Influenza viral. Medical search. Frequent questions

The gold standard for confirming influenza virus infection is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture of nasopharyngeal or throat secretions. (medscape.com)
Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
As a test of the physiologic role of the NLR molecule NLRP3 during RNA viral infection, we explored the in vivo role of NLRP3 inflammasome components during influenza virus infection. (nih.gov)
Inhibition of ROS induction eliminated IL-1beta production in animals during influenza infection. (nih.gov)
Together, these data place the NLRP3 inflammasome as an essential component in host defense against influenza infection through the sensing of viral RNA. (nih.gov)
Even though vaccines are available, influenza infection still impacts millions of people annually. (stjude.org)
However, influenza virus testing can inform clinical management when the results may influence clinical decisions such as whether to initiate antiviral treatment, perform other diagnostic testing, or to implement infection prevention and control measures for influenza. (cdc.gov)
During a respiratory illness outbreak in a closed setting (e.g., hospitals, long-term care facility, cruise ship, boarding school, summer camp) testing for influenza virus infection can be very helpful in determining if influenza is the cause of the outbreak . (cdc.gov)
Some multiplex molecular assays are available that can detect influenza viral nucleic acids and distinguish influenza virus infection from other respiratory pathogens and may also be useful for management of severely immunosuppressed patients, or for use in identifying the cause of an institutional outbreak of respiratory illness. (cdc.gov)
This study aimed at estimating the AH1N1 infection, hospitalization and mortality rates, and at identifying related clinical features in persons who received medical care during the influenza pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
Neuraminidase inhibitors act directly on the viral proteins, decreasing the virulence of infection. (medscape.com)
Accordingly, zanamivir is now recommended as the initial choice for antiviral prophylaxis or treatment when influenza A infection or exposure is suspected. (medscape.com)
Using a co-caging study design, we investigated the maintenance , generation, and transmission of intrahost IAV genetic variation by sequencing viral genomic RNA obtained from nasal wash samples over multiple days of infection . (bvsalud.org)
The influenza A virus (IAV), usually persisting in wild birds and causing outbreaks of infection in domestic poultry, in some cases can cause a severe flu infection in humans. (foxchase.org)
Investigation of the influenza A virus infection, accompanied by lysis of infected cells, led researchers from the Fox Chase Cancer Center to the discovery of proteins involved in regulation of a specific and immunogenic form of cell death, necroptosis. (foxchase.org)
Pharyngitis and sore throat develop in about 50% of the patients with influenza A and in a lesser proportion of patients with influenza B. Severe pharyngitis is particularly common in patients with type A. The influenza virus invades the respiratory epithelium, causing necrosis, which predisposes the patient to secondary bacterial infection. (medscape.com)
The spectrum of influenza infection ranges from subclinical cases to fulminating viral pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
The most commonly used serologic test to document influenza virus infection is hemagglutination inhibition because it (and neutralization) is more sensitive than complement fixation and allows subtype and strain-specific antibody to be measured. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Infection with influenza viruses can be asymptomatic or result in disease that ranges from mild to severe. (cdc.gov)
Five cases of human infection with a novel influenza A virus were reported during the 2010--11 influenza season from three states. (cdc.gov)
The child, whose infection with influenza A (H3N2) virus was confirmed several weeks later by serologic testing, did not have direct swine exposure, and most likely acquired infection from close contact with her father. (cdc.gov)
There in the chapter, Tea and Health among the many health benefits listed was "(prevention of) infection by the influenza virus. (happyearthtea.com)
Another 2018 study by Japanese scientists, " Effect of Tea Catechins on Influenza Infection and the Common Cold with a Focus on Epidemiological/Clinical Studies ", concluded that "although the number of clinical/epidemiological studies on tea catechins against influenza and the common cold are limited, the present studies suggest the possibility of preventive effects on influenza and common cold. (happyearthtea.com)
It also suggested that gargling with tea lowered risks of influenza infection. (happyearthtea.com)
Seasonal influenza vaccination is considered the main strategy to protect against influenza viruses, combat influenza infection, and reduce disease severity. (health.mil)
Influenza may progress to pneumonia, which can be caused by the virus or by a subsequent bacterial infection. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza infection is diagnosed with laboratory methods such as antibody or antigen tests and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify viral nucleic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Pneumonia may be caused by the primary viral infection or by a secondary bacterial infection. (wikipedia.org)
Viral influenza is a seasonal infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality. (wustl.edu)
Pulmonary complications of influenza are most common and include primary influenza and secondary bacterial infection. (wustl.edu)
The symptoms of viremia often depend on the cause of the infection, but many viral infections cause a similar set of symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Sometimes the name of the related viral infection is listed to further describe cases of viremia, such as HIV-viremia or West Nile-viremia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For most viral infections, treatment involves dealing with the symptoms of the infection rather than the virus itself. (medicalnewstoday.com)
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Influenza A (fluA) infection causes annual substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly for infants, the elderly, and the immuncompromised. (sbir.gov)
People who contracted COVID-19 are significantly more likely to develop epilepsy or experience a seizure within 6 months of infection than those who contracted influenza. (neurosciencenews.com)
A new mouse study reveals two different strains of influenza cause changes to both the function and structure of the hippocampus that can last for one month post infection. (neurosciencenews.com)
Researchers report a population of immune cells develop during late stages of the immune response to influenza infection. (neurosciencenews.com)
According to researchers, three anti-influenza compounds also appear to be able to inhibit Zika virus infection. (neurosciencenews.com)
H1N1 influenza is a viral infection. (familydoctor.org)
Whether the infection is labeled covid-19, influenza or something else, all these infections are inevitable and can be overcome naturally, resulting in durable and comprehensive immunity . (coronavirusherbs.com)
These actions can reduce the spread of infectious viral material by magnitudes greater than the current fear-based approach which does not differentiate those with infection and those without and has no measurable effect on reducing the amount of infectious virus emanating from an infected person. (coronavirusherbs.com)
Since viral replication, symptoms and transmission occur in the nasal and oropharyngeal area, reducing viral titers as early as possible might represent a proactive strategy to prevent infection, dissemination, disease, and spread," the authors wrote. (coronavirusherbs.com)
Antibiotics can't cure a viral infection. (healthline.com)
Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
The knockdown of NLRC5 enhanced the expression of genes known to be associated with viral defense and decreased innate cytokine gene expression following AIV infection. (figshare.com)
Overall, our investigation strongly suggests that NLRC5 is a pro-viral factor during IAV infection in chicken and may contribute to pathogenesis through innate cytokine regulation. (figshare.com)
Few studies have described co-infection in a large cohort with severe influenza infection. (elsevierpure.com)
Study design: Retrospective cohort study of patients with severe influenza infection from September 2013 through April 2014 in intensive care units at 33 U.S. hospitals comparing characteristics of cases with and without co-infection in bivariable and multivariable analysis. (elsevierpure.com)
Results: Of 507 adult and pediatric patients, 114 (22.5%) developed bacterial co-infection and 23 (4.5%) developed viral co-infection. (elsevierpure.com)
Common Cold The common cold is a viral infection. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza (Flu) Influenza, often called the flu, is a viral infection that affects your lungs and airways. (msdmanuals.com)
What are the symptoms of a viral respiratory tract infection? (msdmanuals.com)
When should my child see a doctor for a viral respiratory tract infection? (msdmanuals.com)
How can doctors tell if my child has a viral respiratory tract infection? (msdmanuals.com)

Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
In this research, the scientists explored if influenza viruses would evolve resistance when exposed to an experimental endonuclease inhibitor called RO-7, a drug similar to others in advanced clinical trial. (stjude.org)
Influenza virus testing is not required to make a clinical diagnosis of influenza in outpatients with suspected influenza, particularly during increased influenza activity when seasonal influenza A and B viruses are circulating in the local community. (cdc.gov)
Sensitivity and specificity of any test for influenza viruses in respiratory specimens might vary by the type of testing method and specific test used, the time from illness onset to specimen collection, the quality of the specimen collected, the respiratory source of the specimen, handling and processing of the specimen, and the time from specimen collection to testing. (cdc.gov)
The post-test probability or predictive values (positive and negative predictive values) of an influenza virus test depend upon the prevalence of circulating seasonal influenza viruses in the patient population, and the specific test characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) compared to a "gold standard" comparison test (molecular assay or viral culture). (cdc.gov)
The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommends use of rapid influenza molecular assays over rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) for detection of influenza viruses in respiratory specimens of outpatients. (cdc.gov)
IDSA recommends use of RT-PCR or other molecular assays for detection of influenza viruses in respiratory specimens of hospitalized patients. (cdc.gov)
However, for these avian (av) viruses to efficiently replicate in mammalian cells, host adaptation of the viral polymerase is necessary. (nature.com)
Viral pharyngitis can be caused by numerous viruses. (medscape.com)
Isolation of H5N6, H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza A viruses from air sampled at live poultry markets in China, 2014 and 2015. (cdc.gov)
Zoonotic infections by avian influenza viruses occur at the human-poultry interface, but the modes of transmission have not been fully investigated. (cdc.gov)
Viral genome and infectious avian influenza A viruses of H5N6, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes were detected predominantly from particles larger or equal to 1 microm in diameter in the air sampled with cyclone-based bioaerosol samplers at the live poultry markets in Guangzhou. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A(H9N2) viruses were ubiquitously isolated every month during the study period from air and environmental swabs, and different lineages of H9N2 virus were isolated from markets where chickens and minor land-based poultry were sold. (cdc.gov)
The results highlight the possibility of airborne transmission of avian influenza viruses among poultry or from poultry to humans within such settings. (cdc.gov)
Changes in influenza viruses can take the form of antigenic drift or antigenic shift. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift involves small mutations in the genes of influenza viruses that lead to changes in HA and NA that accumulate over time, resulting in the emergence of novel strains that the human immune system may not recognize. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift, along with waning immunity, results in annual influenza epidemics, since the protection that remains from past exposures to similar viruses is incomplete. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)
18 designated national influenza centres and four national influenza laboratories are operational with the ability to detect and confirm unusual influenza viruses with human pandemic potential. (who.int)
however, 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B viruses also circulated, and the predominant virus varied by U.S. Department of Health and Human Service (HHS) region and week. (cdc.gov)
17,599(62%) were influenza A (H3N2) viruses, and 10,946 (38%) were 2009 influenza A (H1N1) viruses. (cdc.gov)
Although influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominated, 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B viruses also circulated widely. (cdc.gov)
From early November though early December, influenza B viruses accounted for 40%--49% of influenza viruses reported nationally, with the largest numbers reported from the southeastern states (HHS Region 4). (cdc.gov)
Influenza B viruses were predominant in Region 4 from early November through late December. (cdc.gov)
The proportion of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) viruses increased nationally, beginning in January, and peaked during the week ending February 20, 2011, when 49% of all subtyped influenza A viruses were 2009 influenza A (H1N1) viruses. (cdc.gov)
Although during this time influenza A (H3N2) viruses still predominated nationally, 2009 influenza A (H1N1) predominated in five of the 10 regions (Regions 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9) for 5--7 consecutive weeks, ranging from the week ending January 15 to the week ending April 2, 2011. (cdc.gov)
All five cases were infected with swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
Since October 1, 2010, CDC has antigenically characterized 2,494 influenza viruses submitted by U.S. laboratories. (cdc.gov)
Those have included 613 2009 influenza A (H1N1) viruses, 1,139 influenza A (H3N2) viruses, and 742 influenza B viruses. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses cause disease among all age groups ( 2--4 ). (cdc.gov)
On the basis of an empty and therefore non-infectious shell of a phage virus, researchers from Berlin have developed a chemically modified phage capsid that stifles influenza viruses. (nfusion-tech.com)
See PHIL 13469, for the diagrammatic representation of how this Swine Flu stain came to be, through the "reassortment" of two different Influenza viruses. (health.mil)
The estimated VE (46%) indicated that the influenza vaccine during the 2019-2020 influenza season was moderately effective against these influenza viruses. (health.mil)
Influenza surveillance conducted by DODGRS during the 2019-2020 influenza season identified circulating influenza virus (sub)types, provided timely data on the genetic characteristics of the circulating viruses, and estimated influenza VE. (health.mil)
The influenza vaccine was moderately effective against influenza viruses during the 2019-2020 influenza season. (health.mil)
Influenza viruses change from year to year as they undergo constant antigenic drifts and potential antigenic shifts. (health.mil)
Because of the changing nature of these viruses, it is crucial to conduct annual surveillance to determine the circulating viruses and to detect changes in the viruses during the influenza season. (health.mil)
To improve vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza viruses, the strains used in the influenza vaccine need to be updated regularly based on the surveillance findings. (health.mil)
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
In humans, influenza viruses are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets produced from coughing and sneezing. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza viruses, particularly IAV, evolve quickly, so flu vaccines are updated regularly to match which influenza strains are in circulation. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza viruses comprise four species. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza A viruses contain a segmented negative-sense RNA genome, which is transcribed and replicated by the viral-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (FluPolA) composed of PB1, PB2 and PA subunits3-5. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPolA from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (ox.ac.uk)
Influenza viruses present a significant health challenge each year, as in the H3N2 epidemic of 2012-2013. (rcsb.org)
This antiviral activity has previously been demonstrated against influenza viruses in vitro . (coronavirusherbs.com)
Pomegranate and black choke berry stop viral replication against the enveloped viruses. (coronavirusherbs.com)
The polyphenols in pomegranate inactivate influenza viruses by targeting the virion surface glycoproteins, causing structural damage to the virion. (coronavirusherbs.com)
Influenza , commonly referred to as the flu , is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals. (medicalxpress.com)
Influenza viruses can be inactivated by sunlight, disinfectants and detergents. (medicalxpress.com)
This project will explore determine how sequence variation in the UTR's of the influenza vRNA's (particularly, HA and NA) impact the replication/fitness of influenza A viruses by focusing our analysis on the UTR's of high yield reassortants used as vaccine seed stocks and selected naturally circulating strains. (jcvi.org)
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause major economic losses to the global poultry industry. (figshare.com)
Seasonality patterns for both influenza viruses and non-influenza respiratory pathogens have been established through many years of surveillance data. (publichealthscotland.scot)
A total of 1795 influenza viruses were tested for oseltamivir-resistance using a fluorometric neuraminidase inhibition assay. (who.int)
Viruses were collected as part of a sentinel influenza surveillance programme between the years 2006 and 2010. (who.int)
All influenza B, influenza A(H3N2) and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses tested between 2006 and 2010 were shown to be sensitive to oseltamivir. (who.int)
Seasonal influenza A(H1N1) viruses from 2008 and 2009 were resistant to oseltamivir. (who.int)
Sequencing of the neuraminidase gene showed that the resistant viruses contained an H275Y mutation, and S247N was also identified in the neuraminidase gene of one seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus that exhibited enhanced resistance. (who.int)
Over the last decade there has been an extensive amount of research into the development and occurrence of antiviral drug resistance in human influenza viruses. (who.int)
7 Such work not only determines the present efficacy of the drug but also reveals important information on the genesis of anti-viral drug resistance in influenza viruses. (who.int)
8 This allowance was made with an expectation that influenza viruses from the community would be monitored for the potential development of oseltamivir-resistance. (who.int)
Preceding the 2007/2008 northern hemisphere season, instances of oseltamivir-resistance occurred at low levels in seasonal human influenza viruses. (who.int)
10 Increased occurrence of resistance in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses has been detected in community samples in the United Kingdom, 11 and sustained community transmission has been reported in Australia. (who.int)

Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
The seasonal flu vaccine has been associated with fewer hospitalizations and deaths from influenza or pneumonia among the elderly living in a community. (epnet.com)
Up to 5% of people experience these symptoms after getting the seasonal influenza vaccine. (epnet.com)
Influenza vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) makes the final decision about vaccine strains for influenza vaccines to be sold in the United States, based on year-round surveillance conducted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). (medscape.com)
The first live, attenuated influenza vaccine was licensed in 2003. (cdc.gov)
A non-live, recombinant influenza virus vaccine not requiring isolation or growth in hen's eggs was licensed in 2013. (cdc.gov)
certolizumab pegol decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent, intranasal by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States during the 2010--11 influenza season (October 3, 2010--May 21, 2011) and describes the components of the 2011--12 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
This report updates the 2004 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. (cdc.gov)
and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
End-of-season influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated using a test-negative case-control study design. (health.mil)
Conclusions No associations were observed between exposure to pH1N1 influenza vaccine during pregnancy and most five year pediatric health outcomes. (bmj.com)
Scientists at Scripps Research, University of Chicago and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have identified a new Achilles' heel of influenza virus, making progress in the quest for a universal flu vaccine. (medicalxpress.com)
A vaccine combining centralized ancestral genes from four major influenza strains appears to provide broad protection against the dangerous ailment, according to new research by a team from the Nebraska Center for Virology. (medicalxpress.com)
Influenza Vaccine The influenza virus vaccine helps protect against influenza. (msdmanuals.com)

Location of the oligonucleotides based on the strain of pandemic influenza A/2009/H1N1, Genbank accession no. (cdc.gov)
Among patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009, association between the HA and NP viral loads and patient characteristics (demographics, underlying diseases, and clinical severity of illness) were assessed with the multivariate analysis of variance. (cdc.gov)
Diagnostic testing for pandemic influenza in Singapore: a novel dual-gene quantitative real-time RT-PCR for the detection of influenza A/H1N1/2009. (cdc.gov)
In 2018 South Korean scientists studied the anti-viral efficacy of green tea extract against human influenza virus or H1N1. (happyearthtea.com)
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 occurred actively 3 weeks thereafter, and then co-circulated highly with influenza B through the end of March 2020. (health.mil)
Starting at surveillance week 45 (3-9 Nov. 2019), influenza B was the predominant influenza type, followed by high activity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 three weeks thereafter. (health.mil)
Both influenza B and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were then highly co-circulated through surveillance week 13 (22-28 March 2020). (health.mil)
Objective To determine whether any association exists between exposure to 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza vaccination during pregnancy and negative health outcomes in early childhood. (bmj.com)
The importance of surveillance for resistance to oseltamivir has been highlighted by two global events: the emergence of an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus in 2008, and emergence of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009. (who.int)

In infections like hepatitis C and HIV, combination therapy is highly effective and greatly reduces the emergence of resistant viral variants. (stjude.org)
However, if you are at high risk of catching a cold or influenza or are at risk for developing complications from these infections, try to avoid crowded areas or people who are obviously sick during the flu season. (epnet.com)
Unlike rhinovirus infections, adenovirus directly invades the pharyngeal mucosa, as shown by the viral cytopathic effect. (medscape.com)
In general, serology is a sensitive technique for establishing influenza infections. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Influenza and other respiratory infections represent a major public health problem in WHO's Eastern Mediterranean Region where complex emergencies and weak health systems make pandemic preparedness challenging. (who.int)
WHO supports Member States to establish functional sentinel systems for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infections (SARI). (who.int)
Blood tests and blood cultures may also be necessary to determine or confirm the specific cause of viral infections and viremia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In some cases, a doctor may diagnose viremia by comparing a person's symptoms with those of other viral infections that someone has potentially been exposed to. (medicalnewstoday.com)
While the initial study was focused on influenza, researchers speculate the device could be sufficient at spotting the beginning of other infections, including COVID-19. (neurosciencenews.com)
The simple act of gargling green tea combats influenza infections, too, cleansing one of the main areas where respiratory pathogens enter the body. (coronavirusherbs.com)
The authors stressed the importance of using herbal antivirals in the hospital setting to mitigate viral attachment and viral load, no matter if the infections are SARS-CoV-2, influenza or some other respiratory pathogen. (coronavirusherbs.com)
Bacterial vs. Viral Infections: What's the Difference? (healthline.com)
Most bacterial and viral infections are contagious, and different types of pathogens may lead to symptoms of varying severity. (healthline.com)
In this article, we take a look at the primary differences between bacterial and viral infections. (healthline.com)
Certain types of viral infections are treated with antiviral medications. (healthline.com)
How are bacterial and viral infections transmitted? (healthline.com)
Like bacterial infections, many viral infections are also contagious. (healthline.com)
Also, similarly to bacterial infections, viral infections can be transmitted by the bite of an infected insect or through consuming food or water that has been contaminated. (healthline.com)
Smoking increases the risk of both bacterial and viral infections. (who.int)
Bacterial co-infections (OR 2.2 [1.4-3.6], p = 0.001) and viral co-infections (OR 3.1 [1.3-7.4], p = 0.010) were both associated with death in bivariable analysis. (elsevierpure.com)
What are viral respiratory tract infections? (msdmanuals.com)
What causes viral respiratory tract infections in children? (msdmanuals.com)
Viral respiratory tract infections spread easily among groups of children, such as children in child care centers or schools. (msdmanuals.com)
How do doctors treat viral respiratory tract infections in children? (msdmanuals.com)

Each year, the World Health Organization (WHO) tries to determine which strains of the influenza virus will be most dangerous in the upcoming influenza season. (epnet.com)
Typically, 3 virus strains (2 influenza A and 1 influenza B), which antigenically represent the influenza strains likely to circulate the next flu season, are included in the formulation each year. (medscape.com)
Quadrivalent vaccines that included 2 influenza A strains and 2 influenza B strains are available. (medscape.com)
Most influenza strains evolve exclusively in the large reservoir of water birds, but some highly pathogenic avian strains (e.g. (nature.com)
These novel strains are the influenza virus's evolutionary adaptations to a strong population-wide immune response. (cdc.gov)
Since the late 1800s, large outbreaks of novel influenza strains that spread globally, called pandemics, have occurred every 10-50 years. (wikipedia.org)

There are a number of alternate vaccination strategies in current development which may circumvent the need for annual re-vaccination, including new platform technologies such as viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
Results Of 104 249 live births, 31 295 (30%) were exposed to pH1N1 influenza vaccination in utero. (bmj.com)
Annual vaccination can help to provide protection against influenza. (wikipedia.org)
HealthDay)-Influenza vaccination may have a protective effect for COVID-19-positive patients, according to a brief report recently published in the Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. (medicalxpress.com)
Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
Since 4 September 2023 (the current Winter 2023 vaccination programme) 1,235,699 influenza (Adult 18+), 333,375 influenza (Children 6 months to 17 years) and 1,013,048 COVID-19 vaccines were administered in Scotland. (publichealthscotland.scot)

Influenza A virus is a main cause of winter epidemics that results in increments in respiratory morbidity. (biomedcentral.com)
Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Pregnant women are considered to be at high risk for serious illness due to influenza related mortality and morbidity documented during influenza pandemics and seasonal epidemics. (bmj.com)
An example is influenza, which causes seasonal epidemics in the cold months of every year. (healthline.com)
Influenza spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in the deaths of between &10000000000250000000000250,000 and &10000000000500000000000500,000 people every year, up to millions in some pandemic years. (medicalxpress.com)
Two types of influenza virus, type A and type B, regularly cause seasonal epidemics of influenza in the United States. (msdmanuals.com)

We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
Notably, the detection of influenza viral RNA or nucleic acids by these assays does not necessarily indicate detection of viable infectious virus or on-going influenza viral replication. (cdc.gov)
During viral replication in a host, the negative sense single stranded RNA genome of IAV accumulates genetic diversity that may have important consequences for viral evolution and transmission . (bvsalud.org)
Replication of IAV is carried out by the RNA-dependent RNA viral polymerase that functions as a heterotrimeric complex, formed from separate components PA, PB1 and PB2. (nature.com)
Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of genomic viral RNA (vRNA) replication-which proceeds through a complementary RNA (cRNA) replicative intermediate, and requires oligomerization of the polymerase7-10-remain largely unknown. (ox.ac.uk)
Is the Subject Area "Viral replication" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
Many host factors have been identified that act as regulators of the inflammatory response and virus replication in influenza A virus (IAV) infected cells including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) like receptor (NLR) family proteins. (figshare.com)

A chest X-ray may show an infiltrate in those with primary viral pneumonia or a complicating bacterial pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
The most common serious complications of influenza include exacerbation of underlying chronic pulmonary and cardiopulmonary diseases, such as worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and congestive heart failure, as well the development of pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Secondary pneumonia typically has a period of improvement in symptoms for 1-3 weeks followed by recurrent fever, sputum production, and fluid buildup in the lungs, but can also occur just a few days after influenza symptoms appear. (wikipedia.org)
During influenza season, treatment of pneumonia should include empiric coverage for this pathogen. (wustl.edu)
Flu can occasionally cause either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia. (medicalxpress.com)

The conserved MP region that was targeted, theoretically (in silico), allowed the detection of all human influenza subtypes. (cdc.gov)
Three types of influenza virus are known to affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A influenza has subtypes determined by the surface antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)

The father had a nasopharyngeal swab positive for swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) virus and had direct swine exposure 6 days before illness onset. (cdc.gov)
Captured in 2011, this transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image depicts some of the ultrastructural details displayed by H3N2 influenza virions, responsible for causing illness in Indiana and Pennsylvania in 2011. (health.mil)

Older adults suffer the most severe health effects from influenza, often leading to catastrophic disability. (medscape.com)
Influenza A virus (IAV) is responsible for 3-5 million severe cases every year, resulting in 250-500,000 deaths 1 . (nature.com)
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were less multifunctional than influenza-specific T cells, particularly in severe cases, potentially suggesting exhaustion. (nih.gov)
Influenza risk is twofold higher and more severe in smokers compared with nonsmokers. (who.int)
Although it is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease than the common cold and is caused by a different type of virus. (medicalxpress.com)

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly infectious pathogen responsible for seasonal and pandemic influenza . (bvsalud.org)
In 2011, stakeholders and WHO jointly established the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework. (who.int)
All countries should have access to pandemic influenza vaccines and antiviral medicines to help reduce pandemic-related morbidity and mortality. (who.int)
Overall, the percentages of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) were lower during the 2010--11 season than the 2009--10 pandemic influenza season. (cdc.gov)

Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
There are four types of influenza virus: A, B, C, and D. Aquatic birds are the primary source of Influenza A virus (IAV), which is also widespread in various mammals, including humans and pigs. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza B virus (IBV) and Influenza C virus (ICV) primarily infect humans, and Influenza D virus (IDV) is found in cattle and pigs. (wikipedia.org)

Kaoud, H. A., 'Effect of Disinfectants on the Recovery, Titer and Viral RNA of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1)', International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT), vol. 3, issue 3, pp. 307-311, 2013. (cu.edu.eg)
The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)

However, outbreaks of febrile respiratory illness cases during the winter through spring months are characteristic of influenza. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Influenza is an infectious viral illness. (cdc.gov)
Influenza C is rarely reported as a cause of human illness, probably because most cases are subclinical. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is a contagious and potentially life-threatening respiratory illness. (who.int)
Oseltamivir is a prescription medicine in New Zealand, but more timely access has been provided since 2007 by allowing pharmacies to directly dispense oseltamivir to patients with influenza-like illness. (who.int)

Laboratory-based influenza surveillance was conducted in the 2019-2020 influenza season among Department of Defense (DOD) beneficiaries through the DOD Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program (DODGRS). (health.mil)

It was conducted through the Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), a program funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health. (stjude.org)
consequently, this agent is not recommended for treatment or prophylaxis of influenza in individuals with underlying airway diseases (eg, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). (medscape.com)
Sadikova would like to remind everyone that influenza and COVID-19 are both serious diseases. (terviseamet.ee)
Let us consider here 4 diseases that are a threat to mankind: SARS/COVID-19, AIDS, Ebola, and Influenza. (revelation13.net)
Tracking infectious respiratory diseases, including COVID-19 and influenza, is essential, especially in the winter when the disease burden can be highest. (publichealthscotland.scot)

However, in vivo evidence for the involvement of NLR proteins in viral sensing has not been widely investigated and remains controversial. (nih.gov)
The material is valuable as an immunogen and for the purification of viral proteins. (diagnostictechnology.com.au)
Plant-based medicines contain catechins, tannins and flavonoids that attack viral proteins. (coronavirusherbs.com)
Inhibitory effect of amantadine (I-amino adamantane) and remantadine (alpha-methyl-1-adamantane methylamine) hydrochlorides on reproduction of influenza A virus as well as, in particular, on formation of virus specific proteins was studied in cell culture. (msk.ru)
Galegov G.A., Vladyko A.S., Linitskaia G.L., Shobukhov V.M. (1981) Effect of amantadine (1-aminoadamantane) and remantadine (alpha-methyl-1-adamantane methyl amine) hydrochlorides on formation of influenza A viral proteins. (msk.ru)
Effect of amantadine (1-aminoadamantane) and remantadine (alpha-methyl-1-adamantane methyl amine) hydrochlorides on formation of influenza A viral proteins // Voprosy Meditsinskoi Khimii. (msk.ru)

Significantly, the emergence of resistance to RO-7 took a similar time course as viral resistance to the current neuraminidase inhibitors. (stjude.org)
The antiviral drugs indicated for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza are the neuraminidase inhibitors (ie, oseltamivir and zanamivir). (medscape.com)
Specifically, neuraminidase-a glycoprotein located on the surface of the influenza virus-cleaves the attachment between hemagglutinin on the viral surface and the sialic acid receptor on the host cell membrane, thereby facilitating the release of the virion from the cell. (medscape.com)
Inhibition of neuraminidase thus decreases viral spread. (medscape.com)
Peramivir elicits antiviral activity by inhibiting influenza virus neuraminidase, an enzyme that releases viral particles from the plasma membrane of infected cells. (medscape.com)
If started promptly, antiviral medications may reduce complications of acute influenza, but increasing resistance to amantadine and perhaps neuraminidase inhibitors underscores the need for novel prevention and treatment strategies. (wustl.edu)

Local influenza surveillance data and laboratory testing can assist the physician regarding antiviral agent choice. (medscape.com)
All countries should have access to a laboratory designated as a national influenza centre, which is the backbone of the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). (who.int)
Since the initiation of PIP support in 2014, significant improvements have been witnessed in those priority countries when it comes to influenza surveillance, as well as pandemic preparedness and response systems and capacities. (who.int)
Support integrated surveillance for influenza and other high-impact respiratory pathogens. (who.int)
Monitor and evaluate influenza surveillance activities. (who.int)
Every year, the Department of Defense (DOD) Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program (DODGRS) performs routine respiratory pathogen surveillance among DOD service members and their beneficiaries, and evaluates influenza VE. (health.mil)

Drift occurs in all three types of influenza virus (A, B, C). (cdc.gov)

The FDA waived federal Clinical Laboratories Improvement Act (CLIA) requirements and cleared for marketing seven rapid influenza diagnostic tests that directly detect influenza A or B virus-associated antigens or enzyme in throat swabs, nasal swabs, or nasal washes. (medscape.com)
and antigen detection tests (including rapid influenza diagnostic tests and immunofluorescence assays). (cdc.gov)

This study identified various signs and symptoms for the clinical diagnosis of AH1N1 influenza and revealed that some of them can be age-specific. (biomedcentral.com)
The standard influenza symptoms typically last for 2-8 days. (wikipedia.org)
A 2021 study suggests influenza can cause long lasting symptoms in a similar way to long COVID. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza may produce nausea and vomiting, particularly in children, but these symptoms are more common in the unrelated gastroenteritis, which is sometimes, inaccurately, referred to as "stomach flu. (medicalxpress.com)
The pharmacist had to be satisfied that the oseltamivir was for a resident of New Zealand, aged 12 years or more and presenting with the symptoms of influenza. (who.int)

We compared self- and staff-collected swabs in terms of swabbing quality and detection of viral respiratory pathogens. (plos.org)
Viral respiratory pathogens were detected by multiplex RT-PCR (Seeplex RV15 kit, Seegene, Eschborn, Germany). (plos.org)
Nasal self-swabbing for identification of viral ARI pathogens proved to be equivalent to staff-swabbing in this population in terms of acceptance and pathogen detection. (plos.org)
Akmatov MK, Gatzemeier A, Schughart K, Pessler F (2012) Equivalence of Self- and Staff-Collected Nasal Swabs for the Detection of Viral Respiratory Pathogens. (plos.org)
Background: Influenza acts synergistically with bacterial co-pathogens. (elsevierpure.com)
Most influenza and non-influenza pathogens circulate in the autumn and winter in Scotland, although some are known to circulate in the spring and summer. (publichealthscotland.scot)

The research focused on a drug belonging to a new class of compounds called endonuclease inhibitors, which target a viral enzyme that the influenza virus needs to duplicate its genetic material. (stjude.org)
Rapid diagnostic techniques to identify viral antigens in clinical specimens include immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassay, and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Serologic techniques for measuring antibody against influenza include hemagglutination inhibition, neutralization, enzyme immunoassay, and complement fixation. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Purified viral lysates can be used in the manufacture of detection systems using solid-phase enzyme immunoassay, western blotting, dot-blotting and related techniques. (diagnostictechnology.com.au)
Catechins interfere with endosome acidification and viral enzyme activity, blocking their fusion to host cells. (coronavirusherbs.com)

The FDA has approved an influenza RT-PCR test developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that can provide results within 4 hours. (medscape.com)

Rapid molecular assays are a kind of molecular influenza diagnostic test to detect influenza virus nucleic acids in upper respiratory tract specimens with high sensitivity (90-95%) and specificity. (cdc.gov)
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays have also been used to detect influenza virus RNA in clinical specimens. (antiinfectivemeds.com)

a WHO National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science & Research, National Centre for Biosecurity & Infectious Disease, New Zealand. (who.int)

It is the only in vitro diagnostic test for influenza that is cleared by the FDA for use with lower respiratory tract specimens. (medscape.com)
Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and other molecular assays can identify the presence of influenza viral RNA or nucleic acids in respiratory specimens with very high sensitivity and specificity. (cdc.gov)
Improve shipping capacity of influenza virus specimens to WHO collaborating centres. (who.int)
The proportion of specimens testing positive for influenza during the 2010--11 season first exceeded 10%, indicating higher levels of virus circulation, during the week ending November 27, 2010. (cdc.gov)

Oseltamivir is effective for the treatment of influenza A or B. It must be administered within 48 hours of symptom onset. (medscape.com)

Antiviral treatment for influenza prophylaxis. (epnet.com)

The efficacy of oseltamivir against avian influenza is not well established. (medscape.com)
6 Oseltamivir-resistance in influenza should be closely monitored to determine if the continued efficacy of oseltamivir warrants its use for influenza. (who.int)

It is indicated for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in adults who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. (medscape.com)
Study reveals how acute stress influences the brain's control over immune response, impacting recovery from COVID-19 and influenza. (neurosciencenews.com)

If the activity of DAI and/or RIPK3 contributes to the virulence of the virus, inhibiting DAI or RIPK3- induced cell death may benefit patients infected with a pandemic or virulent strain of the influenza virus. (foxchase.org)
A total of 108 influenza A cases were identified last week, including ninety-seven cases of the A(H3) strain and eleven cases of the A(H1) strain of the influenza A virus. (terviseamet.ee)
The (H3) influenza A strain is currently dominating in Estonia as well as elsewhere in Europe. (terviseamet.ee)
Medical Xpress)-A new study in the U.S. has shown that pigs vaccinated against one strain of influenza were worse off if subsequently infected by a related strain of the virus. (medicalxpress.com)

A laboratory diagnosis of influenza is established once specific cytopathic effect is observed or hemadsorption testing findings are positive. (medscape.com)

Influenza-virus-mediated disease can be associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly in younger children and older adults. (mdpi.com)
Mice lacking Nlrp3, Pycard, or caspase-1, but not Nlrc4, exhibited dramatically increased mortality and a reduced immune response after exposure to the influenza virus. (nih.gov)

As in rhinovirus colds, viral mucosal invasion of the respiratory tract does not occur. (medscape.com)

Specific laboratory tests to confirm influenza include viral culture, rapid antigen detection, and serology. (antiinfectivemeds.com)

Oseltamivir resistance emerged in the United States during the 2008-2009 influenza season. (medscape.com)
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) is an important pharmaceutical intervention against the influenza virus. (who.int)
To determine the frequency of oseltamivir-resistance in the context of a medicine reclassification in 2007, the importation of an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza virus in 2008, and the emergence of a pandemic in 2009. (who.int)
In 2007, to increase availability of oseltamivir and reduce delays in obtaining a prescription of oseltamivir from a medical doctor, pharmacists were allowed to directly provide oseltamivir during the winter influenza season (April to November inclusive). (who.int)

2 years, and persons of any age who have medical conditions that place them at increased risk for complications from influenza ( 2,5--7 ). (cdc.gov)
Complications of viral influenza. (wustl.edu)

Anatomy16

Organisms40

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs49

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Humanities2

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H1N19

Infections24

Strains6

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H3N22

Severe5

Pandemic influenza4

Humans3

Highly Pathogenic Avia2

Illness5

20201

Diseases5

Proteins6

Neuraminidase6

Surveillance6

Types of influenza virus1

Rapid influenza diagnostic tests2

Symptoms5

Pathogens6

Enzyme5

Prevention1

Detect influenza virus2

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Prophylaxis1

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Acute2

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Colds1

Antigen1

Oseltamivir4

Complications2