Inhibition genes encoding mirnas micro rna that regulates. Medical search. Frequent questions

A wide variety of species utilize their miRNAs to target and regulate endogenous pathways (Figure 1a ) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
There are known instances of viruses using their endogenous miRNAs to target their own genes to evade host immune system's surveillance and maintain latency (Figure 1c ) [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
a) Endogenous host miRNAs target specific host genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of endogenous, non-protein coding RNAs that are highly linked to various cellular functions and pathological process. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate the balance and/or translation of complementary mRNA goals. (biongenex.com)
In order to characterize the repertoire of endogenous smRNAs and potential gene targets in dinoflagellates, we conducted smRNA and mRNA expression profiling over 9 experimental treatments of cultures from Symbiodinium microadriaticum , a photosynthetic symbiont of scleractinian corals. (biomedcentral.com)
ncRNAs are a large family of RNAs with microRNAs (miRNAs) being one kind of endogenous RNA which lack encoded proteins. (drtaheriazam.com)
CircRNAs, a new type of endogenous noncoding RNA (ncRNA), are described as covalent closed-loop structure without 5' caps and 3' poly (A) tails. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, several potential functions of circRNAs have been reported: (1) CircRNAs competitively bind to miRNAs as endogenous competitive RNAs (ceRNAs), known as miRNA sponges (Fig. 1 a). (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small (approximately 22 nt) endogenous non-coding RNAs that direct post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we describe how microRNA-regulated lentiviral vectors can be used to visualize specific cell populations by exploiting endogenous microRNA expression patterns. (lu.se)

Traditionally RNA has been viewed as a simple messenger that translates genetic information from our DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid) into proteins that are used by the cells in our body. (blogspot.com)
In a cell, DNA is "translated" by RNA into proteins that can be used by the cell throughout the body. (blogspot.com)
It is estimated that coding genes (the genes which code for the ~20,000 human proteins) only account for ~1.5% of the three BILLION nucleotides of sequence information in the human genome. (blogspot.com)
MicroRNAs, on the other hand, are smaller RNAs which primarily function as RNA interference agents, to block the synthesis of proteins encoded by specific coding genes. (blogspot.com)
The KSHV-encoded proteins are shown in red. (frontiersin.org)
MicroRNAs (miRs) little noncoding 18- to 24-nucleotide RNAs are forecasted to regulate appearance in excess of 90% of proteins encoding genes thus affecting diverse mobile and molecular procedures [2]. (biongenex.com)
Analysis of DEGs also revealed that minicircle-encoded photosynthesis proteins seem to be common targets of transcriptional regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
This silencing response leads to reduced levels of viral proteins, and in the case of cells infected with an RNA virus, viral sense or antisense genomes can also be targeted for degradation by siRNA. (moam.info)
Note that by convention gene names are italicized and the proteins they make are not. (cancerquest.org)
The mutant proteins often retain some of their capabilities but are no longer sensitive to the controls that regulate the normal form of the protein. (cancerquest.org)
They exert their biological functions by competitively binding to microRNAs (miRNAs) as miRNA sponges, promoting gene transcription and participating in the regulation of selective splicing, interacting with proteins and being translated into proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
They were nanoscale membrane vesicles that were generated by most types of cells, which can convey information in the tumor microenvironment by transferring cargos such as DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids, therefore they are critical to tumor progression [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Maintenance of class B gene expression The maintenance of AP3 and PI expression in flowers requires the activity of both AP3 and PI indicating that these two proteins function in a positive autoregulatory loop. (oboolo.com)
Previously, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and other long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been generally considered unable to encode proteins both in plants and animals [1-9]. (fortunepublish.com)
During viral an infection, viral RNAs are named exogenous RNAs by viral sensor proteins and activate the antiviral innate immune system response (16,17). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)

MiRNAs, short (18-24 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs, are derived from long transcripts pri-miRNAs and pre-miRNAs [ 26 - 30 ].By targeting 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of cognate mRNAs, miRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and induce translational repression [ 29 , 30 ]. (intechopen.com)
The function is performed by identifying 3′-UTRs (untranslated regions) of target mRNAs with conserved complementarities to the seed (nucleotides 2-7) of the miRNA. (spandidos-publications.com)
Long noncoding RNAs are over 200 nucleotides (or building blocks of DNA and RNA) in length and may perform a variety of functions which include the regulation of DNA organizational density in chromosomes and the regulation of gene expression. (blogspot.com)
MiRs modulate mRNA amounts and translation through canonical bottom pairing between your seed sequence from the miRNA (nucleotides 2-8 on (-)-Catechin gallate the 5′end) as well as the complementary seed match sequences of focus on mRNAs which are usually situated in the 3′ untranslated area (UTR) [3]. (biongenex.com)
Launch RNA silencing is normally a posttranscriptional gene silencing system aimed by microRNAs (miRNAs), non-coding RNAs of 21C22 nucleotides (nt) long that are conserved in different microorganisms (1). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)

MiRNAs bind the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of target mRNAs. (ukessays.com)
miRNAs control gene expression by binding to the complementary sites in the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) of target mRNAs and triggering either translational inhibition or mRNA degradation by a molecular mechanism which is a subject of intense investigation [ 6 - 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It is likely that the intronic miRNAs are processed from the same primary transcript as the precursor mRNAs and thus, their expression levels are regulated by the expression of the host mRNA [ 39 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We found 1,720 animal-like target sites in the 3'UTRs of 12,858 mRNAs and 19 plant-like target sites in 51,917 genes. (biomedcentral.com)
A molecular regulatory network consisting of three circRNAs, seven miRNAs and seven mRNAs was constructed, resulting in identification of two signaling axes, hsa_circ_0035431/hsa‑miR‑940/fucosyltransferase 6 (FUT6) and hsa_circ_0035431/hsa‑miR‑940/cingulin‑like 1 (CGNL1). (spandidos-publications.com)
microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. (cancerindex.org)
The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. (cancerindex.org)
RNAi is mediated by small (21- to 24-nucleotide [nt]) antisense RNAs that induce gene-specific silencing by virtue of complete or partial complementarity with their respective target mRNAs (2, 13, 72, 73, 75). (moam.info)
Metazoan miRNAs guide the miRISC to partially complementary sites in the 3' UTRs of target mRNAs to promote their translational repression or deadenylation and degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
Chemically modified antimiR oligonucleotides sequester the mature miRNA in competition with cellular target mRNAs leading to functional inhibition of the miRNA and derepression of the direct targets. (biomedcentral.com)
One strand from the miRNA duplex is normally packed onto Argonaute (AGO), a primary element of the RNA-induced silencing complicated, leading to destabilization or translational repression of focus on mRNAs with series complementarities (9,10). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Results: Using the Target Scan Vert algorithm, we identified several integrin subunit-encoding mRNAs as potential targets of miR-103b. (eurekaselect.com)

To date, 1527 human miRNAs have been identified (Sanger miRBase 18 http://www.miRbase.org/index.shtml), forming less than 1% of all human genes, potentially regulating more than 10% of all protein coding genes [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
Up to 30% of human protein-coding genes may be regulated by miRNAs ( 8 , 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In fact, much of our understanding about cancer biology today stems from the discovery of mutations (or alterations) in protein-coding genes, and how the resulting protein products can drive cancer development, progression, and metastasis [ 2] . (blogspot.com)
Currently, there are over 1,000 known human microRNAs, each of which is predicted to regulate hundreds to thousands of protein coding genes [ 12] . (blogspot.com)
A large number of miRNAs are encoded in organized intronic clusters within many protein coding genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene expression modulating miRNAs are encoded in diverse genomic locations including intergenic regions, introns of protein-coding genes and introns/exons of noncoding RNA genes [ 36 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
miRNAs are either expressed from independent transcriptional units or derive from introns of protein-coding genes or exons or introns of long ncRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)

MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
RNA silencing-based immunity is the cornerstone of plant and invertebrate defense against viral pathogens, and examples of host defense mechanisms and numerous viral counterdefense mechanisms exist. (umassmed.edu)
We show here that a mammalian virus, human adenovirus, interacts with RNA silencing pathways during infection, as the virus produces microRNAs (miRNAs) and regulates the expression of Dicer, a key component of RNA silencing mechanisms. (umassmed.edu)
The production of viral miRNAs and the regulation of cellular Dicer levels during infection implicate RNA silencing mechanisms in both viral fitness as well as potential host defense strategies. (umassmed.edu)
miRNAs are approximately 22-nucleotide non-coding RNAs that participate in post transcriptional gene expression regulation through mRNA degradation, translational inhibition or chromatin-based silencing mechanisms. (sarcomahelp.org)
More importantly, our data indicate the possibility of additional novel mechanisms for intronic miRNA processing in PCa cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Given that Symbiodinium seems to have a paucity of transcription factors and differentially expressed genes, identification and characterization of its smRNA repertoire establishes the possibility of a range of gene regulatory mechanisms in dinoflagellates acting post-transcriptionally. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, the two crops had different root regulatory mechanisms of microRNAs (miRNAs) to N deficiency. (frontiersin.org)
In conclusion, N deficiency significantly affected the morpho-physiological characteristics of roots that were regulated by miRNAs, but the miRNA-mediated mechanisms were different in wheat and cotton. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, further investigations into the specific molecular mechanisms underlying circRNA/miRNA/mRNA regulation are required to aid discovery of effective therapeutic targets. (spandidos-publications.com)
We also discuss several crucial mechanisms of miRNAs, their relationships with transcription factors and the target gene-mediated hormone signaling interactions in the regulation of root growth and development. (chinaagrisci.com)
2013. Geminin deploys multiple mechanisms to regulate Cdt1 before cell division thus ensuring the proper execution of DNA replication. (virosin.org)
In addition, HSV-1 encodes functions that interfere with host defense mechanisms, including innate and adaptive immune responses (47). (moam.info)
The ncRNAs regulate various molecular pathways and mechanisms in cancer that can lead to induction/inhibition of carcinogenesis. (drtaheriazam.com)
In this review, we focus on the impact of ncRNA post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, especially those of microRNAs and lncRNAs, in RA signalling pathways during differentiation and disease. (mdpi.com)
LFY can directly regulate the transcription of at least one representative of each of the class A, B and C genes but uses distinct mechanisms to activate expression of each of these genes in a region-specific manner. (oboolo.com)

The binding of miRNA- protein complexes to mRNA causes translation inhibition or destabilisation of target transcripts. (ukessays.com)
miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. (cancerindex.org)
The ability of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to suppress silencing was examined in a transient expression system that employed an imperfect hairpin to target degradation of transcripts encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). (moam.info)
The new class of plant small peptide regulators was recently shown to be encoded by primiRNA transcripts which can be transported to cytoplasm in unprocessed mRNA-like form. (fortunepublish.com)
RNA-seq experiments generate reads derived not only from mature RNA transcripts but also from pre-mRNA. (nature.com)
MiRNAs are generated from long primary transcripts in which local stem-loop structures are recognized and cut by the Microprocessor. (villungerlab.com)
miRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II into long primary miRNA transcripts, termed pri-miRNAs that are usually several kilobases long and possess a 5' CAP and a poly(A) tail. (biomedcentral.com)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are ~22nt non-coding regulatory genes that target other RNA molecules via sequence-specific hybridization, which results either in translation inhibition (an imperfect target miRNA sequence match) or in cleavage and degradation of the targeted RNA (a perfect target miRNA sequence match) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Unlike miRNAs whose central function is to restrain mRNA translation by inducing degradation, lncRNAs can act as numerous roles to exert their functions by directly or indirectly interacting with DNA, RNA or protein, even can encode some short peptides (Fig. 3 a-d) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Generally, both miRNAs and siRNAs with perfect base-pairing to mRNA target that mRNA for degradation, whereas imperfect base-pairing to mRNA targets predominantly leads to translational repression (10, 75). (moam.info)
These include functions that promote viral gene transcription, inhibition of host mRNA processing, increased degradation of mRNA, and a shutoff of host protein synthesis (29, 52, 58). (moam.info)
Cellular RNAs are regulated at multiple stages, including transcription, RNA maturation and degradation. (nature.com)

Insulin is therefore able to increase expression of HO-1 through miR-872 downregulation, as well as via pathways dependent upon PI3K and protein kinase C. MicroRNA Papaioannou MD, Lagarrigue M, Vejnar CE, Rolland AD, Kühne F, Aubry F, et al. (wikipedia.org)
As a consequence, any modulations of the target transcript expression, miRNAs can affect various signalling pathways and cellular process such as apoptosis, proliferation or differentiation. (ukessays.com)
In recent years, emerging studies have highlighted the critical role of these pathways and their regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer invasion and metastasis. (intechopen.com)
Viruses also encode miRNAs and there is evidence to suggest that virus-encoded miRNAs target specific host genes and pathways that may be beneficial for their infectivity and/or proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we show that for several of the 135 known viral miRNAs in human viruses, the human genes targeted by the viral miRNA are enriched for specific host pathways whose targeting is likely beneficial to the virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Our analysis further suggests that human viruses have evolved their miRNA repertoire to target specific human pathways, such as cell growth, axon guidance, and cell differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, many of the same pathways are also targeted in mice by miRNAs encoded by murine viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) miRNAs that target specific human pathways exhibit increased conservation across CMV strains. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall, our results suggest that viruses may have evolved their miRNA repertoire to target specific host pathways as a means for their survival. (biomedcentral.com)
This study suggested that the number of viral miRNA targets in the host may be much greater than previously assumed and are specific to host pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
In the complex relationships of mammalian viruses with their hosts, it is currently unclear as to what role RNA silencing pathways play during the course of infection. (umassmed.edu)
Taken together, our results demonstrate that RNA silencing pathways are active participants in the process of infection with human adenovirus. (umassmed.edu)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
These alterations can take the form of epigenetic modifications, point mutations, translocations, amplifications or deletions and modify gene functions in ways that deregulate cellular signalling pathways leading to the cancer phenotype. (bmj.com)

1) The alternation of protein levels of critical oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes, which causes by miRNAs deregulation may also lead to proliferative diseases such as cancer. (ukessays.com)
These are divided into two group, those miRNAs that are upregulated in cancer which are likely to be acting as oncogenes and those downregulated in cancer which are likely to be acting as tumour suppressors. (ukessays.com)
miRNAs can either function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
there is increasing data to suggest that miRNAs may act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. (sarcomahelp.org)
10 Genes that, when activated, contribute to the carcinogenesis are generally termed proto-oncogenes. (bmj.com)
The mutated forms of these genes are referred to as oncogenes. (bmj.com)
The normal versions of genes in the first group are called proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
The mutated or otherwise damaged versions of these genes are called oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
We have two copies of each gene and for oncogenes, a single defective copy is enough to cause a cell to divide. (cancerquest.org)
Numerous genes have been identified as proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)

Here we review some of these new discoveries and technologies, including long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs and RNA aptamers, and how they are being applied to prostate cancer research at the Brady Urological Institute. (blogspot.com)
One class of genes which do not code for protein products are called noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) . (blogspot.com)
This gene class includes long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), both of which have been implicated in cancer [ 4, 5 ]. (blogspot.com)
RNAs, including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA), are known to be abundant and important structural components of the nuclear infrastructure. (harvard.edu)
Technological advancements have spawned a multitude of platforms for profiling of long-noncoding RNAs and miRNAs in different cancers. (yeditepe.edu.tr)

miRNAs are involved in biological and pathological processes including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism, and they are emerging as highly tissue-specific biomarkers with potential clinical application for defining cancer types and origins. (spandidos-publications.com)
CRT effects are related to alterations in genes and microRNAs (miRs) expression, which regulate cardiac processes involved in cardiac apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy and angiogenesis, and membrane channel ionic currents. (hindawi.com)
These data indicate that the inhibition of autophagy promotes apoptosis as described for herpes simplex computer virus 1 and mouse herpesvirus 68 [41]. (immune-source.com)
and -7, four cysteine proteases with essential assignments in apoptosis, had been upregulated or indirectly through the repression of the TRBP-bound miRNA straight, miR-106b. (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Our results might reveal the system of apoptosis, induced with the TRBP-bound miRNAs through the connections of TRBP with LGP2, as an antiviral immune system in mammalian cells. (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Right here, we present that LGP2 upregulated apoptosis regulatory genes by inhibition of TRBP-bound pre-miRNA maturation by competitive binding with TRBP, and improved apoptosis during Sendai trojan (SeV) an infection. (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Our finding demonstrated which the crosstalk between RNA silencing and RLR signaling features to stimulate apoptosis as an antiviral immune system in mammalian cells. (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Cellular miR-103 downregulates certain genes in other cell types and promotes apoptosis. (eurekaselect.com)
However, whether miR-103b can target and downregulate ITGB3 in stored platelets and such miRNA regulation promotes apoptosis is not known. (eurekaselect.com)

Insulin infusion in rats has seen increased levels of heme-oxygenase 1 expression, blocked by inhibited activation of PI3K or protein kinase C. miR-872 levels are reduced with inhibition of adipocytes of the 3T3-L1 cell line, along with those of miRNAs-155 and -183. (wikipedia.org)
As miRNAs proposed to control the expression up to one third of all genes and possibly utilised as diagnostic and prognostic marker for many genetic based diseases. (ukessays.com)
It has been suggested that abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is associated with carcinogenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Mature microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, well-conserved, non-coding RNA molecules that silence gene expression usually by interfering with mRNA stability or protein translation ( 6 , 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Misregulation of Dicer expression does not appear to influence viral growth in a cell culture model of infection, and also does not lead to gross changes in the pool of cellular miRNAs. (umassmed.edu)
Altered expression of this gene has been observed in multiple human cancers. (cancerindex.org)
Search the gene expression profiles from curated DataSets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. (cancerindex.org)
miRNA deregulation has been identified in a variety of epithelial origin cancers, where changes in specific miRNAs expression possibly contribute to tumor growth, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. (sarcomahelp.org)
Pharmacologic manipulation of microRNA expression has been undertaken in the form of in vivo miRNA delivery of downregulated miRNAs and "antagomirs" targeting upregulated miRNAs. (sarcomahelp.org)
Not much is known about the expression and deregulation of miRNA in STS generally and in LPS specifically. (sarcomahelp.org)
In a recent study using a microarray approach, 27 STS of seven different histological subtypes were profiled for miRNA expression. (sarcomahelp.org)
8 The results demonstrated that miRNA expression signatures were clearly distinct among the tumor types studied, suggesting their possible role in sarcomagenesis, and their potential as diagnostic markers or even therapeutic targets. (sarcomahelp.org)
consequently, no major conclusions regarding the expression and regulation of miRNA in LPS could be made. (sarcomahelp.org)
Our studies, supported by the Liddy Shriver Sarcoma Initiative, aimed to identify unique miRNA expression profiles of WDLPS and DDLPS with the hope that such signatures could provide insights into our understanding of the molecular determinants driving these two entities. (sarcomahelp.org)
The CRT-induced "reverse molecular remodeling" in responders patients is related to an increase in the expression of genes involved in the regulation of excitation-contraction coupling and a reversal in the isoforms switching of the contractile genes [ 9 ] ultimately leading to remodeling effects and improving of myocardial performance. (hindawi.com)
[ 1 ] The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms recognizes Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration as a new provisional entity that lacks MYC rearrangements but resembles Burkitt lymphoma morphologically, to a large extent phenotypically, and by gene expression profiling. (medscape.com)
Recent data show aberrant and altered expression of regulatory noncoding micro (mi) RNAs in prostate cancer (PCa). (biomedcentral.com)
While expression profiling studies of miRNAs are common place, little is known about the host gene and their resident miRNAs coordinated expression in PCa cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, whether expression of a subset of miRNAs is distinct in androgen-responsive and androgen-independent cells is not clear. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we have examined the expression of mature miRNAs of miR 17-92, miR 106b-25 and miR 23b-24 clusters along with their host genes C13orf25, MCM7 and AMPO respectively in PCa cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
The expression profiling of miRNAs and host genes was performed in androgen-sensitive MDA PCa 2b and LNCaP as well as in androgen-refractory PC-3 and DU 145 cell culture models of PCa. (biomedcentral.com)
No significant correlation between the miRNA expression and the intrinsic hormone-responsive property of PCa cells was observed. (biomedcentral.com)
Androgen-sensitive MDA PCa 2b cells exhibited the highest level of expression of most miRNAs studied in this report. (biomedcentral.com)
We found significant expression variations between host genes and their resident miRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results suggest that miRNA expression profiles may not predict intrinsic hormone-sensitive environment of PCa cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulatory noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression [ 5 ] and are potential candidates for studying their role in the progression of PCa to androgen-independent stage. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, the role of miRNAs and their differential signature expression patterns in androgen-dependent and androgen-independent PCa cells requires a closer validation. (biomedcentral.com)
Animal and plant genomes produce numerous small RNAs (smRNAs) that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally affecting metabolism, development, and epigenetic inheritance. (biomedcentral.com)
Integration of smRNA and mRNA expression profiling identified a variety of processes that could be under microRNA control, e.g. protein modification, signaling, gene expression, and response to DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)
FUT6 and CGNL1 were downregulated in HNSCC compared with adjacent healthy tissue and the expression levels of these genes were associated with tumor stage. (spandidos-publications.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression via complete or partial base pairing with the 3′untranslated region of target genes ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Reliable and accurate gene expression quantification with subpopulation structure-aware constraints for single-cell RNA sequencing. (jhhlab.tw)
MsmiR156 affects global gene expression and promotes root regenerative capacity and nitrogen fixation activity in alfalfa. (chinaagrisci.com)
Chromatin plays a vital role in the implementation of gene expression programs. (harvard.edu)
These results imply that hcmv-miR-US5-1 may affect viral replication and host cellular environment by regulating expression kinetics of GMNN during HCMV infection. (virosin.org)
Human cytomegalovirus latent infection alters the expression of cellular and viral microRNA. (virosin.org)
A human cytomegalovirus-encoded microRNA regulates expression of multiple viral genes involved in replication. (virosin.org)
Given that HSV-1 encodes several microRNAs, it is possible that a dynamic equilibrium exists between silencing and silencing suppression that is capable of modulating viral gene expression to promote replication, to evade host defenses, and/or to promote latency. (moam.info)
tally and temporally regulate gene expression (reviewed in references 1, 2, 54, and 68). (moam.info)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an integral part of the post-transcriptional machinery of gene expression and have been implicated in the carcinogenic cascade. (cdc.gov)
LFY alone is sufficient to activate expression of the class A gene AP1 throughout the flower. (oboolo.com)
Floral organ-identity gene expression. (oboolo.com)
Expression of each of the floral organ-identity genes. (oboolo.com)
Initiation of B class gene expression by LFY, UFO and AP1. (oboolo.com)
Maintenance of class B gene expression. (oboolo.com)
Expression of each of the floral organ-identity genes continues throughout most of flower development. (oboolo.com)
The plant hormone gibberellin appears to be an important regulator of homeotic gene expression in later stages of flower development (Yu et al. (oboolo.com)
A possible model for AP2 regulation by miRNA172 can be envisioned in which expression of miRNA172 in the inner two floral whorls causes' translational inhibition of AP2 mRNA in these whorls. (oboolo.com)
SP treatment may perhaps also alter gene expression improvements which have considerable results for virus structure and or lifestyle cycle. (mi-rna.com)
Despite the well-known fact that primiRNAs are acting as non-protein-coding RNAs, the published data suggest that, in the plant genomes, some pri-miRNAs can also be found in polysomes, and the expression of these miRNA precursors may results in formation of micropeptides which may be involved in regulation of gene expression. (fortunepublish.com)
Here we present a computational approach called exon-intron split analysis (EISA) that measures changes in mature RNA and pre-mRNA reads across different experimental conditions to quantify transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. (nature.com)
EISA reveals both transcriptional and post-transcriptional contributions to expression changes, increasing the amount of information that can be gained from RNA-seq data sets. (nature.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in many developmental and cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)
SeV is normally a single-stranded RNA trojan acknowledged by RIG-I, and its own an infection induces IFN creation, which induces LGP2 expression strongly. (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Inevitably, there are fundamental and applied questions, such as those relating to transcriptional control of stem cell differentiation, intrinsic noise in gene expression, and the origins of disease, that may only be addressed at the single cell level. (justia.com)
For example, single cell analysis allows for the direct measurement of gene expression kinetics, or for the unambiguous identification of co-regulated genes, even in the presence of de-synchronization and heterogeneity that could obscure population-averaged measurements. (justia.com)
Thus, many of the basic functionalities for microfluidic single cell gene expression analysis have been demonstrated in isolation, including cell manipulation and trapping (9, 10), RNA purification and cDNA synthesis (11-13), and microfluidic qPCR (14) following off-chip cell isolation cDNA synthesis and preamplification. (justia.com)
Recent evidences demonstrate that dysregulated expression of microRNA-320d (miR-320d) has been associated with several cancer development and progression. (biomedcentral.com)
The miRNA and messenger RNA interactions were confirmed using different biochemical approaches such as qRT-PCR, western blotting and, suppression of luciferase reporter gene expression by ectopic expression of miR-103b in HeLa cells. (eurekaselect.com)
When a microRNA is present in the cell, it binds to the target sites and downregulates GFP expression, while in cells that do not express the microRNA GFP, it is expressed. (lu.se)

MicroRNAs are the physically smaller class of ncRNAs. (blogspot.com)
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are commonly dysregulated in disease pathogenesis, and their role in cancer has been well-documented. (drtaheriazam.com)
The aim of the present review is to evaluate the role of ncRNAs in regulating autophagy in gastrointestinal tumors. (drtaheriazam.com)

Conversely inhibition of miR-23b/-27b in the much less intense androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancers cell line led to improved invasion and migration also without impacting proliferation. (biongenex.com)
A diagram showing the major cancer genes for some cancers. (cancerquest.org)
ALL cancers have lots of additional changes, the so-called 'passenger' mutations, that may contribute to the cancer, but are not the main genes. (cancerquest.org)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are closed, long, non-coding RNAs that are formed via direct reverse splicing of precursor mRNA that function by regulating RNA transcription and protein production, as well as sponging miRNAs ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
These events are dependent on the proper levels of transcription and translation of certain genes. (cancerquest.org)
For example, Cirs-7 is derived from a highly conserved single exon, also known as antisense transcription of cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 (CDR1as), which can regulate miR-7 through adsorption, thus reducing the inhibition of miR-7 on its target [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Discovery of microRNAs marked a new era and revolutionized our understanding related to puzzling mysteries about intermediate steps between transcription and translation. (yeditepe.edu.tr)

Approximately 30-60 % of the human genome, regulated by miRNAs. (ukessays.com)
miRNAs are assumed to occur at a frequency of approximately 1% - 2% of the total number of genes in the genome of an organism [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
19 ] that proposed a number of criteria to unambiguously identify miRNAs (e.g. presence of miRNA and miRNA*, non-repetitive match to the genome, miRNA and miRNA* form a 2 nt overhang on the 3′ ends of the duplex) showed that the majority of identified miRNA types from unicellular protists might be explained by alternative means. (biomedcentral.com)
Of the 30,000 or so genes that are currently thought to exist in the human genome , there is a small subset that seems to be particularly important in the prevention, development, and progression of cancer. (cancerquest.org)
If you are excited about the non-coding genome, how small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) fuel cancer development and how this knowledge can be exploited for disease prevention or treatment JOIN OUR TEAM. (villungerlab.com)
The individual genome encodes 2000 miRNAs that regulate the appearance of multiple genes (2). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Principal miRNAs transcribed in the genome are prepared into precursor-miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) by an endoribonuclease, Drosha, in the nucleus (3C5). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Until now, more than 1000 miRNAs are reported in encoding in the human genome. (biomedcentral.com)

HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) is an oncogenic long non-coding RNA frequently overexpressed in cancer. (bvsalud.org)
The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. (cancerindex.org)
In this review, we focus on the use of antisense oligonucleotides (antimiRs) in miRNA inhibition for loss-of-function studies. (biomedcentral.com)

Inhibition of the miRs had the contrary impact in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. (biongenex.com)
MiRs play a critical role in metastasis likely due to their ability to post-transcriptionally regulate gene networks important for cell invasion motility and migration [6]. (biongenex.com)
The biogenesis of miRs is usually a highly regulated multistep process [7]. (biongenex.com)
Over 40% of human miRs are organized in evolutionarily conserved clusters which are cotranscribed (-)-Catechin gallate as discrete polycistronic pri-miRNAs. (biongenex.com)

The understanding of miRNA has increased over the past 10 years, and particularly the involvement of miRNAs in cancer. (ukessays.com)
This review provides multiple perspectives on the involvement of miRNAs in regulating root growth and development in plants. (chinaagrisci.com)

Rather, Dicer levels appear to inversely correlate with the level of viral replication, indicating that another viral gene product is responsible for this activity. (umassmed.edu)
Pre-miRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm by Exportin-5 and processed further by Dicer, to ~22 nt double-stranded miRNA duplexes that are loaded into an Argonaute protein in the miRISC and rapidly unwound. (biomedcentral.com)
Pre-miRNAs are exported in to the cytoplasm by exportin (6,7), and so are further prepared by another endoribonuclease, Dicer, into miRNA duplexes with 2-nt 3 overhangs (8). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
TRBP binds towards the stem area of pre-miRNA and recruits Dicer to improve miRNA maturation (14). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
This competitive binding inhibits the binding of 40 types of pre-miRNAs with TRBP in HeLa cells, aswell as the maturation of these miRNAs by Dicer/TRBP, and their following RNA silencing actions (15). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)

The RNA silencing response to viral infection is so robust that all major groups of plant viruses examined to date, including those with DNA genomes, have been shown to encode one or more RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) which act as pathogenicity determinants (4, 34). (moam.info)
The genes in the second group are called tumor suppressors. (cancerquest.org)

In the field of urology, there is one well known long non-coding RNA called PCA3 (also known as DD3). (blogspot.com)

Vasculature is required for the expansion of tumor masses, as inhibition of new vessel formation prevents tumor growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
This first category also includes genes that contribute to tumor growth by inhibiting cell death. (cancerquest.org)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are molecular sponges that are involved in regulation of multiple types of cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of recently discovered noncoding RNA. (biomedcentral.com)

MicroRNAs control the levels of numerous cell cycle regulators that controls cell proliferation. (ukessays.com)
A mutation in this gene resulting in reduced cell proliferation, and impaired cell motility and polarity, and has been identified in patients with primary microcephaly. (cancerindex.org)
Modulating miR-320d function by transfection of miR-320 mimics or inhibitor led to inhibition or promotion of GCA cell proliferation and invasion, thus regulating tumor progression in GCA-tumor bearing mice. (biomedcentral.com)

Over the last several decades, however, new roles for RNA have been discovered that go well beyond the simple beauty of protein coding. (blogspot.com)
Despite the differences in their normal roles, these genes all contribute to unregulated cell division if they are present in a mutant (oncogenic) form. (cancerquest.org)

Burkitt lymphoma, or small noncleaved cell lymphoma, is a highly aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) characterized by the translocation and deregulation of the c-myc gene on chromosome 8. (medscape.com)
To be able to move forward down this metastatic cascade principal tumor cells accumulate hereditary and epigenetic adjustments like the deregulation of miRNA appearance patterns. (biongenex.com)

These genetic alterations result in either activation or inactivation of specific gene functions that contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. (bmj.com)

MicroRNAs silence their cognate goals by mRNA cleavage translational repression mRNA destabilization or a combined mix of these systems [4]. (biongenex.com)
Translational repression of AP2 The only floral organ-identity gene that does not encode a MADS-domain protein is the class A gene AP2. (oboolo.com)

Annotated database entry including the location and sequence of the mature miRNA sequence. (cancerindex.org)

However, it is not clear whether there are general patterns underlying cellular targets of viral miRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
More importantly, these target genes were enriched for cellular processes that facilitated the viral infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently, the cellular or viral target genes for these miRNAs remain unidentified. (umassmed.edu)
2003. Human cytomegalovirus infection leads to accumulation of geminin and inhibition of the licensing of cellular DNA replication. (virosin.org)
2008. Viral and cellular microRNAs as determinants of viral pathogenesis and immunity. (virosin.org)

In most cases, circRNAs are produced by back splicing of precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), in which the downstream 5'-splicing donor is connected to the upstream 3'-splicing receptor by a 3'-5'-phosphodiester bond [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Finally, there are several known instances of viral miRNAs targeting host genes (Figure 1d ). (biomedcentral.com)
stream endstream MicroRNA-33 and the SREBP host genes cooperate to control cholesterol homeostasis. (skanestugan.se)
The expressions of C13orf25 and miR 17-92 cluster as well as MCM7 and miR 106b-25 cluster did not reveal statistically significant correlation, thus suggesting that host genes and resident miRNAs may be expressed independent of each other. (biomedcentral.com)

Therefore, miRNAs could consider as cancer targets. (ukessays.com)
smRNAs were predicted independently over all 9 treatments and their putative gene targets were identified. (biomedcentral.com)
Notably, previous studies revealed that circRNAs participate in cancer pathogenesis by sponging miRNAs that target mRNA and circRNAs exhibit potential as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer treatment ( 5 , 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Indeed, disease-associated miRNAs represent a new class of targets for the development of miRNA-based therapeutic modalities, which may yield patient benefits unobtainable by other therapeutic approaches. (biomedcentral.com)

Although RNA-seq mostly generates reads that map to exons, it also captures less abundant intronic sequences 6 . (nature.com)

We assembled a transcriptome of 58,649 genes and determined differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between treatments. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed on differentially expressed genes (DEGs). (spandidos-publications.com)

Our work demonstrates that adenovirus encodes two miRNAs within the loci of the virus-associated RNA I (VA RNA I). We find that one of these miRNAs, miR-VA "g", enters into a functional, Argonaute-2 (Ago-2)-containing silencing complex during infection. (umassmed.edu)
The importance of RNA silencing to HSV-1 replication was confirmed by a significantly enhanced virus burst size in cells in which silencing was knocked down with small inhibitory RNAs directed to Argonaute 2, an integral component of the silencing complex. (moam.info)
The miRNA duplexes are loaded into an Argonaute protein in the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) and rapidly unwound. (biomedcentral.com)

HOTAIR can enhance the malignant behavior of tumors by sponging microRNAs with tumor suppressor functions. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, it is unclear if the microRNA-mediated mechanism related to root growth complies with a common mechanism in monocots and dicots under N deficiency. (frontiersin.org)
However, it is still unclear how exactly the enzymatic machinery distinguishes an authentic miRNA hairpin from the thousands of similar folds found in RNA. (villungerlab.com)
However the effect of miR-320d on gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (GCA) and the association of miR-320d with its potential gene target FoxM1 remain unclear. (biomedcentral.com)

1) For example, the down-regulation of miR15s and miR - 16 - 1 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, prostate cancer and pituitary tumours, leading to the inhibition of tumour growth and induce cell cycle arrest at the G 1 - phase by target cell cycle regulators ( cyclin D1, cyclin E1, cyclin D3 and CDK6). (ukessays.com)

It was discovered that the gene, called an early nodulin 40 (Enod40), previously annotated as transcribed with the formation of lncRNA encodes actually two short peptides (with a length of 12 and 24 amino acid residues) in plants, where they participate in the organogenesis of the root nodules [10, 11]. (fortunepublish.com)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are regulatory genes that target and repress other RNA molecules via sequence-specific binding. (biomedcentral.com)

Recently, much attention has focused on the impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) on tumorigenesis and cancer progression. (sarcomahelp.org)
In addition, a previous study demonstrated that circRNA/miRNA/mRNA networks are involved in the development and progression of multiple types of malignancy ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Though the means by which they are formed differ, both are incorporated into ribonucleoprotein complexes termed RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) and unwound, and the guide strand (complementary to an mRNA target) is selected to form the active or holo-RISC complex. (moam.info)

b) Host miRNAs target viral genes. (biomedcentral.com)
c) Virus encoded miRNAs target viral genes to mediate immune evasion or maintenance of latency. (biomedcentral.com)

Recent studies indicate that RNA silencing might also play an active role in the context of a mammalian virus infection. (umassmed.edu)

MicroRNAs are ~22-25 nucleotide non-coding RNAs. (ukessays.com)
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNAs and risk of breast cancer have been evaluated in populations of European or Asian ancestry, but not among women of African ancestry. (cdc.gov)

Several biological processes are regulated across many organisms by evolutionarily conserved miRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, as such a unique noncoding RNA at the time, it had been difficult to determine its biological function. (blogspot.com)
Researchers now consider the peptides encoded by lncRNAs as a new functional type because of their role in many biological processes [2-9, 12]. (fortunepublish.com)

Inhibition of the function of the miRNAs during infection did not affect viral growth in a highly cytopathic cell culture model. (umassmed.edu)
CONCLUSIONS Our results that nutrient tension activates cardiac irritation which IL-6 suppresses myocardial blood sugar fat burning capacity via inhibition of AMPK and IRS-1 underscore the key function of irritation in the pathogenesis of diabetic center. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and other classes of short non-coding RNAs regulate essential processes in the development and function of the nervous system. (harvard.edu)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which function as post-transcriptional regulators, are utilized by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in its infection and pathogenesis. (virosin.org)
miR-21 has both oncogenic and onco-suppressor functions and most of the experiments are in agreement with the tumor-promoting function of this miRNA. (drtaheriazam.com)
The latter interact with the cytokines and growth factors, regulating their function [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Three classes of small RNAs (smRNAs) have been described, microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The best characterized of these small RNAs are small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). (moam.info)

The field of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) has made significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis of diseases and has broadened our knowledge towards their targeting, especially in cancer therapy. (drtaheriazam.com)

A viral microRNA down-regulates multiple cell cycle genes through mRNA 5′UTRs. (virosin.org)

Given that viral miRNAs continue to be discovered as technologies evolve, we extended the investigation to 6809 putative miRNAs encoded by 23 human viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibition of miR-33a/b in non-human primates raises plasma HDL and lowers VLDL triglycerides. (skanestugan.se)
HER2/neu (also called ERB B2 ) is the gene that encodes the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2. (cancerquest.org)
Striking similarities in general phenotypic activities between human miR200a/b and plant miR156a suggested us that a comparison with the coding potential between the corresponding pri-miRNAs could identify parallels in the encoded miPEPs. (fortunepublish.com)
Moreover, there is now ample evidence that perturbations in the levels of individual or entire families of miRNAs are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of human diseases. (biomedcentral.com)

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), including RIG-I (or DDX58), melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5 or IFIH1), and lab of Terphenyllin genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2 or DHX58), are representative receptors for viral RNAs in the endosome and cytoplasm, respectively (18C20). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)

Organisms1

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes11

Information Science2

Endogenous11

Proteins15

Nucleotides5

MRNAs12

Protein codin7

Mechanisms16

Transcripts7

Degradation5

Pathways14

Oncogenes12

Noncoding RNAs5

Apoptosis9

Expression60

NcRNAs3

Cancers3

Transcription4

Genome8

Antisense3

MiRs4

Involvement of miRNAs2

Dicer5

Suppressors2

Long non-cod1

Tumor growth2

Circular RNAs2

Cell Proliferation3

Roles2

Deregulation2

Carcinogenesis1

Translational repression2

Mature miRNA1

Cellular5

Precursor1

Host genes3

Targets4

Exons1

Differentially expressed genes2

Argonaute3

Tumors1

Unclear3

Induce1

Short peptides1

Regulatory genes1

Progression2

Complementary1

Viral genes2

Mammalian1

Nucleotide2

Biological3

Function6

SiRNAs2

NcRNA1

UTRs1

Human5

Cytoplasm1