated intervertebral disc tissue. (findadig.com)
  • The activation of NBCn1 leads to an increase in pHi and [Na+]i, which indirectly, due to the stimulation of reverse mode of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), conduces to an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. (conicet.gov.ar)
Plasma renin1
  • there was also a fall in hyperkinetic Syndrome with a significant fall in energy consumption, reduction in circadian excretion of adrenaline, inhibition in the activity of plasma renin and normalization of lipid metabolism. (med-vetacupuncture.org)
Significantly inhibited1
  • EAP significantly inhibited the pressor response, the inhibition being readily reversed by TCTAP. (med-vetacupuncture.org)
High glucose2
  • In parallel, high glucose, but not mannitol, significantly increased superoxide and 3-nitrotyrosine in PGI 2 synthase (PGIS). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Concurrent administration of polyethylene-glycolated superoxide dismutase (SOD), l -nitroarginine methyl ester, or sepiapterin not only reversed the effects of high glucose on both angiotensin II-induced relaxation and PGI 2 release but also abolished high-glucose-enhanced PGIS nitration, as well as its association with eNOS. (diabetesjournals.org)
Activity3
  • In addition, β-adrenergic-mediated inhibition of PI3 kinase activity was attenuated in SHR (whereas the effect of forskolin remained intact). (aspetjournals.org)
  • The study was carried out with an aqueous extract of the roots of Asparagus racemosus utilizing three doses viz 800 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg and 3200 mg/kg for its diuretic activity in comparison with standard drug (furosemide) and control (normal saline) rats after doing acute toxicity study. (raysahelian.com)
  • In vitro experiments demonstrate that Zn2+ possesses antiviral activity through inhibition of SARS‑CoV RNA polymerase. (spandidos-publications.com)
Adrenergic1
  • Angiotensin II also facilitates the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic adrenergic nerves and inhibits norepinephrine reuptake by these nerves. (cvpharmacology.com)
Sodium1
Epithelial1
  • This pulmonary exposure to alcohol can damage the bronchial epithelial layer of the lung [ 6 , 7 ], while impairing the lung's ability to repair epithelial wounding via inhibition of the PKA pathway [ 8 ]. (cdc.gov)
Activates1
  • It was reported that angiotensin II (Ang II) exhibits an opposite effect on NBC isoforms: it activates NBCn1 and inhibits NBCe1. (conicet.gov.ar)
Extracellular1
  • The AT4 receptor is activated by the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin IV, and may play a role in regulation of the CNS extracellular matrix, as well as modulation of oxytocin release. (wikipedia.org)
Pathway2
  • Angiotensin 1-7 acts via an 'alternative' RAS pathway. (nature.com)
  • [ 1 ] Thus, tracing research of the COX pathway is essential to an understanding of COX deficiency, and examining the variable effects of COX inhibition are advantageous. (medscape.com)
Hormone2
Acids2
  • The present review aimed to discuss the negative effects of certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as vitamin D, magnesium, and omega‑3 fatty acids, on the central nervous system. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols were the main bound phenolic compounds. (stuartxchange.org)
Include1
  • For example, important zinc metalloenzymes include alkaline phosphatase, RNA polymerases, and alcohol dehydrogenase ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Tissue3
  • e) TUNEL assay of the human NP tissue among grades II, III, and IV (= 3). (findadig.com)
  • g) Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of ACE in the human NP tissue among grades II, III, Melittin and IV (= 3). (findadig.com)
  • Based on Pfirrmann grades on T2-weighed MRI, the human intervertebral disc tissue was divided into three groups: grade II, grade III, and grade IV, respectively (= 3). (findadig.com)
20231
Chronic heart f1
  • The dose should be given in two or three individual doses per day for chronic heart failure and as a bolus for acute congestive heart failure. (medicines.org.uk)