• Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
  • Influenza A viruses contain a segmented negative-sense RNA genome, which is transcribed and replicated by the viral-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (FluPolA) composed of PB1, PB2 and PA subunits3-5. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPolA from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The genomes of influenza viruses consist of multiple segments of single-stranded negative-sense RNA. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The Although all 8 RNA segments of the Spanish influenza factors that determine the interspecies transmission and virus have been sequenced, these sequences offer no pathogenicity of influenza viruses are still poorly under- explanation for the high virulence. (cdc.gov)
  • avian influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • In this review, we focus on 2 properties of influenza A (PB2) protein has also been recognized as a critical factor viruses as they relate to pandemics, host range restriction in host range restriction, while the nonstructural (NS1) pro- and pathogenicity. (cdc.gov)
  • rize current knowledge of viral factors that determine host range restriction and pathogenicity of influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Although little information exists about avian neuraminidase (NA) protein removes SA to liberate newly influenza viruses at the time of the Spanish influenza pan- synthesized viruses from infected cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Similarly, the receptor speci- human and avian influenza viruses ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, influenza viruses are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets produced from coughing and sneezing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza viruses, particularly IAV, evolve quickly, so flu vaccines are updated regularly to match which influenza strains are in circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza viruses comprise four species. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, for these avian (av) viruses to efficiently replicate in mammalian cells, host adaptation of the viral polymerase is necessary. (nature.com)
  • ABSTRACT Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. (who.int)
  • Surveillance for avian influenza viruses must continue in Egypt to monitor further developments in H5N1 circulation in poultry. (who.int)
  • The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • Influenza A viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a segmented negative-sense RNA genome ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Some RNA viruses - viruses whose RNA, not DNA, carries their genetic information - insert their genetic material into cells as a single piece, while others chop it up. (harvard.edu)
  • Such segmented RNA viruses, including several that cause human diseases like influenza, have long been an enigma to researchers: How do they accomplish the precise copying and insertion of each segment? (harvard.edu)
  • This group includes several emerging and highly fatal viruses such as Lassa fever virus , bunyaviruses like La Crosse and Rift Valley fever , as well as the better-known and more common influenza viruses. (harvard.edu)
  • Previous clues about this mechanism came from research on influenza and La Crosse viruses that showed the viral protein responsible for copying the key segment - RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRP) - interacted with the 5′ end of the segment, which is the exact opposite end to the location where the protein initiates copying. (harvard.edu)
  • The drug is to be considered for use only when there is an outbreak of novel or re-emerging influenza virus infections in which other influenza antiviral drugs are either not effective or insufficiently effective, and the Japanese government decides to use the drug as a countermeasure against such influenza viruses. (fujirumors.com)
  • Favipiravir (Avigan™, T-705, 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) was approved in Japan in 2014 against emerging influenza viruses. (springer.com)
  • However, it is a last-resort medication to treat the novel or re-emerging influenza viruses that are resistant to certain antivirals, like oseltamivir [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • She completed her PhD in 2010 in France under the supervision of Prof. Bruno Lina studying the resistance of influenza A viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • She then integrated the Viroscience Department for her post-doctoral studies, which have focused on the pathogenesis, virulence and transmissibility of influenza A viruses, with special emphasis on genetic and phenotypic viral factors involved in the emergence of new pandemics. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • The research of her team focusses on the understanding of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emergence, their pathogenesis and the development of new vaccination strategies to cope with antigenic diversity in the context of pandemic preparedness. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • Dr. Richard and her team found subtype-specific secondary RNA structures in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza viruses that might be implicated in the emergence of HPAIV. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • In the present study, researchers presented a series of cases to highlight the pathophysiology of spontaneous HPAI H5N1 infections among terrestrial wild animals in the US, which coincided with elevated levels of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in circulation among non-domesticated avian species during summer and spring of 2022. (news-medical.net)
  • Our goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms whereby the genomic RNA of influenza-like viruses is, on the one hand, the template for transcription and replication of the viral genome by its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and, on the other hand, an Achilles' heel, whose recognition as non-self can trigger an innate immune response to counter the viral infection. (embl.org)
  • The cell counters RNA viruses with innate immune pattern-recognition receptors, such as the RNA helicase RIG-I, which recognise particular viral RNA structural motifs (e.g. 5′ triphosphate-dsRNA) as non-self, thus activating a signalling pathway leading to interferon production and establishment of the anti-viral state. (embl.org)
  • We complement structural studies with in vitro polymerase enzymology and in-cell studies using mini-replicon systems, and, in collaborations, recombinant viruses and live-cell imaging. (embl.org)
  • We have extended our work on viral polymerases to those of other segmented negative-strand RNA viruses such as the large order of Bunyavirales . (embl.org)
  • Background: The potential for human influenza viruses to spread through fine particle aerosols remains controversial. (cdc.gov)
  • The objective of our study was to determine whether influenza viruses could be detected in fine particles in hospital rooms. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza virus testing is not required to make a clinical diagnosis of influenza in outpatients with suspected influenza, particularly during increased influenza activity when seasonal influenza A and B viruses are circulating in the local community. (cdc.gov)
  • Sensitivity and specificity of any test for influenza viruses in respiratory specimens might vary by the type of testing method and specific test used, the time from illness onset to specimen collection, the quality of the specimen collected, the respiratory source of the specimen, handling and processing of the specimen, and the time from specimen collection to testing. (cdc.gov)
  • The post-test probability or predictive values (positive and negative predictive values) of an influenza virus test depend upon the prevalence of circulating seasonal influenza viruses in the patient population, and the specific test characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) compared to a "gold standard" comparison test (molecular assay or viral culture). (cdc.gov)
  • The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommends use of rapid influenza molecular assays over rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) for detection of influenza viruses in respiratory specimens of outpatients. (cdc.gov)
  • IDSA recommends use of RT-PCR or other molecular assays for detection of influenza viruses in respiratory specimens of hospitalized patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Current widespread concern over the potential threat of a human pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 avian influenza viruses highlights the medical, social, and economic value of tools that enable correct assessment of the potential for transmissibility of avian flu viruses amongst human hosts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review summarises CA antiviral action on the following viruses: influenza A virus (H1N1/H3N2/H7N9), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, enterovirus 71 (Ent 71), adenoviruses (AdenV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (archivepp.com)
  • Flu ( influenza ) is a serious disease caused by influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • These changes can impact how well the flu vaccine works, or can also result in the emergence of new influenza viruses against which people have no preexisting immunity, triggering a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Year round, scientists from CDC, World Health Organization (WHO), and other partners monitor the influenza viruses that are infecting people. (cdc.gov)
  • The technology allows CDC to study more influenza viruses faster and in more detail than ever before. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC is using this Next Generation-Sequencing (NGS) technology to monitor genetic changes in influenza viruses in order to better understand and improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, in some years certain influenza viruses may not appear and spread until later in the influenza season, making it difficult to prepare a candidate vaccine virus in time for vaccine production. (cdc.gov)
  • Scientists report that apratoxin S4, an anticancer drug candidate that targets a human protein, can interfere with the replication of many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A, offering a possible pan-viral therapy. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Since viruses don't have their own machinery to do this, they hijack the process and force human cells to make functional viral proteins. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Sec61 is essential for the influenza A, HIV and dengue viruses to cause infection, so Hendrik Luesch and colleagues wondered if apratoxins could be a broadly effective, pan-viral medication that could also combat SARS-CoV-2. (sciencedaily.com)
  • With electron microscopy, the team observed that Apra S4 also largely blocked the formation of new viruses, with many vesicles in SARS-CoV-2-exposed monkey cells having no or very few brand-new viral particles in them. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are major pathogens in humans and in animals. (pasteur.fr)
  • Transmission of influenza viruses into the human population requires surmounting biological barriers to cross-species infection," says biochemist Jennifer Doudna, the principal investigator for this research. (scienceblog.com)
  • Our work highlights the importance of basic research in understanding the processes that control emergence of new influenza viruses," Mehle says. (scienceblog.com)
  • For example, we now have a new genetic marker to monitor that might help predict the ability of influenza viruses to enter the human population. (scienceblog.com)
  • The processes regulating emergence of viruses into the human population involve a complex interplay between virus and host," Doudna says, "and understanding the mechanisms by which influenza viruses acquire the ability to infect multiple species is imperative to controlling future outbreaks. (scienceblog.com)
  • It is prescribed for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), a viral hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rate and is effective against all strains of influenza viruses," Banerjee told PTI. (11xi.in)
  • Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
  • Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
  • Equine influenza viruses have recently been transmitted to dogs. (powershow.com)
  • This broad-spectrum therapeutic has shown antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 (the virus responsible for causing COVID-19) and more than 20 other RNA viruses. (discover-theworld.com)
  • Favipiravir is a selective inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) with potent antiviral activity against single-stranded RNA viruses, including coronaviruses. (discover-theworld.com)
  • The antiviral drug favipiravir inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of RNA viruses [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • however, given its inhibitory effect on wide-ranging RNA viruses, such as hemorrhagic fever virus, it may play a role in eliminating RNA virus infections, which currently still have no established treatment [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • Depletion or chemical inhibition of Top1 suppresses the host response against influenza and Ebola viruses as well as bacterial products. (mssm.edu)
  • In this report, we generated fully infectious tagged influenza viruses and used infection-based proteomics to identify pivotal arms of cellular signaling required for influenza virus growth and infectivity. (mssm.edu)
  • Using mathematical modeling and genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we revealed that modulation of Sec61-mediated cotranslational translocation selectively impaired glycoprotein proteostasis of influenza as well as HIV and dengue viruses and led to inhibition of viral growth and infectivity. (mssm.edu)
  • Mechanistically, we propose a model whereby SETX attenuates the activity of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) at genes stimulated after a virus is sensed and thus controls the magnitude of the host response to pathogens and the biogenesis of various RNA viruses (e.g., influenza A virus and West Nile virus). (mssm.edu)
  • Loss of hPAF1C binding by NS1 attenuates influenza infection, whereas hPAF1C deficiency reduces antiviral gene expression and renders cells more susceptible to viruses. (mssm.edu)
  • Viral enteritis is an acute infectious disease caused enterotropic viruses, which can occur as an isolated lesion of the small intestine, or involvement of other organs and systems. (osvilt.com)
  • Non-structural (NS) 1 proteins from recombinant influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) and influenza A/Finland/554/09 (H1N1pdm09) viruses were purified and used in Western blot analysis to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. (plos.org)
  • ABSTRACT Understanding the genetic evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses can help better select strains to be included in the annual influenza vaccine. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses are considered one of and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 erated with SeqMan DNA Lasergene the most common causes of respira- and H3N2 viruses in Jordan between 7 software (DNASTAR, Madison, tory infection among humans and they March 2010 and March 2013. (who.int)
  • Influenza A viruses are numbers KU933838-KU933908. (who.int)
  • We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
  • Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
  • It is in the context of these vRNPs that the viral RNA polymerase carries out transcription of viral genes and replication of the viral RNA genome. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These variants are produced through replication errors of the viral genome by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). (nagasaki-u.ac.jp)
  • 8 It has an envelope and contains a very large RNA virus genome. (medsci.org)
  • Structural proteins are all encoded by the 3' terminus of the viral genome. (medsci.org)
  • Our current goal is to derive models explaining the detailed mechanisms of transcription and replication of the viral genome (vRNA) by influenza-like viral polymerases. (embl.org)
  • Codon conservation in the influenza A virus genome defines RNA packaging signals. (cam.ac.uk)
  • When a host is infected with an influenza virus, the polymerase enables the virus to multiply in the host's cells by making copies of the viral genome and directing production of its proteins. (scienceblog.com)
  • The influenza polymerase consists of three proteins dubbed PB1, PB2 and PA, that work with viral RNA and nucleoprotein to transcribe and replicate the influenza genome in a host cell. (scienceblog.com)
  • FVP-RTP is able to bind to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and integrate into the viral RNA chain, causing a significant mutagenic effect through GA and СU transitions in the viral RNA genome. (crie.ru)
  • As resistance against drugs targeting viral proteins emerges rapidly, we assessed the antiviral activity of already approved drugs that target cellular proteins involved in the viral life cycle and were orally bioavailable. (frontiersin.org)
  • Such exquisite regulation is critical to making the correct levels of the viral proteins necessary for successful replication. (harvard.edu)
  • The ribonucleoprotein complex making up the core consists of at least one of each of the eight single-stranded RNA segments associated with the nucleoprotein (NP) and the three polymerase proteins (PB2, PB1, PA). (powershow.com)
  • Viral infection is commonly associated with virus-driven hijacking of host proteins. (mssm.edu)
  • Seasonal epidemics of influenza are also known to occur because of new variants of influenza A virus (IAV), which are generated by the introduction of mutations by viral RdRp with low fidelity. (nagasaki-u.ac.jp)
  • The experiments revealed that mixing short 13-nucleotide RNAs from the 5′ end of the Machupo virus segments with the RdRP, the catalyst that initiates RNA replication, stimulated the ability of this enzyme to copy the viral segment. (harvard.edu)
  • The two-segment Machupo virus contains four subtly different 5′ RNAs that each bind the RdRP enzyme. (harvard.edu)
  • After cellular uptake, it is phosphoribosylated and recognized as a substrate for the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and can cause chain termination or lethal mutagenesis [ 1 , 4 ]. (springer.com)
  • Influenza virus RNA polymerase (RdRp) is essential in viral RNA replication and transcription. (jrespharm.com)
  • The current WHO recommendations still emphasize the concept that the diagnosis of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection shall be based on identification of unique SARS-CoV-2 sequences (e.g., viral-specific RNA) by means of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), including real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), specifically developed for targeting sequences within the E , RdRP , N and S viral genes [ 9 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • these are inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). (crie.ru)
  • They were used for the ( RdRP ) viral genes 1-4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • between human and avian virus strains or through the direct transfer of an avian influenza virus to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • The strains of the 1957 Asian the release of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes through and 1968 Hong Kong pandemics had HAs derived from an membrane fusion. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the late 1800s, large outbreaks of novel influenza strains that spread globally, called pandemics, have occurred every 10-50 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most influenza strains evolve exclusively in the large reservoir of water birds, but some highly pathogenic avian strains (e.g. (nature.com)
  • And what are the most common reasons that we "guess wrong" in terms of which viral strains will be responsible for the next season's flu? (cdc.gov)
  • 袁碩峰 Abstract: The rapid mutability of influenza virus in conjunction with genomic reassortment between viral strains promotes the virus' ability to evade vaccines and to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (hku.hk)
  • Besides the virus inhibiting effect, the increased synthesis of mutant virions under the action of FPV possess a threat of the emergence of novel threatening viral strains with high pathogenicity for humans and animals and acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic compound. (crie.ru)
  • Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of genomic viral RNA (vRNA) replication-which proceeds through a complementary RNA (cRNA) replicative intermediate, and requires oligomerization of the polymerase7-10-remain largely unknown. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Activation of influenza virus RNA polymerase by the 5' and 3' terminal duplex of genomic RNA. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Influenza may progress to pneumonia, which can be caused by the virus or by a subsequent bacterial infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza infection is diagnosed with laboratory methods such as antibody or antigen tests and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify viral nucleic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pneumonia may be caused by the primary viral infection or by a secondary bacterial infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an important agent of viral hepatitis worldwide, can cause severe courses of infection in pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. (mdpi.com)
  • Egypt reported more laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza virus H5N1 to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 2003 and 2015 than any other country (346 cases), with 116 deaths, giving a case fatality rate of 33.5 % (10). (who.int)
  • The identification and elucidation of host pathways for viral infection are critical for understanding the viral infection processes and novel therapeutics development. (mdpi.com)
  • TOKYO, March 31, 2020 - FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd. (President: Junji Okada) has announced today the initiation of a phase III clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of influenza antiviral drug "Avigan Tablet" (generic name: favipiravir) in Japan for patients of COVID-19, a respiratory infection caused by the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). (fujirumors.com)
  • In a recent study published in the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, researchers characterized the pathophysiology of infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viral organism belonging to the Eurasian lineage and 2.3.4.4b clade in non-domesticated terrestrial animals across the United States (US) between 1 April and 21 July 2022. (news-medical.net)
  • It is intended to aid in triage of COVID-19, influenza type A, influenza type B, RSV and HRV, in samples from people regardless of gender or age, with or without signs and symptoms suggestive of infection. (pharmiweb.com)
  • We collected ten air samples each in the presence of at least one patient with confirmed influenza A virus infection, and tested the samples by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (cdc.gov)
  • However, influenza virus testing can inform clinical management when the results may influence clinical decisions such as whether to initiate antiviral treatment, perform other diagnostic testing, or to implement infection prevention and control measures for influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • During a respiratory illness outbreak in a closed setting (e.g., hospitals, long-term care facility, cruise ship, boarding school, summer camp) testing for influenza virus infection can be very helpful in determining if influenza is the cause of the outbreak . (cdc.gov)
  • Some multiplex molecular assays are available that can detect influenza viral nucleic acids and distinguish influenza virus infection from other respiratory pathogens and may also be useful for management of severely immunosuppressed patients, or for use in identifying the cause of an institutional outbreak of respiratory illness. (cdc.gov)
  • DESIGN: We used the diversity structure of the virus population at the first RNA-positive sample to estimate the date of infection, and mapped these estimates to medication diaries obtained under daily directly observed therapy (DOT). (cdc.gov)
  • RESULTS: One hundred forty-seven inpatients with influenza A (H3N2) infection were studied (mean age+/-standard deviation, 72+/-16 years). (wustl.edu)
  • One way in which an influenza virus surmounts biological barriers to cross-species infection is through a mutational change in its polymerase, the enzyme that enables the virus to replicate. (scienceblog.com)
  • Disrupting polymerase function can stop the virus from replicating and thereby reduce the spread and severity of an infection. (scienceblog.com)
  • Inhibition of host factors co-opted during active infection is a strategy hosts use to suppress viral replication and a potential pan-antiviral therapy. (mssm.edu)
  • Viral enteritis is an acute viral infection of the small intestine characterized by symptoms of intoxication and digestive disorders. (osvilt.com)
  • The source of infection viral enteritis - persons with clinical signs or virus. (osvilt.com)
  • Instead, paired serum samples from patients, who suffered from a laboratory confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection, showed high levels or diagnostic rises (96%) in H1N1pdm virus NS1-specific antibodies and very high cross-reactivity to H3N2 subtype influenza A virus NS1 protein. (plos.org)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious, potentially life-threatening viral infection caused by a previously unrecognized virus from the Coronaviridae family, the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). (medscape.com)
  • Human ANP32A ( h ANP32A) lacks an insertion of 33 disordered residues compared to av ANP32A, restricting av H5N1 polymerase activity in mammalian cells. (nature.com)
  • En 2011, on a remarqué que les virus H9N2 circulaient en même temps et co-infectaient les mêmes hôtes que les virus H5N1. (who.int)
  • La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire doit se poursuivre en Égypte afin de déceler les futures évolutions de la circulation du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles. (who.int)
  • Since 2006, the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has circulated among domestic poultry in Egypt, causing massive economic losses in the poultry production sector (1). (who.int)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
  • We show that the NS1 protein of influenza A H3N2 subtype possesses a histone-like sequence (histone mimic) that is used by the virus to target the human PAF1 transcription elongation complex (hPAF1C). (mssm.edu)
  • Peu de renseignements sont disponibles sur les mutations des virus saisonniers de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • Afin de remédier à ce problème et d'étudier les variations génétiques et antigéniques des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2, nous avons procédé à des analyses génétiques et phylogénétiques des gènes de l'hémagglutinine (HA) et de la neuraminidase (NA) de ces virus, sur la période 2011-2013 en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • In addition to total nucleic acid extraction and ribonucleic acid (RNA) separation, the researchers used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to target the conserved site of the influenza A virus (IAV) matrix genes. (news-medical.net)
  • Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and other molecular assays can identify the presence of influenza viral RNA or nucleic acids in respiratory specimens with very high sensitivity and specificity. (cdc.gov)
  • Methods: 250 patients of mild and moderate COVID-19 patients confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were included from 22 nd of June 2020 till 25 th of October 2021, aged 18 to 90 years, 125 patients received FAV 3200 mg no day 1 followed by 600 mg twice daily (from day 2 -day 10). (c19early.org)
  • Zika virus RNA was detected in the woman's serum by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. (medscape.com)
  • The Cusack group uses X-ray crystallography and cryo electron-microscopy (cryoEM) to study the structural biology of protein-RNA complexes involved in RNA virus replication, innate immunity and cellular RNA metabolism. (embl.org)
  • An influenza virus' RNP is composed of both RNA and protein. (cdc.gov)
  • Asparagine 631 variants of the Chicken Mx protein do not inhibit influenza replication in primary chicken embryo fibroblast cells or in vitro surrogate assays. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The method presented was applied to an analysis of influenza A PB2 protein sequences, with the objective of identifying the components of adaptation to human-to-human transmission, and reconstructing the mutation history of these components. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further testing revealed that Apra S4 didn't prevent SARS-CoV-2 from entering cells, but it reduced the amount of viral protein that was produced and transported in cells, especially the spike protein, and it decreased viral RNA replication. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Earlier work by Doudna and Mehle with avian influenza had shown that a mutation in the viral protein PB2 - whereby glutamic acid is replaced at a certain position on the amino acid chain with lysine - enables the virus to jump from birds to humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • In their investigation, Mehle and Doudna found that the 2009 H1N1 virus has acquired the SR polymorphism in its PB2 protein that enhances polymerase activity in human cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • To confirm that the SR polymorphism was a new pathway for the virus to infect humans, they introduced the mutation into the PB2 protein of the avian influenza. (scienceblog.com)
  • HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M2) protein embedded in a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell and covers the matrix (M1) protein that surrounds the viral core. (powershow.com)
  • Here we describe a novel mechanism by which influenza virus affects host cells through the interaction of influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) with the infected cell epigenome. (mssm.edu)
  • Each of these segments is bound by the heterotrimeric viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and multiple copies of nucleoprotein, which form viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These studies are being extended to viral RNPs (the physiological RNA synthesis units) to understand the behaviour of the viral nucleoprotein during replication and transcription and to include host factors important for viral replication. (embl.org)
  • Presumably, favipiravir is inserted into the newly synthesized SARS-CoV-2 RNA chain, which caused a detrimental effect on the viral replication. (springer.com)
  • 30 minutes sample-to-result in vitro diagnostic test, based on isothermal LAMP technology, intended for the extraction and qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA as a single target and combined with the extraction and detection of Influenza A virus, Influenza B virus, human respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus in a multiplex panel from a nasopharyngeal, nasal, throat, and buccal samples. (pharmiweb.com)
  • CoV-2 depends on the quality of the specimen, the date of methods for SARS-CoV-2 RNA target gene detection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Due to this mechanism, it is expected that Avigan may potentially have an antiviral effect on the new coronavirus as it is classified into the same type of single-stranded RNA virus as influenza, and its clinical application to treat COVID-19 is now under study. (fujirumors.com)
  • In this Review, we discuss our current knowledge of the structure of the influenza virus RNA polymerase, and insights that have been gained into the molecular mechanisms of viral transcription and replication, and their regulation by viral and host factors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Rapid molecular assays are a kind of molecular influenza diagnostic test to detect influenza virus nucleic acids in upper respiratory tract specimens with high sensitivity (90-95%) and specificity. (cdc.gov)
  • A new point-of-care influenza test, and the first to deliver highly accurate molecular results in less than 15 minutes, was approved on June 13 by the US Food and Drug Administration, the manufacturer, Alere, announced today. (medscape.com)
  • Doudna, an authority on RNA molecular structures, holds joint appointments with Berkeley Lab's Physical Biosciences Division, and UC Berkeley's Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry. (scienceblog.com)
  • In California, molecular testing was useful in decreasing suspicion for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), by detecting common respiratory pathogens (influenza A/B, human metapneumovirus, picornavirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Chlamydia spp. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since the dawn of time, several viral epidemics have swept the globe, among them the current COVID-19 outbreak. (archivepp.com)
  • Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
  • There are four types of influenza virus: A, B, C, and D. Aquatic birds are the primary source of Influenza A virus (IAV), which is also widespread in various mammals, including humans and pigs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza B virus (IBV) and Influenza C virus (ICV) primarily infect humans, and Influenza D virus (IDV) is found in cattle and pigs. (wikipedia.org)
  • This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, occasional transmissions of influenza A to humans can have a tremendous impact. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have identified an adaptive mutation in the swine origin H1N1 influenza A virus - a pair of amino acid variants termed the 'SR polymorphism' - that enhance replication, and potentially pathogenesis of the virus in humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • She and Andrew Mehle, a post-doctoral fellow in her research group, have published a paper on this research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ( PNAS ) titled: Adaptive strategies of the influenza virus polymerase for replication in humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • As with swine influenza, the polymerase activity and viral replication of the avian virus became enhanced in humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • The fact that all of the 2009 H1N1 isolates contain this second mutation supports the notion that it is important for transmission into humans, although we don't yet know the relative importance of the changes in the polymerase versus mutations elsewhere in the virus. (scienceblog.com)
  • Sequence-specific binding of the influenza virus RNA polymerase to sequences located at the 5' ends of the viral RNAs. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The new test extracts and analyzes DNA and RNA strands to detect sequences associated with viral and bacterial infections, Alere said. (medscape.com)
  • That's why we were surprised when we looked at the gene sequences for the current H1N1 polymerase," Mehle says. (scienceblog.com)
  • Emory virologist Anne Piantadosi and colleagues have a paper in Viral Evolution on the earliest SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequences detected in Georgia. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
  • Domestic poultry and some mammals, particularly swine, are also hosts to a limited number of influenza A subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clinical merits of selected inhibitors were further evaluated, focusing mainly on their cross-protection abilities among influenza virus subtypes and their potential synergetic antiviral effects when used in combination with other drugs. (hku.hk)
  • This study underscores the medical importance of polymerase functional domains as druggable targets, which may be due to the fact that these targeted areas are not only highly conserved among virus subtypes but also key to viral fitness. (hku.hk)
  • Transmission of the influenza virus into a new species can be influenced by mutations in any of the virus's eight genes. (scienceblog.com)
  • We identified topoisomerase 1 (Top1) as a positive regulator of RNA polymerase II transcriptional activity at pathogen-induced genes. (mssm.edu)
  • The gold standard for the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 is the reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, which searches for SARS-CoV-2 target genes in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal (NP/OP) samples, and its performance depends on the quantity and quality of the RNA input. (bvsalud.org)
  • Harvard Medical School researchers identify new targets to inhibit viral replication and may inform the development of a new class of antiviral drugs. (harvard.edu)
  • Whelan and Pyle say these results not only shed light on an important question in basic virology, but also identify a target that may illuminate how to develop of a new class of antiviral drugs directed at this essential 5′ RNA activation. (harvard.edu)
  • Favipiravir is an antiviral drug that has been licenced in Japan since 2014 to treat influenza. (nihr.ac.uk)
  • He noted that Favipiravir is available under the name of Avigan for influenza and is often recommended for viral infections such as bunyavirus, filovirus and arenavirus. (11xi.in)
  • Favipiravir, which has a long and verified history of safety and efficacy, was initially developed by FujiFilm Toyama Chemical Co and approved in Japan (2014) to treat pandemic influenza. (discover-theworld.com)
  • Favipiravir was approved in Japan in 2014 under the brand name AVIGAN for the treatment of new or re-emerging influenza virus infections that do not respond to other anti-influenza virus drugs [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • In the pilot stage of a phase II/III clinical trial in Russia, favipiravir (AVIFAVIR) enabled SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance in 62.5% of patients within 4 days [ 7 ]. (springer.com)
  • However, a randomized controlled trial conducted in Japan found that favipiravir did not significantly improve viral clearance by day 6, although its use was associated with reduced time to defervescence [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • It affords fast discount in viral load inside four days and gives quicker symptomatic and radiological enchancment.Of most significance, Favipiravir has proven medical improvementof up to 88% in COVID-19 mild to moderate COVID 19 circumstances. (guruonlinenews.com)
  • Favipiravir is authorised in Japan since 2014 for the treatment of novel or re-emerging influenza virus infections. (guruonlinenews.com)
  • It has a novel mechanism of motion: it's transformed into an lively phosphoribosylated kind (favipiravir-RTP) in cells and acknowledged as a substrate by viral RNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting RNA polymerase exercise. (guruonlinenews.com)
  • Influenza virus RNA polymerase: insights into the mechanisms of viral RNA synthesis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Sci Rep. 2018) and nucleoside analogue, RNA synthesis inhibitors (Kouba et al . (embl.org)
  • Definition of the minimal viral components required for the initiation of unprimed synthesis by influenza virus RNA polymerase. (cam.ac.uk)
  • 1) Synthesis of new FPV modifications lacking the ability to integrate into the synthesized viral RNA molecule. (crie.ru)
  • The IFD method results identified compounds 3 from C. longa and 5 from A. paniculata as potential compounds in inhibiting the activity of the polymerase PA-PB1 with a docking score of -9.979 kcal/mol, and -13.153 kcal/mol, respectively. (jrespharm.com)
  • The docking analyses predicted the compounds targeting PA or PB2 interacted with enzyme active sites to abolish endonuclease or cap-binding activity of the polymerase, whereas the compound targeting the PA-PB1 interaction likely induced configurational changes that impeded polymerase assembly. (hku.hk)
  • Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • With the wealth of knowledge from these studies, identification of small-molecule inhibitors that specifically disrupt the polymerase assembly or abrogate polymerase activities has emerged as an innovative and promising approach. (hku.hk)
  • Importantly, the established screening platforms for PA endonuclease inhibitors, PB2 cap-binding inhibitors, and PA-PB1 interaction disrupters should advance the development of a category of anti-influenza drugs that target viral polymerase. (hku.hk)
  • The observed binding mode is maintained in the context of heterotrimeric influenza polymerase, placing ANP32A in the immediate vicinity of known host-adaptive PB2 mutants. (nature.com)
  • Replication of IAV is carried out by the RNA-dependent RNA viral polymerase that functions as a heterotrimeric complex, formed from separate components PA, PB1 and PB2. (nature.com)
  • In 2014, we determined the first crystal structures of the complete heterotrimeric influenza polymerase (Pflug et al . (embl.org)
  • De Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM, Richard M . Reduced Replication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Duck Endothelial Cells Compared to Chicken Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Stronger Antiviral Responses. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • Gross photographs of postmortem lesions from red foxes naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States. (news-medical.net)
  • Dextromethorphan treatment of ferrets infected with a pandemic H1N1 strain led to a reduction in clinical disease severity, but no effect on viral titer was observed. (frontiersin.org)
  • The intranasal administration of the identified compounds enhanced survival rates and reduced lung viral loads in BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 virus. (hku.hk)
  • L'analyse a porté sur les séquences complètes des gènes de l'HA et de la NA de 16 échantillons positifs au virus H1N1 prélevés dans le cadre de cette étude, ainsi que sur 21 séquences publiées de l'HA et 20 séquences publiées de la NA, issues de virus jordaniens disponibles sur les bases de données de gènes en ligne. (who.int)
  • All three resistant mutants carried mutations in their polymerase gene. (springer.com)
  • Identifying such mutations is a key to preventing influenza pandemics or devising new vaccines against infections. (scienceblog.com)
  • We need to identify what is unique about human cells that requires mutations in the influenza polymerase, possibly providing new avenues to exploit in developing therapeutic strategies," Mehle says. (scienceblog.com)
  • Les mutations individuelles sont décrites en détail. (who.int)
  • How do they ensure that individual segments are all copied by the same enzyme and that each segment can make different amounts of RNA? (harvard.edu)
  • Remarkably, the scientists observed, those RNAs dictate which of four different start sites the enzyme actually uses. (harvard.edu)
  • There are already rapid influenza detection tests (RIDTs) on the market that produce results in 15 minutes or so, but these rely on enzyme immunoassay technology, which spots antigens to the seasonal influenza virus in clinical specimens. (medscape.com)
  • That means treatments are still needed, and a few are now available that target the virus's RNA polymerase -- the enzyme it uses to make more of its own RNA inside human cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The molecule was also effective against influenza A, Zika virus, dengue and West Nile virus infections. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In recent years there has been a trend towards increased viral intestinal infections in the world. (osvilt.com)
  • Dragonfly™ is a portable, rapid diagnostic system able to identify multiple viral pathogens at the point of need. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Based on the research, these two plants have a potential antiviral activity to be verified experimentally as a candidate for Influenza A virus inhibitor. (jrespharm.com)
  • Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to determine viral RNA concentration and virus isolation were performed. (wustl.edu)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] Laboratory-confirmed influenza (via nasopharyngeal swabs for culture, polymerase chain reaction, or both) occurred in 228 participants in the IIV3-HD group (1.4%) and 301 participants in the IIV3-SD group (1.9%), a relative efficacy of 24.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.7 to 36.5). (medscape.com)
  • In terms of accuracy, the results resemble those possible with slower polymerase chain reaction tests, which can take 1 to 6 hours. (medscape.com)
  • Because of difficulties obtaining convalescent-phase sera, specimens from only 32 case-patients underwent combined testing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and serologic methods. (cdc.gov)
  • Total nucleic acid was extracted from all respiratory specimens for reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR by using the MasterPure Complete DNA and RNA Purification Kit (Epicentre Technologies, Madison, WI). (cdc.gov)
  • Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • ZMapp), anti-sense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO AVI-6002), lipid nanoparticle small interfering RNA (LNP-siRNA: TKM-Ebola), and an EBOV glycoprotein-based vaccine using live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-EBOGP) or a chimpanzee adenovirus (rChAd-EBOGP)-based vector. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As birds are the natural reservoir host for flu, influenza typically grows well in eggs and maintains a safe distance between species you're using to make the vaccine and the target. (cdc.gov)
  • High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
  • A sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy was observed after vaccination with AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix influenza vaccine in Finland at the beginning of 2010. (plos.org)
  • Furthermore, we discuss how advances in our understanding of the structure and function of polymerases could help in identifying new antiviral targets. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Most of the therapeutic agents in this review are directed against non-mutable targets of the host, which is independent of viral mutation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, novel anti-influenza therapeutics utilizing new targets and creative strategies are essential. (hku.hk)
  • In an attempt to facilitate the discovery of antiviral agents that target viral polymerase, isolated functional domains such as the PA endonuclease domain, the PB2 cap-binding domain, and the PA-PB1 interaction domains were expressed as screening targets. (hku.hk)
  • 2) The combined use of FPV with antiviral chemotherapeutic drugs of a different mechanism of action directed at various viral and/or host cell targets. (crie.ru)
  • The team performed two tests for influenza A virus H5 subtyping: IAV and H5 subtype hemagglutinin gene targeted-RT-PCR and the H5 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b-targeted RT-PCR for the North American, Eurasian, and Mexican lineages of the virus. (news-medical.net)
  • Every influenza virus has eight RNP segments, corresponding to the virus' eight total gene segments. (cdc.gov)
  • We propose that the histone mimic in NS1 enables the influenza virus to affect inducible gene expression selectively, thus contributing to suppression of the antiviral response. (mssm.edu)
  • The least sensitive target gene and the gene most affected by RNA extraction procedures was the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (Charité-Berlin protocol). (bvsalud.org)
  • Funk M, de Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Gultyaev AP, Richard M . In Silico Analyses of the Role of Codon Usage at the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Genesis. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • Each of the four species is the sole member of its own genus, and the four influenza genera comprise four of the seven genera in the family Orthomyxoviridae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its anti-influenza virus activity was discovered during an extensive research led by Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd. [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Notably, the detection of influenza viral RNA or nucleic acids by these assays does not necessarily indicate detection of viable infectious virus or on-going influenza viral replication. (cdc.gov)
  • 10.29228/jrp.305 Influenza is an infectious disease of the respiratory system caused by the influenza virus. (jrespharm.com)
  • The co-first authors of the Viral Evolution paper are Emory infectious disease specialist Ahmed Babiker and graduate student Michael Martin, with co-authors from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • For transcription by influenza polymerase, we have recently determined a series of high-resolution structures corresponding to the transcription initiation, elongation and poly-adenylation/termination and recycling states (Kouba et al . (embl.org)
  • Post-mortem specimens included swabs in viral transfer mediums, frozen or refrigerated tissue samples, and tissues preserved in 10% formalin. (news-medical.net)
  • Influenza A virus (IAV) is responsible for 3-5 million severe cases every year, resulting in 250-500,000 deaths 1 . (nature.com)
  • According to the EUA, bamlanivimab is authorized for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients who are 12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg, with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing, who are at high risk for progressing to severe COVID-19 and/or hospitalization. (reachmd.com)
  • RNA-Seq analysis revealed that more severe disease in line W was associated with significant up-regulation of pathways involved in inflammation, cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPases, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling, and Wnt signaling in the bursa compared to line 15I. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • This revolutionary approach allows severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A virus (IAV), influenza B virus (IBV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) to be detected in a single test. (pharmiweb.com)
  • BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to characterize viral loads and factors affecting viral clearance in persons with severe influenza. (wustl.edu)
  • CONCLUSION: Patients hospitalized with severe influenza have more active and prolonged viral replication. (wustl.edu)
  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing pandemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become virtually endemic due to universal vaccination and a decreased viral pathogenicity that has gradually developed over time, especially after emergence of the so-called Omicron lineages characterized by high immune escape [ 1 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • In severe viral enteritis stool frequency can reach twenty times a day. (osvilt.com)
  • Also at stake is a better understanding of the mechanisms through which the viral polymerase determines the virulence and zoonotic potential of IAVs. (pasteur.fr)
  • A substantial fraction (up to 50) of influenza virions contain large helical internal components (A, B), which may contain individual ribonucleoprotein (RNP) segments (C) linked together. (powershow.com)
  • Our findings have important implications for countries in the tropics/subtropics and in resource-limited settings, and categorized transmission intensity can be used to assess severity of potential pandemic influenza as well as seasonal influenza. (who.int)
  • The RNPs were shown in white, with their coiled structures, and three-bulbed polymerase complex on the ends. (cdc.gov)
  • The individual RNPs each contain a binding site for the viral polymerase, as seen by the immunogold labeling of the end of the RNP segment (C). The external view of the virions (D) illustrates the pleomorphic appearance and the surface spikes. (powershow.com)
  • A 2021 study suggests influenza can cause long lasting symptoms in a similar way to long COVID. (wikipedia.org)