Inhibition adrenergic beta agonists. Medical search. Frequent questions

Hearts were preconditioned with 5 min isoproterenol 0.1 μM ( 1/ 2-AR agonist), or formoterol 1 nM ( 2-AR agonist) or BRL 37344 1 μM ( 3-AR agonist) followed by 5 min reperfusion. (sun.ac.za)
In vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that albuterol has a preferential effect on beta2-adrenergic receptors compared with isoproterenol. (nih.gov)
Antagonism of relaxation to isoproterenol caused by agonist interactions. (uchicago.edu)
In addition, the ability of the cerebellum to respond to trophic stimulation by a beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, was attenuated markedly. (duke.edu)
Pretreatment with a beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, or a cAMP analog ameliorated the hypercapnia-induced impairment of AFR. (ilh-giessen.de)
Mechanism of ActionIn vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that albuterol has preferential effect on beta 2-adrenergic receptors compared with isoproterenol. (drugcentral.org)
When VSMCs were treated with both estrogen and a beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol or terbutaline, there was an additive effect on cellular cAMP levels although the observed decrease in collagen synthetic rates were the same as observed in estrogen treated cells. (uconn.edu)

Terbutaline Sulfate Injection is a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the prevention and reversal of bronchospasm in patients 12 years of age and older with asthma and reversible bronchospasm associated with bronchitis and emphysema . (rxlist.com)
Terbutaline Sulfate may interact with antidepressants , beta-blockers, and diuretics (water pills). (rxlist.com)
Terbutaline sulfate injection, USP is a beta-adrenergic agonist bronchodilator available as a sterile, nonpyrogenic, aqueous solution in vials, for subcutaneous administration. (rxlist.com)
Terbutaline sulfate USP is a beta-adrenergic agonist bronchodilator available as tablets of 2.5 mg (2.05 mg of the free base) and 5 mg (4.1 mg of the free base) for oral administration. (nih.gov)
In vitro and in vivo pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that terbutaline exerts a preferential effect on beta 2 -adrenergic receptors. (nih.gov)
While this suggests a relative preference for the beta 2 -receptors in man, the usual cardiovascular effects commonly associated with other sympathomimetic agents were also observed with terbutaline sulfate. (nih.gov)
The pharmacologic effects of beta-adrenergic agonists, including terbutaline, are at least in part attributable to stimulation through beta-adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). (nih.gov)
Terbutaline (Bricanyl) is an adrenergic agonist which selectively stimulates beta-2- receptors, thus producing relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, inhibition of the release of endogenous spasmogens, inhibition of oedema caused by endogenous mediators and increased mucociliary clearance. (meditraders.com)
The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. (lookformedical.com)
The different distribution patterns of cAMP observed in terbutaline and estrogen treated cells may explain why beta agonists may not attenuate collagen synthesis in VSMCs. (uconn.edu)

The paper is geared at the compressive analysis of three short acting adrenergic bronchodilator agents namely Metaproterenol, Albuterol, and Levalbuterol. (essaywriter.org)
Controlled clinical studies and other clinical experience have shown that inhaled albuterol, like other beta-adrenergic agonist drugs, can produce a significant cardiovascular effect in some patients, as measured by pulse rate, blood pressure, symptoms, and/or electrocardiographic changes. (nih.gov)
studies have shown that the R- and S-enantiomers of racemic albuterol, a β 2 -adrenergic receptor agonist used in asthma treatment, have differential effects on the contractile properties of airway smooth muscle. (scirp.org)
Short-acting beta-2 agonists (eg, albuterol ) 2 puffs every 4 hours inhaled as needed are the drug of choice for relieving acute bronchoconstriction and preventing exercise-induced asthma. (msdmanuals.com)

If the symptoms persist, this is an indication of poorly controlled asthma, and allergist / immunologist should be consulted to adjust prescription for the long acting bronchodilator since they are suitable for constant regulation and control of asthma symptoms ("Short-Acting Beta2-Agonists for Quick Relief of Asthma Symptoms", 2015). (essaywriter.org)

The precise function of these receptors has not been established, but they raise the possibility that even highly selective beta2-agonists may have cardiac effects.The pharmacologic effects of beta2-adrenergic agonist drugs, including vilanterol, are at least in part attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3,5-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). (drugcentral.org)

Citalopram enhances serotonin activity through selective reuptake inhibition at the neuronal membrane. (medscape.com)
Selective FP prostanoid receptor agonist believed to reduce IOP by increasing uveoscleral outflow. (medscape.com)
Prodrug metabolized to desglymidodrine, a selective alpha1-adrenoreceptor agonist. (medscape.com)
Characterization of the selective inhibition of the delta subclass of opioid binding sites by alcohols. (aspetjournals.org)

Metaproterenol acts like any other beta adrenergic agonist through beta-2 adrenergic receptors which are predominant in bronchial smooth muscles. (essaywriter.org)
Increased cAMP levels are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. (nih.gov)
Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade and sympathetic stimulation on canine bronchial mast cell response to immune degranulation in vivo. (uchicago.edu)
The clinical relevance of this in vitro finding is unknown.Although beta2-receptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and beta1-receptors are the predominant receptors in the heart, there are also beta2-receptors in the human heart comprising 10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenergic receptors. (drugcentral.org)
Increased cyclic AMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. (drugcentral.org)
Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists and beta agonists relax bronchial smooth muscle, decrease mast cell degranulation and histamine release, inhibit microvascular leakage into the airways, and increase mucociliary clearance. (msdmanuals.com)

These medications are also known as short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs). (essaywriter.org)
These recommendations follow a review by the European Medicines Agency's Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee ( PRAC ), which looked into the known risk of cardiovascular side effects (problems affecting the heart and blood vessels) with high doses of short-acting beta-agonists when used as tocolytics (medicines that suppress labour contractions). (europa.eu)
The PRAC concluded that there was a risk of serious cardiovascular side effects to both the mother and unborn baby when high-dose short-acting beta-agonists are used in obstetric indications , with the data suggesting these mostly occur with prolonged use. (europa.eu)
In addition to oral medicines and suppositories, this review also covered injectable short-acting beta-agonists used as tocolytics. (europa.eu)
Because of a risk of problems affecting the heart and circulation to both the mother and unborn baby with high-dose short-acting beta-agonists, these medicines must not be used by mouth or as suppositories to suppress premature labour in pregnant women. (europa.eu)
if you are being treated with short-acting beta-agonists and have any questions or concerns about your treatment, speak to your doctor or pharmacist. (europa.eu)
High-dose short-acting beta-agonists are associated with a risk of serious adverse cardiovascular events to both the mother and the fetus, particularly when used for a prolonged period of time. (europa.eu)
Parenteral short-acting beta-agonists are effective in the short-term and they can still be used in all authorised obstetric indications (inhibition of premature labour, external cephalic version, emergency use in specified conditions). (europa.eu)

Inhibition of norepinephrine release in the brain may be its mechanism of action. (medscape.com)
Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α2-adrenergic receptor in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (wikipedia.org)
The α2-adrenergic receptor binds both norepinephrine released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers and epinephrine (adrenaline) released by the adrenal medulla, binding norepinephrine with slightly higher affinity. (wikipedia.org)
It has been considered to increase the synaptic concentration of serotonin and/or norepinephrine by reuptake inhibition, but also appears to work by down regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors and serotonin receptors and desensitization of adenyl cyclase. (cmelist.com)

For example, the alpha-2A adrenergic receptor subtype is post-synaptic in the prefrontal cortex and these receptors strengthen cognitive and executive functions by inhibiting cAMP opening of potassium channels, thus enhancing prefrontal connections and neuronal firing. (wikipedia.org)

Beta blockers inhibit chronotropic, inotropic, and vasodilatory responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation. (medscape.com)
Physiological antagonism caused by adrenergic stimulation of canine tracheal muscle. (uchicago.edu)
Bbeta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 levels in catecholamine-induced myocardial hypertrophy: regulation by beta- but not alpha1-adrenergic stimulation. (duke.edu)
Direct evidence that Gi-coupled receptor stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase is mediated by G beta gamma activation of p21ras. (duke.edu)
Functionally active targeting domain of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase: an inhibitor of G beta gamma-mediated stimulation of type II adenylyl cyclase. (duke.edu)

In the smooth muscle, it causes relaxation by acting on intracellular adenyl cyclase beta-2 adrenergic receptors that cause increases in cyclic AMP through the conversation of ATP ("Metaproterenol: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings - Drugs.com", 2017). (essaywriter.org)

Methyldopa is in the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist family of medication. (worldsbest.rehab)

Duvelisib, also known as IPI-145 and INK-1197, is a small-molecule inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3 kinases that was designed initially to prove that simultaneous inhibition of the isoforms delta and gamma can produce a broad adaptative and innate immune cell inhibitory activity. (drugbank.com)

The Metaproterenol should not be used with other beta adrenergic aerosol bronchodilators as it can result in additive effects. (essaywriter.org)
Other short-acting sympathomimetic aerosol bronchodilators and adrenergic drugs: May potentiate effect. (drugcite.com)
Treatment includes Inhaled bronchodilators ( beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics). (msdmanuals.com)

This inhibition results in an increase in intracellular calcium concentration, which can activate several signaling pathways that regulate metabolism and protein synthesis. (himanidiamondmart.com)
Alterations in cardiac adrenergic signaling and calcium cycling differentially affect the progression of cardiomyopathy. (duke.edu)
When methyldopa was first introduced, it was the mainstay of antihypertensive treatment, but its use has declined on account of relatively severe adverse side effects, with increased use of other safer and more tolerable agents such as alpha blockers, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. (worldsbest.rehab)

Increased cyclic AMP concentrations are also associated with the inhibition of release of mediators from mast cells in the airway. (guidelinecentral.com)

Name the drugs that are used extensively currently due to effective inhibition of inflammatory component of asthma. (findmedarticle.com)
Atectura Breezhaler is indicated as a maintenance treatment of asthma in adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older not adequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled short-acting beta 2 -agonists. (medicines.org.uk)
Notably, COX-2 inhibition with the specific inhibitor celecoxib represses PGE 2 secretion, presenting a feasible pharmacological option for treatment of infectious exacerbation in asthma in the future. (monash.edu)
Although beta-adrenergic agonists are effective in relieving the symptoms of asthma, serious concerns regarding their safety have persisted for more than 20 years. (boisestate.edu)
Patients with asthma should not normally be treated with beta-blockers. (drugcite.com)
Beta-blockers, even those with apparent cardioselectivity, should not be used in patients with a history of obstructive airway disease, including asthma. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)

Conversely, beta-agonists decrease the expression of CD40L in healthy subjects. (boisestate.edu)
Beta-blockers: May decrease effectiveness of PROAIR HFA and produce severe bronchospasm. (drugcite.com)

Inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells and synaptosomes by the anticonvulsant drugs diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine. (aspetjournals.org)
Some drugs (eg, beta-blockers) have potential adverse effects when discontinued abruptly and should be given parenterally in the perioperative period. (medscape.com)

Activation of beta 2 -adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenylcyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). (guidelinecentral.com)
Activation of AMPK was mediated by a CO(2)-triggered increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-beta (CaMKK-beta). (ilh-giessen.de)
Chelating intracellular Ca(2+) or abrogating CaMKK-beta function by gene silencing or chemical inhibition prevented the CO(2)-induced AMPK activation in AECs. (ilh-giessen.de)

Nonselective beta-blockers (eg, timolol maleate, levobunolol) are controversial because as visual-field progression is possibly due to secondary aggravated nocturnal arterial hypotension. (medscape.com)
Contraindication of β-adrenergic blockers: A. 2nd or 3rd degree of heart block B. Supraventricular tachycardia C. Mitral stenosis D. Hipertensión 15. (findmedarticle.com)
Beta-blockers provide the single best therapy for prevention of ischemia during the perioperative period. (medscape.com)

The centrally acting alpha 2 -adrenergic agonists clonidine and guanfacine have been used to treat children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (medscape.com)
The α2A-adrenergic agonist, guanfacine, is now used to treat prefrontal cortical cognitive disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. (wikipedia.org)

Studies in laboratory animals (minipigs, rodents, and dogs) have demonstrated the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death (with histologic evidence of myocardial necrosis) when beta-agonists and methylxanthines were administered concurrently. (nih.gov)

The relaxation of gastrointestinal tract motility is by presynaptic inhibition, where transmitters inhibit further release by homotropic effects. (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) converts alpha-methyldopamine into alpha-methylnorepinephrine, which is an agonist of the presynaptic α2-adrenergic receptor causing inhibition of neurotransmitter release. (worldsbest.rehab)

In the airways, it exhibits pharmacological effects through inhibition of M3 receptor at the smooth muscle leading to bronchodilation. (drugcentral.org)

Additionally, there is inhibition of releases of mediators which are involved in immediate hypersensitivity especially those of mast cells. (essaywriter.org)

Long-acting beta agonists (eg, salmeterol ) are active for up to 12 hours. (msdmanuals.com)

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mechanism of -adrenergic preconditioning ( -PC) Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), a potent endogenous protective intervention against myocardial ischaemia, is induced by exposure of the heart to repetitive short episodes of ischaemia and reperfusion. (sun.ac.za)
Release of endogenous catecholamines and activation of the beta-adrenergic receptors (b-AR) have also been shown to be involved in ischaemic preconditioning. (sun.ac.za)
Endogenous modulation of alpha-adrenergic contraction in canine tracheal muscle. (uchicago.edu)

A beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-like enzyme is involved in olfactory signal termination. (duke.edu)
beta2-Adrenergic receptor regulation by GIT1, a G protein-coupled receptor kinase-associated ADP ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein. (duke.edu)
Essential role of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 in cardiac development and function. (duke.edu)
The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (beta ARK1) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family that mediates the agonist-dependent phosphorylation and desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors. (duke.edu)
Expression of a beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 inhibitor prevents the development of myocardial failure in gene-targeted mice. (duke.edu)
Functional desensitization of the isolated beta-adrenergic receptor by the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase: potential role of an analog of the retinal protein arrestin (48-kDa protein). (duke.edu)
The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase is an enzyme, possibly analogous to rhodopsin kinase, that multiply phosphorylates the beta-adrenergic receptor only when it is occupied by stimulatory agonists. (duke.edu)
The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) phosphorylates its membrane-associated receptor substrates, such as the beta-adrenergic receptor, triggering events leading to receptor desensitization. (duke.edu)
A ubiquitously expressed G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that has specificity for the agonist-occupied form of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and a variety of other G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)

In another study this effect was blocked by the coadministration of propranolol, nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. (drugcentral.org)

Beta-2 adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptor agonists modulate ozone-induced pulmonary protein leakage and inflammation in healthy and adrenalectomized rats. (aranybanajovo.hu)
Specific effects of fluticasone furoate demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo models included activation of the glucocorticoid response element, inhibition of pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as NFkB, and inhibition of antigen-induced lung eosinophilia in sensitized rats. (drugcentral.org)

Selectivity of the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of the beta-adrenergic blocking drug bucindolol. (uchicago.edu)

Preincubation of CF-T43 cells with CFTR anti-sense oligonucleotides prevented an increase in 36Cl- efflux in response to beta-agonist and phosphodiesterase inhibitor. (nih.gov)
Agonists 4-NEMD 7-Me-marsanidine (also I1 agonist) Agmatine (also I agonist, NMDA, 5-HT3, nicotinic antagonist and NOS inhibitor) Apraclonidine Brimonidine Cannabigerol (also acts as a moderate affinity 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and low affinity CB1 receptor antagonist). (wikipedia.org)

Selectively blocks beta1-adrenergic receptors with little or no effect on beta2-receptors. (medscape.com)

A. Theophyllinum and beta adrenergic agonists B. Theophyllinum and beta adrenergic antagonists E. Cromolinum, nedocromilum and theophyllinum 5. (findmedarticle.com)
The use of PGE(2) receptor antagonists implicated EP(4) as a main PGE(2) receptor, and injection of the stable PGE(2) analog (EP(3/4) agonist) 16,16 dm PGE(2) induced UCP1 expression in inguinal white adipose tissue. (ku.dk)

Cardiac beta ARK1 inhibition prolongs survival and augments beta blocker therapy in a mouse model of severe heart failure. (duke.edu)

Many heterologously expressed mutants of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) exhibit residual chloride channel activity that can be stimulated by agonists of the adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A pathway. (nih.gov)
Chronic human heart failure is characterized by abnormalities in beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) signaling, including increased levels of betaAR kinase 1 (betaARK1), which seems critical to the pathogenesis of the disease. (duke.edu)

Nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent that lowers IOP by reducing aqueous humor production and possibly increasing outflow of aqueous humor. (medscape.com)

The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein. (wikipedia.org)
These effects of digoxin are relevant to the anabolic response to clenbuterol, which is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist that has been shown to increase muscle protein synthesis and promote muscle growth. (himanidiamondmart.com)
Beta-agonists, by increasing cAMP levels in the cell, can elevate the expression of CD40L protein on T cells from asthmatics. (boisestate.edu)
Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors. (lookformedical.com)
Which G protein are beta receptors coupled with? (brainscape.com)

It has several general functions in common with the α1-adrenergic receptor, but also has specific effects of its own. (wikipedia.org)
Agonists (activators) of the α2-adrenergic receptor are frequently used in anaesthesia where they affect sedation, muscle relaxation and analgesia through effects on the central nervous system (CNS). (wikipedia.org)
When given to neonatal rats, 6-aminonicotinamide (10 mg/kg, i.p., on days 1, 3, 5 and 7) caused a prompt and persistent inhibition of the enzyme well in advance of adverse effects on tissue weight or on general growth. (duke.edu)
Lethal effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid during ultraviolet repair. (aspetjournals.org)
Tachycardia and tremor are the most common acute adverse effects of inhaled beta agonists and are dose-related. (msdmanuals.com)
Oral beta agonists have more systemic effects and generally should be avoided. (msdmanuals.com)
Either increases toxicity of the other by sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. (medscape.com)

Importantly, PGE 2 causes heterologous β 2 -AR desensitization and reduces cAMP production in response to short-Acting (salbutamol) and long-Acting (formoterol) β 2 -Agonists. (monash.edu)

To understand better the cellular mechanisms of NE and its adrenergic receptors in the LA, we used antibodies directed against dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), the synthetic enzyme for NE, or against two different isoforms of the beta-adrenergic receptors (βARs), one that predominately recognizes neurons (βAR 248) and the other astrocytes (βAR 404), to characterize the microenvironments of DβH and βAR. (frontiersin.org)
To understand better the cellular mechanisms of NE's contributions to fear learning, we examined the anatomical organization of NE terminals and βARs in the LA. In this study, we employed immunoelectron microscopy to determine whether terminals immunoreactive for dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), the synthetic enzyme for NE, form synaptic junctions in the LA and if so, examine these synapses and identify the post-synaptic targets on NE terminals. (frontiersin.org)

Pertussis toxin augments beta-adrenergic relaxation of muscarinic contraction in canine trachealis. (uchicago.edu)

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). (lookformedical.com)

We have found that, 36Cl- efflux can be stimulated 19-61% above baseline by beta-adrenoreceptor agonists and cGI-phosphodiesterase inhibitors in transformed nasal polyp (CF-T43) cells homozygous for the deltaF508 mutation. (nih.gov)

Inhibits beta-adrenergic input. (medscape.com)
In mice, activation of brown fats thermogenesis with a beta-3-adrenergic receptor agonist inhibits meals consumption. (aabioetica.org)

Clonidine uniquely stimulates α 2 receptors, yet affects the heart rate which is normally affected by beta receptors. (proprofs.com)

Finally, treatment with salbutamol, a beta(2)-adrenergic receptor agonist, elicited a significant amelioration of the neuromuscular and motility defects of col6a1 null fish embryos. (unife.it)

Accordingly, we provide evidence that elevated CO(2) levels are sensed by AECs and that AMPK mediates CO(2)-induced Na,K-ATPase endocytosis and alveolar epithelial dysfunction, which can be prevented with beta-adrenergic agonists and cAMP. (ilh-giessen.de)

The exact mechanism of ocular antihypertensive action is not established, but it appears to be a reduction of aqueous humor production or inhibition of inflow. (medscape.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms11

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs178

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care2

Isoproterenol7

Terbutaline10

Albuterol4

Bronchodilator1

Pharmacologic effects1

Selective4

Bronchial6

Short-acting beta-a8

Norepinephrine4

Alpha-2A adren1

Stimulation5

Adenyl cyclase1

Medication1

Kinases1

Bronchodilators3

Calcium3

Release of mediators1

Asthma6

Decrease2

Drugs2

Intracellular3

Blockers3

Guanfacine2

Methylxanthines1

Presynaptic2

Pharmacological1

Mediators1

Salmeterol1

Endogenous3

Receptor kinase9

Propranolol1

Glucocorticoid2

Sympathomimetic1

Inhibitor2

Selectively1

Antagonists2

Cardiac1

Kinase2

Nonselective1

Protein5

Effects7

Formoterol1

Enzyme2

Augments1

Subclass1

Phosphodiesterase1

Inhibits2

Clonidine1

Salbutamol1

Mediates1

Aqueous1