Inhibit viral virus mutants. Medical search. Frequent questions

Despite decades of studies, the mechanism(s) of action with which MX1 proteins manage to inhibit target viruses is not fully understood. (bvsalud.org)
Rip homotypic interaction motifs (RHIMs) are found in host proteins that can signal for programmed cell death and in viral proteins that can prevent it. (howhelp.org)
The S proteins in these complexes are diverse, including wild-type (WT) and various mutant proteins. (nature.com)
The cell-to-cell transport of many plant viruses through plasmodesmata requires viral movement proteins (MPs) encoded by a 'triple gene block' (TGB) and termed TGB1, TGB2 and TGB3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Plant viral movement proteins: agents for cell-to-cell trafficking of viral genomes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
These viral proteins-subsequently named tumor antigens (TA)-were recognized by the immune system and the different antibodies were found to target them specifically [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Both proteins have been shown previously to activate reporter genes in transfection assays in cooperation with other viral gene products. (princeton.edu)
The addition in trans of the IRS1 263 protein, which antagonizes the ability of IRS1 and TRS1 proteins to activate reporter genes, did not inhibit the growth of the mutant virus. (princeton.edu)
However, two tegument proteins were partially mislocalized and infectious virus particles did not accumulate to normal levels within ADsubTRS1-infected cells. (princeton.edu)
However, in contrast to MX1, oligomerization beyond dimer assembly does not seem to be required for the anti-viral activity of MX2 implying that fundamental differences exist between the anti-viral mechanisms employed by these closely related proteins. (kcl.ac.uk)
To study the molecular mechanism(s) of the inhibition of MyD88 expression by HBV, MyD88 promoter reporter plasmids and vectors expressing different HBV viral proteins were constructed. (edu.au)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
However, it is unclear how Us9 promotes axonal sorting of so many viral proteins. (princeton.edu)
In this report, we determined that Us9 is associated with lipid rafts, and that this association is critical to Us9-mediated sorting of viral structural proteins. (princeton.edu)
The vaccinia virus A56 protein was one of the earliest-described poxvirus proteins with an identifiable activity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Anamika Thakur, Akanksha and Manoj Kumar : MSLVP: software for predicting multiple subcellular localization of viral proteins using support vector machine. (imtech.res.in)

Several ND10 components are rapidly recruited to sites that are closely associated with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genomes during the earliest stages of infection, and this property correlates with the efficiency of ND10 mediated restriction of HSV-1 replication. (mdpi.com)
These recruitment events are inhibited in a normal wild type HSV-1 infection by the viral regulatory protein ICP0. (mdpi.com)
Therefore, the evolutionary trajectory of the viral infection cannot be predicted solely from the characteristics of the fittest sequence. (wikipedia.org)
Virus infection is initiated by the interaction between S protein and host cell surface receptors. (newvita.com)
DDX42 overexpression inhibits HIV-1 infection, whereas expression of a dominant-negative mutant increases infection. (bvsalud.org)
Importantly, DDX42 also restricts LINE-1 retrotransposition and infection with other retroviruses and positive-strand RNA viruses, including CHIKV and SARS-CoV-2. (bvsalud.org)
Remarkably, EBV-encoded miRNAs are abundantly expressed in latently-infected cells and serve important function in viral infection and pathogenesis. (ijbs.com)
They inhibit HIV-1 infection at a 50% effective concentration of 0.2 to 0.3 μg/ml. (aspetjournals.org)
Whereas other herpesvirus RHIMs inhibit necroptosis, this new VZV RHIM targets the host RHIM-containing protein ZBP1 to inhibit apoptosis during infection. (howhelp.org)
This is the first study to demonstrate the importance of the ZBP1 pathway in VZV infection and to identify the role of a viral RHIM in apoptosis inhibition. (howhelp.org)
During this infection the virus establishes latency within sensory neurons, and when VZV-specific T cell immunity wanes, the virus can reactivate to result in herpes zoster (shingles) [7]. (howhelp.org)
In vitro infection experiments showed that the CD163 mutant strongly inhibited HP-PRRSV replication by inhibiting virus uncoating and genome release. (ijbs.com)
Our data demonstrated that modifying CD163 remarkably inhibited PRRSV replication and protected pigs from HP-PRRSV infection, thus establishing a good foundation for breeding PRRSV-resistant pigs via gene editing technology. (ijbs.com)
Tobacco mosaic virus infection induces severe morphological changes of the endoplasmic reticulum. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The cytopathic effect caused by MERS-CoV infection was measured to evaluate viral replication. (biorxiv.org)
When viruses successfully infect plants, the infection often spreads through the entire organism. (oeaw.ac.at)
"We developed high-throughput microscopy techniques that allowed us to study many Arabidopsis meristems at several timepoints after the viral infection, to give a temporal dimension to our exploration", Incarbone explains. (oeaw.ac.at)
Through a series of targeted experiments, the researchers were able to see that during virus infection, salicylic acid production is activated. (oeaw.ac.at)
Using a genetic complementation assay to identify additional genes which inhibit apoptosis during infection with a p35 mutant, we have isolated a gene from Orgyia pseudotsugata NPV (OpMNPV) that was able to functionally substitute for AcMNPV p35. (embl.de)
Human myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG), and was recently identified as a late post-entry suppressor of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, inhibiting nuclear accumulation of viral cDNAs. (kcl.ac.uk)
IMPORTANCE Interferon (IFN) plays an important role in the control of virus replication during acute infection in vivo. (kcl.ac.uk)
Recently, cultured cell experiments identified human myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) as a key effector in the interferon mediated post-entry block to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. (kcl.ac.uk)
The antibodies may be delivered by two approaches, either encoded within the OV genome to restrict antibody production to sites of active virus infection or alternatively given alongside OVs as separate treatments. (bmj.com)
When the team cloned retrons into E. coli strains that normally lack these elements, those populations better resisted viral infection. (weizmann-usa.org)
Furthermore, TB prognosis is significantly aggravated during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. (frontiersin.org)
In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
As a result, Us9 null mutants are defective in anterograde transmission of infection in vivo. (princeton.edu)
Moreover, reducing the affinity of Us9 for lipid rafts inhibited anterograde transmission of infection from sympathetic neurons to epithelial cells in vitro. (princeton.edu)
Several clinical observations point to an intricate crosstalk between iron (Fe) metabolism and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Given estimates of the infection mortality rate of 0.4 to 1.4% ( ref. 3-5 ) the virus has the potential to kill tens of millions of people unless efficient vaccines or drugs are available. (rsc.org)
19-25 TMPRSS2 knock-out mice have no phenotype in the absence of infection, 26 indicating that inhibiting TMPRSS2 function might not be associated with substantial unwanted side effects. (rsc.org)
High incidence of asymptomatic staff infection with genetically identical viral sequences was also observed, which may have contributed to the propagation of the outbreak. (cdc.gov)
Finally, we uncover an association between smoking and higher SARS-CoV-2 viral infection in the human proximal airway, which may explain the increased susceptibility of smokers to developing severe COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
Moreover, The use of animals as surrogate rine host, can provide a platform for animal models for tumour viruses in hosts for the study of human tu- in vivo infection. (who.int)
genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)

We correctly predict that HIV-1 can develop resistance by decreasing NRTI incorporation rate, increasing its excision rate, or decreasing its affinity for the viral polymerase enzyme. (plos.org)
To address this unmet medical need, we have made progress in developing novel influenza antivirals by targeting the drug-resistant mutants of M2 and the viral polymerase. (labroots.com)
In this presentation, I will introduce our work in designing inhibitors targeting the viral M2-S31N mutant proton channel and the viral polymerase PA-PB1 interactions. (labroots.com)
Norwalk virus strain 8FIIa was purified from a stool sample of an infected volunteer and assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) endpoint dilution (RT-PCR units) to determine the amount of viral RNA in the sample ( 19 ). (cdc.gov)
However, acyclovir or ganciclovir resistant mutants with alterations in the viral DNA polymerase may be resistant to foscarnet and may not respond to therapy with foscarnet. (druglib.com)
After cellular uptake, it is phosphoribosylated and recognized as a substrate for the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and can cause chain termination or lethal mutagenesis [ 1 , 4 ]. (springer.com)
All three resistant mutants carried mutations in their polymerase gene. (springer.com)
FVP-RTP is able to bind to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and integrate into the viral RNA chain, causing a significant mutagenic effect through GA and СU transitions in the viral RNA genome. (crie.ru)
these are inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). (crie.ru)
Co-transfection experiments showed that IFN-induced MyD88 promoter activity was inhibited by HBV polymerase expression in a dose-dependent manner and that the terminal protein (TP) domain of HBV polymerase was responsible for this antagonistic activity. (edu.au)
Analysis of site mutants showed that the region targeted by the polymerase protein contained the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) binding site. (edu.au)
Further study demonstrated that the HBV polymerase protein inhibited the Stat1 nuclear translocation induced by IFN-alpha, but did not induce Stat1 degradation nor interfere with its phosphorylation. (edu.au)
In addition, HBV polymerase could inhibit the transcriptional activity of other IFN-stimulated response element-driven promoters and the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as Stat1 and ISG15. (edu.au)
In summary, these results indicate that HBV polymerase is a general inhibitor of IFN signalling and can inhibit IFN-inducible MyD88 expression by inhibiting the activity of the MyD88 promoter through blocking the nuclear translocation of Stat1. (edu.au)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF1 protein (pORF1) contains methyltransferase (MetT), papain-like cysteine protease (PCP), RNA helicase (Hel) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The finding that a viral population was essentially a pool of mutants came at a time when mutations in general genetics were considered rare events, and virologists associated a viral genome with a defined nucleotide sequence, as still implied today in the contents of data banks. (wikipedia.org)
SARS-CoV-2 is a spherical, enveloped, single-stranded positive RNA virus with a diameter of 80 nm-160 nm and a genome size of 29.9 kb [ 8 ]. (newvita.com)
Genome-wide screens are powerful approaches to unravel regulators of viral infections. (bvsalud.org)
Ending 2 years of troubling silence since this group first described the antiretroviral activity of diketobutanoic acids (DKAs) that specifically and potently inhibit the critical strand transfer step of the integration of the HIV provirus into the human genome, Hazuda and Young drew back the curtain to reveal oral integrase inhibitors ready for Phase I human study. (natap.org)
Flock House virus (FHV) is a positive-sense RNA insect virus with a bipartite genome. (cnrs.fr)
cis versus trans combination Cis combination involves the 'arming' of transgenes that encode antibodies or any anticancer agents in the oncolytic virus (OV) genome. (bmj.com)
The researchers used mutant phages, genome sequencing, and in vitro experiments to show how one retron, Ec48, promotes this self-sacrifice. (weizmann-usa.org)
RT is a viral enzyme that transcribes the virus's single-stranded RNA genome into DNA. (acs.org)
Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses defined by their mechanism of replication via reverse transcription to produce DNA copies that integrate into the host cell's genome. (msdmanuals.com)

We have identified a novel viral RHIM in the VZV capsid triplex protein, open reading frame (ORF) 20, that acts as a host cell death inhibitor. (howhelp.org)
We have identified a novel RHIM within the ORF20 protein expressed by Varicella zoster virus (VZV) that forms amyloid-based complexes with human cellular RHIMs. (howhelp.org)
Agrobacterium-mediated transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused actin-binding domains of Arabidopsis fimbrin (ABD2-GFP) and mouse talin (TAL-GFP) inhibited the subcellular targeting of TGB3 and BMB2 to plasmodesmata-associated bodies, which resulted in TGB3 and BMB2 accumulation in the cytoplasm in association with aberrant ER structures. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Domains of tobacco mosaic virus movement protein essential for its membrane association. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein functions as a structural microtubule-associated protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Among these four studies, the same 53kD protein (called p53) was detected-and confirmed with peptide maps-in SV40-transformed cells and malignant cells that are not transformed by a virus, whereas decreased p53 levels were observed in uninfected normal cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
ADsubTRS1 failed to produce the TRS1 protein, and it generated an ∼200-fold-reduced yield of infectious virus in comparison to its wild-type parent. (princeton.edu)
Our analysis of the ADsubTRS1 phenotype indicates that the TRS1 protein is required, either directly or indirectly, for efficient assembly of virus particles. (princeton.edu)
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) protein p27. (embl.de)
Although the HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein is believed to be the viral determinant of MX2 mediated inhibition, the precise mechanism of anti-viral action remains unclear. (kcl.ac.uk)
We show that, while monomeric MX2 and MX1(NMX2) mutants are not anti-viral, higher order oligomerization does not appear to be required for full anti-viral activity of either protein. (kcl.ac.uk)
Tat protein is a major factor of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) transcription regulation and has other activities. (crie.ru)
Previous studies have suggested that hepatitis B virus (HBV) blocks expression of the alpha interferon (IFN-alpha)-inducible myeloid differential primary response protein (MyD88) gene. (edu.au)
B2 is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding protein that inhibits RNA silencing, a major antiviral defense pathway in insects. (cnrs.fr)
B2 mutants that had reduced affinity for dsRNA produced analogous results, suggesting that the dsRNA binding capacity of B2 somehow played a role in coat protein synthesis. (cnrs.fr)
The pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us9 protein plays a central role in targeting viral capsids and glycoproteins to axons of dissociated sympathetic neurons. (princeton.edu)
In addition, since the gene encoding the A56 protein is non-essential, it can be used as an insertion point for foreign genes and has been deleted in some viruses that are in clinical development as oncolytic agents. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In vitro assays confirm that both drugs inhibit the human protein TMPRSS2, a SARS-Cov-2 spike protein activator. (rsc.org)
10-13 TMPRSS2 contains an extracellular trypsin-like serine-protease domain that can proteolytically activate the spike (S) protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles 14 ( Fig. 1 ). (rsc.org)

Moreover, recombinant DDX42 inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcription in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
Foscarnet is an organic analogue of inorganic pyrophosphate that inhibits replication of herpes viruses in vitro including cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). (druglib.com)
Foscarnet does not require activation (phosphorylation) by thymidine kinase or other kinases and therefore is active in vitro against HSV TK deficient mutants and CMV UL97 mutants. (druglib.com)
VZV is a highly cell-associated virus and does not release cell-free virions into culture [9], necessitating cell-associated propagation of the virus in vitro. (howhelp.org)
However, there are three studies where favipiravir-resistant mutants were obtained in vitro. (springer.com)
We found that a subset of mutants lost their ability to restrict HIV-1 in differentiated cells which generally corresponded with a decrease in triphosphohydrolase activity and/or tetramer stability in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
This model is backed by our in vitro experiments and consistent with previous virus cell entry assays. (rsc.org)
These in vitro, and their expression in these human tumour virus. (who.int)

These mutant virus strains were devoid of up to seven or eight of 22 glycosylation sites in the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 because of mutations at the Asn or Thr/Ser sites of the N -glycosylation motifs. (aspetjournals.org)
The IC95 of 810 was ca. 15-100 nM against a variety of HIV strains in lymphocytes and macrophages, and the IC50 in culture was only 4 nM against a virus clone resistant to all currently licensed classes of antiretrovirals -- meaning the drug should not be cross-resistant with currently available classes of drugs. (natap.org)
Mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 are constantly emerging. (nature.com)
Besides the virus inhibiting effect, the increased synthesis of mutant virions under the action of FPV possess a threat of the emergence of novel threatening viral strains with high pathogenicity for humans and animals and acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic compound. (crie.ru)
Resistant virus strains develop in patients treated with either AZT or 3TC. (acs.org)
Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)

Crossing such a limit leads to RNA virus extinction, a transition that is the basis of an antiviral design termed lethal mutagenesis, and of relevance to antiviral medicine. (wikipedia.org)
The designed M2-S31N inhibitors and the PA-PB1 inhibitors have been shown to inhibit drug resistant influenza viruses with potent antiviral efficacy and a high selectivity index. (labroots.com)
Herein, using mutagenesis, imaging and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of HsMX1 is essential for antiviral activity against IAV, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) and LaCrosse virus (LACV). (bvsalud.org)
By designing and selecting antiviral drug candidates that interrupt the viral replication process and have specific binding characteristics, we seek to develop drugs that are effective against both the virus and mutants of the virus, and also have reduced off-target interactions that may cause undesirable clinical side effects. (itbusinessnet.com)
Foscarnet exerts its antiviral activity by a selective inhibition at the pyrophosphate binding site on virus-specific DNA polymerases at concentrations that do not affect cellular DNA polymerases. (druglib.com)
2) The combined use of FPV with antiviral chemotherapeutic drugs of a different mechanism of action directed at various viral and/or host cell targets. (crie.ru)
To better understand the antiviral defenses relevant to COVID-19, we used interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression screening to reveal that OAS1, through RNase L, potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)

We quantify the effects of treatment and estimate the fitness of drug resistant mutants. (plos.org)

This review summarizes the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, virus structure and targeting strategies of COVID-19. (newvita.com)
In this review, we summarized the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, virus structure and targeting strategies of COVID-19, with emphasis on the re-purposing of clinically approved drugs and Chinese herbal medicines that may be used to treat COVID-19 and provide new ideas for the discovery of small molecular compounds with potential therapeutic effects on COVID-19. (newvita.com)
TMPRSS2 is also exploited by other coronaviruses and influenza A viruses for activation of surface glycoproteins, viral spread, and pathogenesis. (rsc.org)

A viral quasispecies is a population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes (related by mutations). (wikipedia.org)
Our model also allows quantification of the selective advantage of mutations by integrating their effects on viral fitness and drug susceptibility. (plos.org)
Viruses are particularly versatile and frequently develop mutations enabling them to avert the effects of NA s. (plos.org)
Some other mutations can change the immunogenicity of the virus and give the virus the ability to escape 11 , 21 . (nature.com)
These mutations following favipiravir treatment have been observed in other viruses as well [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
We have constructed two viruses carrying substitution mutations within either the IRS1 or TRS1 open reading frame. (princeton.edu)

This finding could provide an explanation of how clinically observed resistant viral mutants may arise. (plos.org)
These viruses, which are commonly associated with foodborne and waterborne outbreaks, are resistant to sewage treatment and are present in high concentrations during the epidemic season ( 3 , 7 , 15 ). (cdc.gov)
A recombinant virus with the mutation was also resistant to ciclesonide suppression of viral replication. (biorxiv.org)
However, it is a last-resort medication to treat the novel or re-emerging influenza viruses that are resistant to certain antivirals, like oseltamivir [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Drug-resistant viruses from favipiravir-treated patients have not been identified so far. (springer.com)
The resistant viruses still incorporate AZT, temporarily terminating the growth of the DNA chain. (acs.org)

To date, an integrated mathematical model that could allow the analysis of their mechanism of action, of the various resistance mechanisms, and their effect on viral fitness is still lacking. (plos.org)
These viruses show persistence in oysters, which suggests an active mechanism of virus concentration. (cdc.gov)
Great excitement was generated when Hazuda's group first described the specific mechanism by which DKAs inhibited integration in 2000, but until these presentations there was a growing concern about the lack of reported progress towards a testable drug. (natap.org)
RDR1 ramps up production of double-stranded RNA from viral RNA, giving plants more virus-specific sequences to direct the defense mechanism against the invading virus. (oeaw.ac.at)
They reveal the existence of a new mechanism of TOP1/G4-dependent transcriptional repression conserved between viral and human genes. (cnrs.fr)
This mechanism contrasts with the known property of TOP1 as global transcriptional activator and offers new perspectives for anti-cancer and anti-viral strategies. (cnrs.fr)
Fig. 1 Overview of viral entry mechanism. (rsc.org)
However, except non-primate species often do not mour viruses is often problematic, for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which accurately reflect the mechanism of Part 1 · Chapter 9. (who.int)

Moreover, most genes had an impact on viral entry, with AP1G1 likely regulating TMPRSS2 activity at the plasma membrane. (bvsalud.org)
DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)

Here, we provide evidence that the intracellular transport of both poa semilatent virus TGB3 and hibiscus green spot virus BMB2 to plasmodesmata-associated sites can occur via lateral translocation along the ER membranes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Collectively, the presented data support the current view that plant viral MPs exploit the ER:actin network for their intracellular transport. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We also found that RNAi-mediated knockdown of the key Fe modulator hepcidin increased intracellular ferritin and inhibited HCV replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Human and viral GAAPs inhibit apoptosis and modulate intracellular Ca 2+ fluxes, and viral GAAPs form cation-selective channels. (cam.ac.uk)

We envision that an antibody targeting a specific mutant p53 will be effective therapeutically against the cancer carrying the exact mutant p53. (encyclopedia.pub)
Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody, designated S2K146, broadly neutralizing viruses belonging to all three sarbecovirus clades known to utilize ACE2 as entry receptor and protecting therapeutically against SARS-CoV-2 beta challenge in hamsters. (bvsalud.org)
Structural and functional studies show that most of the S2K146 epitope residues are shared with the ACE2 binding site and that the antibody inhibits receptor attachment competitively. (bvsalud.org)

The number of reported COVID-19 virus infections is still increasing. (newvita.com)
Nucleoside analogs ( NA s) are used to treat numerous viral infections and cancer. (plos.org)
Nucleoside analogs ( NA s) represent an important drug class for the treatment of viral infections and cancer. (plos.org)
In May 2016, the WHO addressed the first Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis 2016-2021 to end new CHB infections by 90% and reduce the mortality rate by 65% by 2030 ( WHO 2016 ). (sciendo.com)

In recent years it has been discovered that components of cellular nuclear structures known as ND10 or PML nuclear bodies contribute to intrinsic resistance against a variety of viruses, notably of the herpesvirus family. (mdpi.com)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the human herpesvirus family, was initially identified in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) in 1964 [ 1 , 2 ]. (ijbs.com)

Compared to wild-type (WT) pigs in vivo , HP-PRRSV-infected CD163 Mut/Mut pigs showed a substantially decreased viral load in blood and relief from PRRSV-induced fever. (ijbs.com)

Together, our data strongly suggest a direct mode of action of DDX42 on viral ribonucleoprotein complexes. (bvsalud.org)
Like the human cellular RHIMs in RIPK1 and RIPK3 that stabilise the necrosome in TNF-induced necroptosis, and the viral RHIM in M45 from murine cytomegalovirus that inhibits cell death, the ORF20 RHIM is capable of forming fibrillar functional amyloid complexes. (howhelp.org)
Notably, the ORF20 RHIM forms hybrid amyloid complexes with human ZBP1, a cytoplasmic sensor of viral nucleic acid. (howhelp.org)
Higher order oligomerization is required for the anti-viral activity of MX1 against FLUAV, with current models proposing that MX1 forms ring structures that constrict around viral nucleoprotein complexes. (kcl.ac.uk)
When RecBCD complexes in Ec48-containing bacteria were inhibited, either by a virus or by molecules the researchers added, the bacteria self-destructed within minutes, helping to protect neighboring cells. (weizmann-usa.org)

The MX family of dynamin-like GTPases also includes MX1/MXA, a well-studied inhibitor of a range of RNA and DNA viruses including influenza A virus (FLUAV) and hepatitis B virus but not retroviruses. (kcl.ac.uk)
Our earlier study has demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated cholesterol plays a key role in virus infectivity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
For instance, mice are able to reconstitute most lymphomas in monkeys and humans woodchuck hepatitis virus induces major components of the human provides strong support for a direct hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) haematolymphoid system including oncogenic role of EBV in vivo. (who.int)

In higher eukaryotes, BIR domains inhibit apoptosis by acting as direct inhibitors of the caspase family of protease enzymes. (embl.de)
Nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) are incorporated into the viral DNA by the enzyme, blocking growth of the DNA chain. (acs.org)

We reveal electrostatic remodeling of the interactions within the spike and those formed between the Omicron RBD and human ACE2, likely explaining enhanced affinity for the host receptor relative to the prototypic virus. (bvsalud.org)
Compellingly however, HIV-1 RT mutants with reduced affinity for dNTPs were significantly restricted by wild-type and T592 mutant SAMHD1 in both cycling U937 cells and Jurkat T-cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Nonetheless, lowering the affinity of HIV-1 RT for dNTPs, showed that restriction is mediated by dNTP levels and we were able to observe for the first time that SAMHD1 is active and capable of inhibiting HIV-1 replication in cycling cells, if the affinity of RT for dNTPs is reduced. (biomedcentral.com)

MX2 is a member of a family of large dynamin-like GTPases that includes MX1/MXA, a closely related interferon inducible inhibitor of several viruses including influenza A virus (FLUAV), but not HIV-1. (kcl.ac.uk)

Favipiravir (Avigan™, T-705, 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) was approved in Japan in 2014 against emerging influenza viruses. (springer.com)

The viral titer in the cell supernatant was quantified by standard plaque assay using Vero/ TMPRSS2 cells. (biorxiv.org)
Viral titer was measured as described in panel a. (c) Vero cells were infected with the parental MERS-CoV/EMC strain (Re-EMC/MERS) or the recombinant mutant strain (Re-Nsp15-A25V) with an amino acid substitution at A25V in NSP15. (biorxiv.org)
Viral titer was measured as described in panel a. (biorxiv.org)

Binding and virus neutralization experiments showed that such antibodies could effectively inhibit the immune escape of Omicron. (nature.com)
When infected by PRRSV, the pig host becomes immunologically inhibited and shows a much-delayed production of neutralizing antibodies against PRRSV ( 5 , 6 ). (ijbs.com)
Except in a few cases, the vast majority of published work on p53 antibodies in cancer patients use wild-type p53 as the antigen to detect these antibodies and it is unclear that they can recognize p53 mutants carried by cancer patients at all. (encyclopedia.pub)
Thus, novel antibodies targeting mutant p53, but not the wild-type isoform, should be pursued in preclincial and clinical studies. (encyclopedia.pub)
Oncolytic viruses and antibodies: are they more successful when delivered separately or when engineered as a single agent? (bmj.com)

Viral passaging experiments underscore an unusually high barrier for emergence of escape mutants making it an ideal candidate for clinical development. (bvsalud.org)

Our results identify DDX42 as an intrinsic viral inhibitor, opening new perspectives to target the life cycle of numerous RNA viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Our drug discovery process focuses on the highly conserved regions of the viral enzymes and inhibitor-enzyme interactions at the atomic level. (itbusinessnet.com)

It can readily be embedded in extended models of the complete HIV-1 reverse transcription process, or analogous processes in other viruses and help to guide drug development and improve our understanding of the mechanisms of resistance development during treatment. (plos.org)

Viral particles bind specifically to digestive ducts (midgut, main and secondary ducts, and tubules) by carbohydrate structures with a terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residue in an α linkage (same binding site used for recognition of human histo-blood group antigens). (cdc.gov)
EBV miRNAs also inhibit the expression of viral antigens, thereby enabling infected cells to escape immune recognition. (ijbs.com)
This review summarizes the current knowledge from the preliminary evidence that suggests a potential role of p53 as an antigen in the adaptive immune response and a monitoring key role of the innate immune system, thereby speculating on the idea that mutant p53 antigens serve as a druggable target in immunotherapy. (encyclopedia.pub)

Inhibition of COPII budding complex formation by the expression of a dominant-negative mutant of the small GTPase Sar1 had no detectable effect on BMB2 subcellular targeting, which therefore could occur without exit from the ER in COPII transport vesicles. (microbiologyresearch.org)

LXGG sequence is recognized by viral and cellular deubiquitinating enzymes. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Using this dynamic, semi-quantitative approach, the researchers observed that Turnip mosaic virus - their plant model virus of choice - spreads in their model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , arrives at the stem cells within the shoot tip , and even enters these cells, but is then quickly excluded. (oeaw.ac.at)
In the search for the defense's molecular bases, the researchers therefore screened Arabidopsis mutant plants that miss certain components of the RNA interference pathway. (oeaw.ac.at)

The term quasispecies was adopted from a theory of the origin of life in which primitive replicons consisted of mutant distributions, as found experimentally with present-day RNA viruses within their host. (wikipedia.org)
The existence of a mutant spectrum was experimentally evidenced first by clonal analyses of RNA bacteriophage Qβ populations whose replication had been initiated by a single virus particle. (wikipedia.org)
Nishant Thakur, Abid Qureshi and Manoj Kumar : VIRsiRNAdb: a curated database of experimentally validated viral siRNA/shRNA. (imtech.res.in)
Abid Qureshi, Nishant Thakur and Manoj Kumar : HIPdb: A database of experimentally validated HIV inhibiting peptides. (imtech.res.in)

However, standard clonal analyses and deep sequencing methodologies have confirmed the presence of myriads of mutant genomes in viral populations, and their participation in adaptive processes. (wikipedia.org)

Members of the Herpesviridae family, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) -1 and human and murine cytomegalovirus (HCMV/MCMV), are masters at manipulating host cell death pathways such as apoptosis and necroptosis, in order to successfully spread and establish latency [1-3]. (howhelp.org)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that infects over 90% of the world's adult population. (ijbs.com)
of this vector to specifically and stably inhibit expression of only the oncogenic K-RASV12 allele in human tumor cells. (uu.nl)
These results indicate that viral delivery of small interfering RNAs can be used for tumor-specific gene therapy to reverse the oncogenic phenotype of cancer cells. (uu.nl)
One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)

Wang M, Yu F, Wu W, Wang Y, Ding H, Qian L. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNAs as regulators in host immune responses. (ijbs.com)

This process is regulated by both viral and cellular factors, which are necessary for an efficient viral replication as well as for the setting up of viral latency, leading to a repressed transcription of the integrated provirus.nnRESULTS: In this study, we examined the role of two parameters in HIV-1 LTR promoter activity. (cnrs.fr)

Although VZV can inhibit TNF-induced necroptosis, the ORF20 RHIM does not appear to be responsible for this inhibition. (howhelp.org)
Mutation of the ORF20 RHIM renders the virus incapable of efficient spread in ZBP1-expressing HT-29 cells, an effect which can be reversed by the inhibition of caspases. (howhelp.org)
Abid Qureshi, Nishant Thakur and Manoj Kumar : VIRsiRNApred: Prediction of inhibition efficacy of siRNAs targeting human viruses. (imtech.res.in)

Next, concentration-dependent viral growth suppression and drug cytotoxicity were assessed. (biorxiv.org)
Ciclesonide exhibited low cytotoxicity and potent suppression of viral growth ( Fig. 1a ). (biorxiv.org)
Considering its broad-spectrum anti-RNA viral activity and low cytotoxicity, it is a promising agent against the newly emerged positive-sense RNA virus, SARS-CoV-2. (springer.com)
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) provide the promise of tumor-selective cytotoxicity coupled with amplification of the therapeutic agent (the virus) in situ within the tumor improving its therapeutic index. (bmj.com)

Human MX1 (HsMX1) is known to inhibit many viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV), by likely acting at various steps of their life cycles. (bvsalud.org)
We entered into an agreement with a UK-based clinical research organization to conduct a Phase 2a human challenge study to evaluate safety, and viral and clinical measures of orally administered CC-42344 in influenza A-infected subjects. (itbusinessnet.com)
EBV is the first human virus that has the capability to encode microRNAs (miRNAs). (ijbs.com)
These drugs were found to be orally bioavailable and inhibit 50% of HIV replication in culture at a concentration of 0.25 M. This respectable IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%) was found in the presence of 50% human serum. (natap.org)
Within this library, ciclesonide, an inhaled corticosteroid, suppressed human coronavirus replication in cultured cells, but did not suppress replication of respiratory syncytial virus or influenza virus. (biorxiv.org)
We characterized the A/Shanghai/1/2013 virus isolated from the first confirmed human case of A/H7N9 disease in China. (flutrackers.com)
Approximately 70 years ago, several DNA viruses such as adenovirus, human Epstein-Barr virus, polyoma and SV40 were found to be able to cause tumors in humans and rodents [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Most human tumors harbor multiple genetic alterations, including dominant mutant oncogenes. (uu.nl)
One of the main reasons for this insistent need lies in the phenomenon of drug resistance in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which limits the options for ART regimens, especially in patients having long treatment history. (crie.ru)
The entry of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 into human lung cells can be inhibited by the approved drugs camostat and nafamostat. (rsc.org)
We pursued molecular and physiological characterization of AtGAAPs making use of the advanced knowledge of their human and viral counterparts. (cam.ac.uk)
Amit Kumar Gupta and Manoj Kumar : HPVbase: Software for archiving viral integrations, methylation patterns and microRNAs aberrant expression profile as biomarker for Human papillomaviruses mediated carcinomas. (imtech.res.in)
Human immunodeficiency virus evolves rapidly in patients, making the development of drug resistance a major problem in combating the virus. (acs.org)
Animal models for human tumour mental animals is not easy to answer does induce adult T-cell leukaemia/ viruses that make use of animal virus- for these agents, because cancer bi- lymphoma (ATLL), albeit in monkeys es are scarce. (who.int)
For other human tumour virus- primate species are related to the hu- tween data in humans and in experi- es, the use of humanized severe man tumour viruses, the incidence of mental animals is not obvious. (who.int)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. (msdmanuals.com)

Systemic treatment with corticosteroids is contraindicated for the severe pneumonia caused by viruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, as steroids suppress the innate immune system, resulting in increased viral replication. (biorxiv.org)

We investigated whether Norwalk virus or viruslike particles bind specifically to oyster tissues after bioaccumulation or addition to tissue sections. (cdc.gov)
Since noroviruses attach to carbohydrates of the histo-blood group family, tests using immunohistochemical analysis were performed to evaluate specific binding of virus or viruslike particles to oyster tissues through these ligands. (cdc.gov)
This small group of cells generates all plant tissues above ground, including the next plant generation, and for reasons still poorly understood, viruses are unable to proliferate in these cells. (oeaw.ac.at)
Still, the stem cells keep a mystery: plant viruses frequently evade and suppress RNA interference in other plant tissues. (oeaw.ac.at)
Oncolytic or 'cancer-lysing' viruses (OVs) are cytotoxic anticancer agents that preferentially replicate within and kill tumor cells, largely sparing normal tissues. (bmj.com)

Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)

Proximity ligation assays show DDX42 in the vicinity of viral elements, and cross-linking RNA immunoprecipitation confirms a specific interaction of DDX42 with RNAs from sensitive viruses. (bvsalud.org)

Rhesus macaques were infected with a chimeric SIV-HIV (SHIV 89.6P). This viral strain in this animal induces rapid CD4 depletion within weeks. (natap.org)

An apoptosis-inhibiting gene from a nuclear polyhedrosis virus encoding a polypeptide with Cys/His sequence motifs. (embl.de)

MX GTPases form higher-order oligomeric structures, and the oligomerization of MX1 is required for inhibitory activity against many of its viral targets. (kcl.ac.uk)

despite improvements, depuration does not eliminate viral particles ( 2 , 10 - 14 ). (cdc.gov)
We tested whether oysters can actively capture noroviruses and determined the fate of prototype genogroup I Norwalk virus particles in bioaccumulation experiments. (cdc.gov)
Further, infectious ADsubTRS1 particles sedimented abnormally in a glycerol-tartrate gradient, indicating that the structure of the mutant particles is aberrant. (princeton.edu)

A synergistic approach of suppressing viral load and boosting the patient's immune response with immunotherapeutic interventions is needed for the best prognosis. (medscape.com)
Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)

Cortisone and prednisolone, which are commonly used for systemic steroid treatment, dexamethasone, which has strong immunosuppressant effects, and fluticasone, a commonly used inhaled steroid, did not suppress viral growth ( Fig. 1a ). (biorxiv.org)
Why can viruses suppress RNA interference in most of the plant, but not in these special cells? (oeaw.ac.at)

Marco Incarbone, previously a postdoctoral researcher in the group of Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid at the Gregor Mendel Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (GMI) and now a group leader at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology in Germany sought to uncover the molecular bases of how stem cells in the shoot apical meristem fight off viruses together with PhD student Gabriele Bradamante and other GMI group members. (oeaw.ac.at)

Anatomy14

Organisms95

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs46

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes62

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Proteins17

Infection37

Polymerase15

Genome9

Protein19

Vitro8

Strains6

Antiviral7

Drug resistant mutants1

Pathogenesis3

Mutations6

Resistant6

Mechanism8

Genes2

Intracellular4

Antibody3

Infections4

Herpesvirus2

Decreased viral load1

Complexes5

Hepatitis3

Inhibitors2

Affinity3

Interferon inducible1

Influenza viruses1

Titer3

Antibodies5

Emergence1

Inhibitor2

Reverse transcription1

Antigens3

Subcellular1

Enzymes1

Arabidopsis2

Experimentally4

Genomes1

Cytomegalovirus1

Oncogenic4

Regulators1

Cellular1

Inhibition3

Cytotoxicity4

Human16

Innate immune1

Tissues5

Retroviruses1

Assays1

Induces1

Nuclear1

Targets1

Particles3

Immune2

Suppress2

Molecular1