• This household study identifies risk factors of infection by the pandemic influenza A/H1N1. (medscape.com)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
  • Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • The A/PR8 (H1N1) strain used, which was isolated in Puerto Rico in 1934, had a high replication potential in eggs, which enabled the required huge quantities of virus to be obtained. (medscape.com)
  • Previous pandemics of the 20th century, as well as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic , were caused by influenza viruses in animals that gained the ability to infect and spread easily between humans. (livescience.com)
  • The most recent 10 cases, including the three Iowa cases described in this report, were infections with S-OtrH3N2 viruses containing the matrix (M) gene from the pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1). (cdc.gov)
  • Many national and international health agencies recommended the use of face masks during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. (cambridge.org)
  • Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged in Mexico in early 2009 and rapidly spread worldwide. (cambridge.org)
  • As an example of the type of public health gap to be filled, the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus that caused a pandemic, emerged suddenly. (fda.gov)
  • Reacts with NP of all influenza A viruses so far tested, including seasonal H2N2, H3N2(A/Sydney/5/1997), and H5N1(A/crow/Kyoto53/2004), H5N1 (A/duck/Egypt/D2br10/07), H5N1(A/duck/HK/342/78), H5N2(A/crow/Kyoto/53/04), H9N1, H9N2 (A/Turkey/Wisconsin/1/66) and H1N1 (seasonal: A/New Caledonia/20/99. (abcam.com)
  • While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
  • The 1918 virus spread through the pig population, adapted to the swine and resulted in the current lineage of the H1N1 swine influenza viruses. (scienceblog.com)
  • For the study, the researchers used the 1918 pandemic virus and a 1930 H1N1 influenza virus for experimental infections in swine. (scienceblog.com)
  • Is there a difference between being diagnosed with Influenza A and H1N1? (virology.ws)
  • Over the last four epidemiological weeks (EWs), the predominant influenza viruses have been influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of influenza B/Victoria, and to a lesser extent, influenza A(H3N2). (paho.org)
  • During this period, the predominant viruses have been influenza B/Victoria, with lesser circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza A(H3N2). (paho.org)
  • Over the last four EWs, the predominant influenza viruses have been influenza B/Victoria, followed by influenza A, mainly A(H1N1)pdm09. (paho.org)
  • Antiviral resistance during the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic: public health, laboratory, and clinical perspectives. (who.int)
  • How safe and effective is the AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine in children? (medscape.com)
  • Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
  • In light of the recent outbreak of avian influenza (H5N1) among ducklings in Guangdong province, there are again concerns over the risk of transmission of avian influenza from poultry and their products to humans. (gov.hk)
  • In a recent study published in the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, researchers characterized the pathophysiology of infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viral organism belonging to the Eurasian lineage and 2.3.4.4b clade in non-domesticated terrestrial animals across the United States (US) between 1 April and 21 July 2022. (news-medical.net)
  • In the present study, researchers presented a series of cases to highlight the pathophysiology of spontaneous HPAI H5N1 infections among terrestrial wild animals in the US, which coincided with elevated levels of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in circulation among non-domesticated avian species during summer and spring of 2022. (news-medical.net)
  • The team built phylogenetic interpretation trees and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tables using a reference including six segments from the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus and two from non-domesticated avian viruses from the northern regions of America. (news-medical.net)
  • Since 2003, multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5 subtypes, including H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have generated severe epidemics and thus not only tremendous economic losses in the domestic poultry industry, but also serious threats to human health worldwide ( Jhung and Nelson, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Since its first detection in 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has devastated the poultry industry of numerous countries of the Eastern Hemisphere. (flutrackers.com)
  • As of January 2012, HPAI H5N1 virus caused 577 laboratory-confirmed human cases of infection, of which 340 were fatal. (flutrackers.com)
  • In late December, a sick cat in the Deux-Sèvres département tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. (anses.fr)
  • ANSES, the national reference laboratory, confirmed the contamination of a cat by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in late 2022. (anses.fr)
  • In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • These data indicate that the pseudotype baculovirus-mediated vaccine could be utilized as an alternative strategy against the pandemic spread of H5N1 influenza virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • From H5N1 to HxNy: An epidemiologic overview of human infections with avian influenza in the Western Pacific Region, November 2003 - September 2017. (who.int)
  • 2 November 2017 - WHO conducted a 5-day workshop in Rabat, Morocco, on influenza virus identification and handling mechanisms to enhance the capacities of national influenza centres in the Eastern Mediterranean Region for timely and effective detection of seasonal and pandemic influenza. (who.int)
  • By establishing virus identification and handling mechanisms, and through timely detection of unknown viruses, national influenza centres can be effective in limiting the spread of seasonal and pandemic influenza in the Region, and around the world," said Dr Mamunur Malik, Manager of the Infectious Hazard Management unit at WHO's Health Emergencies Programme at the Regional office in Cairo. (who.int)
  • The pandemic influenza strain was identified in April 2009 and by September 2009, the vaccine was developed and produced, and FDA had approved influenza vaccines from various manufacturers for use by the public. (fda.gov)
  • Pneumococcal infection of the respiratory tract is often secondary to recent influenza virus infection and accounts for much of the morbidity and mortality during seasonal and pandemic influenza. (nih.gov)
  • Their research supports the hypothesis that the 1918 pandemic influenza virus and the virus causing the swine flu were the same. (scienceblog.com)
  • It also suggests that pigs could have played a role in maintaining and spreading the 1918 human pandemic influenza virus. (scienceblog.com)
  • Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework. (who.int)
  • How effective are seasonal influenza vaccines in tropical communities? (medscape.com)
  • Evolution of influenza viruses and corresponding evolution of influenza vaccines. (medscape.com)
  • Fortunately, initial laboratory testing suggests the new virus would need to undergo significant changes to become capable of infecting and spreading easily among humans," said Dr. Ruben Donis, chief of the Molecular Virology and Vaccines Branch in CDC's Influenza Division. (livescience.com)
  • It focused on detection and identification of seasonal influenza virus sub-types, using cell culture and hemaglutination - steps that are essential for identifying viruses to make vaccines. (who.int)
  • The FDA findings are important because they suggest the vaccine could both protect recipients and reduce transmission -- even when virus strains emerge with differing envelope proteins, a type of change, that when it occurs, can make existing influenza vaccines less effective. (fda.gov)
  • Current vaccines are designed to trigger production of neutralizing antibodies (antibodies that prevent virus from getting into cells) against proteins on the surface of the virus, mainly a protein called HA. (fda.gov)
  • A limitation of such vaccines is that HA mutates frequently, allowing the virus to escape from immunity to an HA-based vaccine. (fda.gov)
  • Unlike seasonal influenza vaccines that induce neutralizing antibodies to HA, immunity to NP and M2 might permit some mild, brief infection. (fda.gov)
  • According to two reports, a number of simple, inexpensive interventions are effective in slowing the spread of respiratory viruses, although current public health guidelines neglect these measures, favoring vaccines and antiviral drugs. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Influenza virus vaccines and reagents. (who.int)
  • Gross photographs of postmortem lesions from red foxes naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States. (news-medical.net)
  • The first research programs attempting to develop an inactivated influenza vaccine, outside of the USSR, were conducted in England and in the USA at about the same time. (medscape.com)
  • The relatively simple methods developed by Burnet in Australia for culturing the virus on chick embryos, involving inoculation into the allantoic cavity, made it easy to obtain sufficient amounts of the virus strains for the vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • Thomas Francis, head of the US Army Commission, and his colleagues decided to use a vaccine prepared from allantoic fluid containing high concentrations of virus that had been purified and inactivated with formalin. (medscape.com)
  • [ 8 ] With an inactivated virus vaccine, the amount of antigen required to induce immunity is much greater than that for a live-attenuated virus vaccine, because unlike the live-attenuated virus, the inactivated virus does not replicate in the recipient. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, being able to obtain large quantities of virus in the allantoic fluid overcame this problem and an inactivated vaccine with a sufficiently high concentration of antigen could be prepared, after a simple, rapid purification process. (medscape.com)
  • This virus was named Influenza B and the inactivated influenza vaccine had to be bivalent to provide protection against both types of influenza viruses (Figure 1). (medscape.com)
  • Thus, in 1942, 10,000 doses of the first bivalent vaccine containing the A/PR8 and B/Lee virus strains were administered in humans for testing. (medscape.com)
  • This bivalent vaccine contained 0.5 ml of virus concentrated from 5 ml of allantoic fluid containing influenza A and the same amount of influenza B. One half of the influenza A allantoic fluid contained the A/PR8 strain and the other half contained the Weiss strain, a strain that had been isolated more recently and that was slightly different from A/PR8. (medscape.com)
  • In 1944, Stanley described in detail the preparation and properties of influenza virus vaccine produced in embryonated hen eggs, concentrated and purified by differential centrifugation and inactivated by different procedures. (medscape.com)
  • certolizumab pegol decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent, intranasal by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • Scientists at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have been studying an influenza vaccine candidate that is based on conserved antigens instead, and in animal models protects broadly against widely divergent influenza virus strains. (fda.gov)
  • The scientists have now demonstrated the ability of this universal influenza vaccine candidate to reduce the transmission of influenza virus in mice, even though this vaccine does not completely block infection by the virus. (fda.gov)
  • The candidate vaccine targets two influenza A proteins, A/NP and M2, that do not change from year to year. (fda.gov)
  • That has led some experts to suggest that this type of vaccine would allow continued spread of influenza viruses to other individuals. (fda.gov)
  • However, the new findings show that even without triggering production of neutralizing antibodies, this universal vaccine reduces virus transmission in mice. (fda.gov)
  • In the current study, scientists showed that the vaccine is more effective at reducing transmission of influenza A viruses among mice when it is given intranasally rather than injected intramuscularly. (fda.gov)
  • That model suggested that a vaccine reducing transmission, even if it did not completely prevent infection, could reduce the size of outbreaks and slow the rate of mutation of the virus. (fda.gov)
  • While this timeline is considered rather quick with respect to influenza vaccine development and production, it was not available for use as quickly as it was needed. (fda.gov)
  • Such a vaccine might reduce the number of illnesses and deaths until a vaccine matched to the new virus is developed and distributed. (fda.gov)
  • 65 years to receive either quadrivalent high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV4), quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4), or quadrivalent adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV4) whenever available. (constantcontact.com)
  • Current assays fail to determine the receptor specificity and vaccine efficiency of the influenza A virus, as they do not represent receptors of the human upper respiratory tract. (europa.eu)
  • In addition, I will create cell lines in which human influenza A vaccine viruses grow to high titers without adaptation, thus providing superior protection. (europa.eu)
  • Consequently the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine contains an influenza B virus component. (virology.ws)
  • There is no vaccine against influenza C virus. (virology.ws)
  • This project will explore determine how sequence variation in the UTR's of the influenza vRNA's (particularly, HA and NA) impact the replication/fitness of influenza A viruses by focusing our analysis on the UTR's of high yield reassortants used as vaccine seed stocks and selected naturally circulating strains. (jcvi.org)
  • The sequence of the complete genomes including the HA and NA UTRs of low and high yield reassortant vaccine candidate, and seed stocks and their parental viruses (wild type). (jcvi.org)
  • We will also investigate changes in the HA and NA UTRs of a subset of ~6-10 reassortants vaccine seeds which have been serially passaged in mammalian cell culture or eggs to determine if the substrate/species used to propagate the viruses selects for changes in the UTRs that enhance growth under specific conditions. (jcvi.org)
  • however, hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against influenza D virus have been detected in humans, with an estimated occurrence of 1.3% in the general population, suggesting that this virus may infect humans as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • More studies are needed to conclude whether or not the Type D virus can infect humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza A virus can infect a variety of animals as well as humans, and its natural host or reservoir is birds, whereas influenza viruses B, C, and D do not have animal reservoirs. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study suggests that influenza D virus may be only a few genetic changes away from being able to invade the lower lung, even though the virus does not actively spread among humans and has a much slower mutation rate than the other influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • For this bat influenza virus to infect humans, it would need to obtain genetic properties of human influenza viruses. (livescience.com)
  • it's a complicated process, but it can sometimes lead to the emergence of new influenza viruses in humans. (livescience.com)
  • Influenza viruses cause respiratory illnesses in humans, and in some animal and bird species. (who.int)
  • A pandemic occurs when an influenza virus which was not previously circulating among humans, and to which most people do not have immunity, emerges and transmits among humans. (who.int)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
  • Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
  • We therefore propose that the synergistic stimulation of type I IFN production during concurrent influenza virus and pneumococcal infection leads to increased bacterial colonization and suggest that this may contribute to the higher rates of disease associated with coinfection in humans. (nih.gov)
  • Ongoing avian influenza outbreaks in animals pose risk to humans: read the situation analysis and advice to countries from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • Swine flu is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza among the animals and can be transmitted to humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • This property may be a consequence of the limited host range of the virus - humans and seals - which limits the generation of new strains by reassortment. (virology.ws)
  • An H7N9 virus was firstreported to have infected humans in March 2013, in China. (prospecbio.com)
  • Contamination of pets such as cats could make it easier for the virus to cross into humans. (anses.fr)
  • This is because simultaneous infection with an avian influenza virus and a human influenza virus could lead to the emergence of a new influenza virus that is potentially highly contagious to humans. (anses.fr)
  • Receptor binding by an H7N9 influenza virus from humans. (flutrackers.com)
  • We conclude that the human H7 virus has acquired some of the receptor-binding characteristics that are typical of pandemic viruses, but its retained preference for avian receptor may restrict its further evolution towards a virus that could transmit efficiently between humans, perhaps by binding to avian-receptor-rich mucins in the human respiratory tract rather than to cellular receptors. (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza serological testing of stored sera from NHA NES 2010 collection across various age groups, were used in this study to determine the population level of cross-reactive antibodies to H3N2v virus and historical seasonal H3N2 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • This data release contain the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers to H3N2v and historical seasonal H3N2 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibody titers against H3N2v and historical seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses were measured with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay at Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The selected historical H3N2 viruses were: A/Aichi/2/1968, A/Victoria/3/1975, A/Bangkok/1/1979, A/Shanghai/11/1987, A/Beijing/32/1992, A/Wuhan/359/1995, A/Sydney/5/1997, A/Fujian/411/2002, and A/Brisbane/10/2007. (cdc.gov)
  • HI A/AICHI/2/1968: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Aichi/2/1968. (cdc.gov)
  • HI A/VICTORIA/3/1975: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Victoria/3/1975. (cdc.gov)
  • HI A/BANGKOK/1/1979: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Bangkok/1/1979. (cdc.gov)
  • HI A/BRISBANE/10/2007: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2 virus A/Brisbane/10/2007. (cdc.gov)
  • First H3N2 Variant Virus Infection Reported for 2012. (cdc.gov)
  • On November 20, 2011, CDC confirmed three cases of swine-origin triple reassortant influenza A (H3N2) (S-OtrH3N2) virus infection in children in two counties in Iowa. (cdc.gov)
  • Eighteen human infections with swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) viruses have been identified since 2009 ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These viruses are considered reassortant viruses between a swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) virus circulating in North American swine and a pH1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Even though isolated 3 months later, the March 2019 isolated H3N2 viruses replicated more efficiently than the November 2018 isolated viruses. (flu.org.cn)
  • Specimens were pared with segments in the Global Initiative on Sharing suspended in viral transportation medium (Creative, Tai- All Influenza Data (Table 1). (cdc.gov)
  • The influenza virus snatches the cap part of the mature host RNA to start viral replication. (uni-bonn.de)
  • In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • The enveloped influenza A virions have three membrane proteins (HA, NA, M2), a matrix protein (M1) just below the lipid bilayer, a ribonucleoprotein core (consisting of 8 viral RNA segments and three proteins: PA, PB1, PB2), and the NEP/NS2 protein. (virology.ws)
  • Like the influenza A and B viruses, the core of influenza C viruses consists of a ribonucleoprotein made up of viral RNA and four proteins. (virology.ws)
  • Cytoskeletal filaments provide a dynamic scaffold for subcellular viral trafficking, as well as virus-host interactions with cellular machineries that are essential for efficient uncoating, replication, and egress. (bris.ac.uk)
  • In addition, influenza virus infection results in structural changes in the microtubule network, which itself has consequences for viral replication. (bris.ac.uk)
  • The cat, which lived near a duck farm affected by the virus, suffered severe neurological symptoms due to the viral infection and had to be euthanised. (anses.fr)
  • The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Their efficacy in patients with influenza viral pneumonia or severe influenza is unknown. (medscape.com)
  • We found that IFITM3-deficient mice and human cells could be infected with low doses of avian influenza viruses that failed to infect WT counterparts, identifying a new role for IFITM3 in controlling the minimum infectious viral dose threshold. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)
  • In 1940, for the first time, a different influenza virus was discovered and isolated. (medscape.com)
  • How does the early occurrence of influenza epidemics impact outbreaks of other common seasonal viruses? (medscape.com)
  • Of the four antigenic types, influenza A virus is the most severe, influenza B virus is less severe but can still cause outbreaks, and influenza C virus is usually only associated with minor symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • It presents information on the spread of avian influenza (bird flu) viruses among birds and the outbreaks in poultry. (bvs.br)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
  • Current understanding of influenza zoonotic transmission potential of novel strains still remains poorly understood. (springer.com)
  • Species barrier limits influenza strains from freely infecting different host organisms as they must overcome host range restriction to adapt to a new host. (springer.com)
  • Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of influenza virus. (gov.hk)
  • The virus, comparable to those found in Eurasian strains, was identified in the US in December of 2021 and spread to domesticated animals and non-domestic birds. (news-medical.net)
  • Reassortment between influenza A(H7N9) and local H9N2 strains has spread from China's south-east coast to other regions. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Three new reassortments of A(H7N9) virus were identified by phylogenetic analysis: between A(H7N9) and Zhejiang-derived strains, Guangdong/Hong Kong-derived strains or Hunan-derived A(H9N2) strains. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • I showed that the influenza C virus genome consists of 7 RNA segments, and demonstrated reassortment among different influenza C virus strains. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease have been increasing in Orange County for the last several weeks. (constantcontact.com)
  • Assure that high risk infants are given Palivizumab, in accordance with AAP recommendations and the recent California Department of Public Health CAHAN advisory Early Respiratory Syncytial Virus Activity and Use of Palivizumab . (constantcontact.com)
  • Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) activity has also remained low, showing a slight increase. (paho.org)
  • Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
  • The team performed two tests for influenza A virus H5 subtyping: IAV and H5 subtype hemagglutinin gene targeted-RT-PCR and the H5 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b-targeted RT-PCR for the North American, Eurasian, and Mexican lineages of the virus. (news-medical.net)
  • The major influenza C virus envelope glycoprotein is called HEF (hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion) because it has the functions of both the HA and the NA. (virology.ws)
  • Hemagglutinin-Influenza A Virus H7N9 Anhui 2013 (Anhui H7N9) is a part of the influenza viruses hemagglutinin family. (prospecbio.com)
  • A total 474 serum specimens were collected in Taiwan dur- positive dogs had antibodies against influenza A(H6N1) vi- ing October 2012-October 2013. (cdc.gov)
  • No serum at the National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital in samples had antibodies against influenza A(H5N2) virus. (cdc.gov)
  • before then, Influenza D virus was thought to be a subtype of Influenzavirus C. Cases of infections from the Type D virus are rare compared to Types A, B, and C. Similar to Type C, Type D has 7 RNA segments and encodes 9 proteins, while Types A and B have 8 RNA segments and encode at least 10 proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • These viruses also contain proteins on the surface of the cell membrane called glycoproteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Several influenza proteins have been shown to be major determinants in host tropism. (springer.com)
  • In this study, computational models for 11 influenza proteins have been constructed using the machine learning algorithm random forest for prediction of host tropism. (springer.com)
  • 0.916) capable of determining host tropism of individual influenza proteins. (springer.com)
  • Influenza B virions have four proteins in the envelope: HA, NA, NB, and BM2. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza hijacks numerous host cell proteins and associated biological pathways during its journey into the cell, responding to environmental cues in order to successfully replicate. (bris.ac.uk)
  • no human infections from this virus have been observed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenzavirus D is less common than the other antigenic types, and it is not known to cause any human infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • The researchers want to harness this dependence for the treatment of influenza infections. (uni-bonn.de)
  • In the present study, the researchers were already able to demonstrate that TFMT works together with approved drugs against influenza infections. (uni-bonn.de)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • Further studies in controlled settings and studies of natural infections in healthcare and community settings are required to better define the effectiveness of face masks and respirators in preventing influenza virus transmission. (cambridge.org)
  • That's correct - influenza C causes mild upper respiratory tract infections with cold-like symptoms. (virology.ws)
  • Our data demonstrate that IFITM3 deficiency uniquely facilitates zoonotic influenza virus infections and subsequent adaptation, implicating IFITM3 deficiencies in the human population as a vulnerability for emergence of new pandemic viruses . (bvsalud.org)
  • In 1918 a human influenza virus known as the Spanish flu spread through the central United States while a swine respiratory disease occurred concurrently. (scienceblog.com)
  • Richt said the virus was able to infect and replicate in swine and cause mild respiratory disease. (scienceblog.com)
  • This study emphasizes that an influenza virus, which is known to induce a lethal infection in ferrets and macaques, is not highly virulent in pigs, indicating a potential resistance of swine to highly virulent influenza viruses," Richt said. (scienceblog.com)
  • While swine flu was first recognized as a disease in 1918, there also were reports of the influenza occurring in the Midwest in 1930. (scienceblog.com)
  • Another surprising finding from the study was the rapid antibody response in the animals infected with the 1918 virus, which is not typically reported for the swine influenza virus. (scienceblog.com)
  • Richt said he plans to conduct a follow-up project that will study what makes a swine flu virus a pandemic flu virus. (scienceblog.com)
  • In addition, professionals exposed to swine and avian influenza viruses are advised to get themselves vaccinated against seasonal flu. (anses.fr)
  • The susceptibility of cats to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has been known since 2004, and had already been demonstrated in Thailand and Germany in 2006. (anses.fr)
  • Influenza viruses A, B, C, and D represent the four antigenic types of influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • abstract = "Influenza viruses are respiratory pathogens that represent a significant threat to public health, despite the large-scale implementation of vaccination programs. (bris.ac.uk)
  • National influenza centres work closely with sub-national laboratories and WHO collaborating centres to regularly collect and analyse virus specimens in order to identify the type of influenza virus circulating in and out of season. (who.int)
  • Some approved rapid influenza diagnostic assays utilize an analyzer reader device. (cdc.gov)
  • Three days after her illness onset (illness day four), she was seen by a health-care provider, who obtained a respiratory specimen and performed a rapid influenza diagnostic test, which was positive. (cdc.gov)
  • rapid influenza diagnostic testing was positive for both patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Serological testing for detection of antibodies to seasonal influenza viruses is useful for research studies and requires collection of appropriately timed acute and convalescent serum specimens and testing of paired sera at specialized research or public health laboratories. (cdc.gov)
  • Molecular detection of influenza A virus nucleotides ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • WHO's Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean had conducted an assessment of these centres and influenza laboratories in 2015-2016, which revealed that some lack the necessary capacity for virus isolation in cell culture, and for antigenic characterization of human influenza viruses - capacities that are fundamental for early detection and recognition of influenza viruses of epidemic and pandemic potential. (who.int)
  • This illustration shows the setup of the optofluidic chip for rapid detection of single antigens of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A. (Image credit: Stambaugh et al. (ucsc.edu)
  • Researchers at UC Santa Cruz have developed a novel chip-based antigen test that can provide ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A, the viruses that cause COVID-19 and flu, respectively. (ucsc.edu)
  • WHO External Quality Assessment Project for the detection of influenza virus type A by PCR. (who.int)
  • Squires RC, Reading PC, Sullivan SG, Barr IG, Konings F. Influenza virus detection: driving change in public health laboratories in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • Although the natural hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are wild birds, multiple subtypes of AIVs have established epidemics in numerous mammals due to their cross-species spillover. (flu.org.cn)
  • Handwashing and wearing masks, gloves, and gowns slow the spread of influenza and other respiratory viruses. (nursingcenter.com)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Young people, those under 36 years old, may be at risk because they have no immunity to the virus. (breakingnewsenglish.com)
  • Therefore, further investigation and monitoring is required to prevent this novel reassortant virus from becoming a new threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
  • A new strain of flu virus has been discovered in fruit bats in Guatemala, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (livescience.com)
  • These first clinical trials demonstrated a good serological response to both influenza A and B. After two doses, there was an eight- to ninefold increase in antibody titer, measured by the hemagglutination inhibition assay. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers from the Cluster of Excellence ImmunoSensation2 at the University of Bonn, together with Japanese researchers, want to exploit this for the treatment of influenza. (uni-bonn.de)
  • Influenza pneumonia: Amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride are approved for the prevention and treatment of influenza A virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Compared to pre-pandemic epidemiology this is an early start to the season for both these respiratory viruses. (constantcontact.com)
  • To monitor the epidemiology of canine influenza viruses (CIVs) in Liaoning, China, we performed three surveillances in November 2018, March 2019, and April 2019. (flu.org.cn)
  • The antigens, matrix protein (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP), are used to determine if an influenza virus is type A, B, C, or D. The M1 protein is required for virus assembly and NP functions in transcription and replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • The team led by Prof. Hiroki Kato from the Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology at the University Hospital Bonn has identified a compound that inhibits the body's own methyltransferase MTr1, thereby limiting the replication of influenza viruses. (uni-bonn.de)
  • The activity of MTr1 is thus essential for the replication of the influenza virus in the cell. (uni-bonn.de)
  • Among thousands of candidates, we were able to identify a molecule that inhibits MTr1 in human lung explants and also in vivo in mice, curtailing influenza replication," reports Prof. Hiroki Kato, a member of the Cluster of Excellence ImmunoSensation2 at the University of Bonn. (uni-bonn.de)
  • We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPol A dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 4: Nb8205, which binds FluPol A at the dimer interface, inhibits cRNA to vRNA replication and virus growth. (nature.com)
  • A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)
  • HI A/INDIANA/17/2013: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2v virus A/Indiana/17/2013. (cdc.gov)
  • HI A/INDIANA/6/2013: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2v virus A/Indiana/06/2013. (cdc.gov)
  • HI A/OHIO/13/2012: Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against the influenza A/H3N2v virus A/Ohio/13/2012. (cdc.gov)
  • Tissue, cells or virus corresponding to Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein. (abcam.com)
  • This co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to study the interaction between the influenza A virus nucleoprotein and the antiviral Mx1 protein in human cells. (jove.com)
  • The protocol emphasizes the importance of N-ethylmaleimide for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 and influenza A virus nucleoprotein. (jove.com)
  • Influenza is one of the most well-known infectious diseases attracting attention worldwide. (springer.com)
  • But it was clear to Schmidt that the diagnostic technology his lab was developing for Zika virus and other infectious diseases could be adapted for COVID-19. (ucsc.edu)
  • The continuous improvement in laboratory capacity for influenza surveillance has helped drive the development of diagnostic and virology laboratories in the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) in the Western Pacific Region, at the same time strengthening their ability to detect and respond to infectious threats beyond influenza. (who.int)
  • The remain- analysis indicated that this isolate was closely related to in- fluenza A(H6N1) viruses circulating in Taiwan and harbored ing nasal swab suspension solutions from dogs positive by the E627K substitution in the polymerase basic 2 protein, RT-PCR were used for virus isolation from 10-day-old spe- which indicated its ability to replicate in mammalian species. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza D virus is a species in the virus genus Deltainfluenzavirus, in the family Orthomyxoviridae, that causes influenza. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metatranscriptomics studies have also identified closely related "Influenza C and D-like" viruses in a number of amphibian species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)
  • The virus continues to be active in non-domesticated bird reservoirs, and incidences of spillover and clinical disease in numerous animal species occur in European nations in 2021. (news-medical.net)
  • Meng Z , Han R , Hu Y , Yuan Z , Jiang S , Zhang X , Xu J . Possible pandemic threat from new reassortment of influenza A(H7N9) virus in China. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus re-emerged in China in December 2013, after a decrease in the number of new cases during the preceding six months. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • H7N9 Anhui is anantigenic glycoprotein which is responsible for binding the virus to the infected cell. (prospecbio.com)
  • Although the risk is low, The H7N9 virus has thegreatest potential compared with other influenza A viruses to cause a pandemicbecause like other type A viruses, it is not easily transmitted between people in its current form. (prospecbio.com)
  • Of the 132 people known to have been infected with H7N9 influenza viruses in China, 37 died, and many were severely ill. (flutrackers.com)
  • We have examined the receptor-binding properties of this H7N9 virus and compared them with those of an avian H7N3 virus. (flutrackers.com)
  • Read about the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network, a new platform that can provide annual data on severe influenza for a wide range of populations. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, a monoclonal immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination for influenza A and canine distemper virus (CDV) antigen was performed. (news-medical.net)
  • The new chip-based antigen test is not only highly sensitive, but also enables simultaneous testing for multiple viruses from one sample. (ucsc.edu)
  • This reduction in transmission occurred when the mice were in contact with each other in a cage, and also when the virus was airborne, that is, spreading to uninfected mice who were separated from infected mice by a perforated barrier. (fda.gov)
  • Here, we show that coinfection of the upper respiratory tract of mice with influenza virus and pneumococcus leads to synergistic stimulation of type I IFNs and that this impairs the recruitment of macrophages, which are required for pneumococcal clearance, due to decreased production of the chemokine CCL2. (nih.gov)
  • Indeed, the increased colonization associated with concurrent influenza virus infection was not observed in mice lacking Nod2 or the type I IFN receptor, or in mice challenged with pneumococci lacking pneumolysin. (nih.gov)
  • A Kansas State University researcher has found that the virus causing the pandemic was able to infect and replicate in pigs, but did not kill them, unlike in other mammalian hosts like monkeys, mice and ferrets where the infection has been lethal. (scienceblog.com)
  • This was surprising, since the 1918 virus killed more than 20 million people and was lethal to ferrets, mice and macaques. (scienceblog.com)
  • Remarkably, influenza viruses passaged through Ifitm3-/- mice exhibited enhanced host adaptation , a result that was distinct from passaging in mice deficient for interferon signaling, which caused virus attenuation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Influenza B viruses cause the same spectrum of disease as influenza A. However, influenza B viruses do not cause pandemics. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza virus pandemics are caused by viruses from animal reservoirs that adapt to efficiently infect and replicate in human hosts. (bvsalud.org)
  • Preliminary research on the new virus suggests that its genes are compatible with human influenza viruses , the CDC said. (livescience.com)
  • These four viruses have been selected because they have NS1 genes that belong to the A and B alleles, respectively. (usda.gov)
  • We anticipate that NS1 mediates the effects of AIV on macrophages and would like to test viruses with different NS1 alleles to determine if it mediates the downregulation of immune function genes as we described in the Prelimiary Results. (usda.gov)
  • Reverse genetics: NS1 genes will be altered through site mutagenesis and mutated viruses will be generated through co-transfection of macropahges with a reverse genetics system to determine which part of the NS1 genes is responsible for the observed differences in cytopathogenic effect (apoptosis) and the modulation of the immnue genes detected by microarray analysis. (usda.gov)
  • 1. Extensive Regulations of immune genes in chicken macrophages and lungs infected with influenza virus H9N2. (usda.gov)
  • We also found that interferon (IFN) and IFN-inducible genes were regulated differentially in A/ph/CA/2373/98 (H9N2) virus infected Macrophages. (usda.gov)
  • In addition to total nucleic acid extraction and ribonucleic acid (RNA) separation, the researchers used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to target the conserved site of the influenza A virus (IAV) matrix genes. (news-medical.net)
  • Do viruses ever reassort across these lines-like influenza A and C exchanging HA genes or something? (virology.ws)
  • However, at this time, there was no definitive confirmation of clinical protection, because the influenza epidemic during the 1942-1943 winter was mild. (medscape.com)
  • The virus could start a worldwide flu epidemic if it gets into the human population. (breakingnewsenglish.com)
  • The virus could start a worldwide flu epidemic. (breakingnewsenglish.com)
  • Healthy and Covid 19 virus epidemic Concept. (vecteezy.com)
  • Microorganism, microscopic bacteria, pandemic virus, epidemic germs under magnifying glass vector medical and contamination concept. (clipart.com)
  • In Mexico, influenza circulation in the last four EWs has remained at epidemic levels, and ILI and SARI activity continue to decline, with the majority of cases being associated with SARS-CoV-2 and to a lesser extent, influenza. (paho.org)
  • In El Salvador, RSV activity continues to be high but is decreasing, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained low over the last three EWs, and influenza activity has shown a slight increase, reaching epidemic levels. (paho.org)
  • In Nicaragua, influenza activity has decreased in the last EW and remains at epidemic levels. (paho.org)
  • The first external quality assessment of isolation and identification of influenza viruses in cell culture in the Asia Pacific region, 2016. (who.int)
  • What are the diagnostic practices for influenza and other respiratory virus in U.S. hospitals and laboratories? (medscape.com)
  • IDPH has instructed health-care providers to obtain respiratory specimens from patients with ILI for influenza diagnostic testing at SHL. (cdc.gov)
  • Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: Avian influenza is one of the most important diseases of poultry. (usda.gov)
  • Thorough cooking of poultry meat and eggs, with centre temperature reaching at least 70°C, can prevent avian influenza infection as it inactivates the virus. (gov.hk)
  • However, it is important to verify that these phenomena remain sporadic and that the viruses that have acquired this ability to cross into mammals are not detected on poultry farms. (anses.fr)
  • transcription PCR (RT-PCR) screening, and virus isolation. (cdc.gov)
  • Isolation of influenza C virus recombinants. (virology.ws)
  • Innate immune control of influenza virus interspecies adaptation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we investigated whether Interferon -Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 (IFITM3), a host antiviral factor with known human deficiencies, plays a role in interspecies virus infection and adaptation. (bvsalud.org)
  • A primer set (M52C/M253R) specific for We determined the prevalence of influenza A virus in dogs in a highly conserved region of matrix (M) gene was used for Taiwan and isolated A/canine/Taiwan/E01/2014. (cdc.gov)
  • positive by RT-PCR for influenza virus M gene. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequence homology of 8 influenza virus gene seg- ing, at the National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital ments from A/canine/Taiwan/E01/2014 (H6N1) was com- during November 2012-February 2014. (cdc.gov)
  • All cases of human infection with S-OtrH3N2 virus containing the M gene from the pH1N1 virus have occurred in 2011 and have been reported from four states: Pennsylvania (three cases), Maine (two), Indiana (two), and Iowa (three) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas's sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e. (frontiersin.org)