Influenza vaccine orthomyxoviridae infections. Medical search. Frequent questions

The influenza A viruses infect host epithelial cells by attaching to a cellular receptor (sialic acid) by the viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA). (cdc.gov)
Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. (lookformedical.com)
Antigenic variation is less extensive than in type A viruses (INFLUENZA A VIRUS) and consequently there is no basis for distinct subtypes or variants. (lookformedical.com)
UNLABELLED: New vaccine technologies are being investigated for their ability to elicit broadly cross-protective immunity against a range of influenza viruses. (ox.ac.uk)
Administration of two doses of H1 or H5 S-FLU vaccines protected mice and ferrets from lethal challenge with homologous, heterologous, and heterosubtypic influenza viruses, and two doses of S-FLU and ca vaccines yielded comparable effects. (ox.ac.uk)
IMPORTANCE: Influenza viruses continue to represent a global public health threat, and cross-protective vaccines are needed to prevent seasonal and pandemic influenza. (ox.ac.uk)
However, T cell responses directed against highly conserved viral proteins contribute to clearance of the virus and confer broadly cross-reactive and protective immune responses against a range of influenza viruses. (ox.ac.uk)
This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
Influenza A viruses can occasionally be transmitted from wild birds to other species, causing outbreaks in domestic poultry, and may give rise to human influenza pandemics. (wikipedia.org)
The propagation of influenza viruses throughout the world is thought in part to be by bird migrations, though commercial shipments of live bird products might also be implicated, as well as human travel patterns. (wikipedia.org)
Now we know that it is caused by an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). (wikipedia.org)
Viruses that have caused past pandemics typically originated from animal influenza viruses. (who.int)
There are 4 types of seasonal influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. (who.int)
They can be further broken down into subtypes depending on the combination of the proteins on their surface (e.g. influenza A) or different lineages (e.g. influenza B). Infection with influenza viruses causes influenza disease. (who.int)
Antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccination programs produce faster antigenic drifts of human and avian influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used for the amplification of the HA cleavage site sequence, a marker for the virulence potential of avian influenza viruses [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This review will focus on current and future efforts in developing universal vaccines targeting different viruses at the genus and/or family levels, with a special focus on henipaviruses, influenza viruses, and coronaviruses. (bvsalud.org)
It is evident that strategies for developing broad-spectrum vaccines will be virus-genus or family specific, and it is almost impossible to adopt a universal approach for different viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Next generation antivirals are needed to treat seasonal infections and prepare against zoonotic spillover of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential. (bvsalud.org)
Having previously identified oral efficacy of the nucleoside analog 4'-Fluorouridine (4'-FlU, EIDD-2749) against SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we explored activity of the compound against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in cell culture, human airway epithelium (HAE) models, and/or two animal models, ferrets and mice, that assess IAV transmission and lethal viral pneumonia, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
4'-FlU inhibited a panel of relevant influenza A and B viruses with nanomolar to sub-micromolar potency in HAE cells. (bvsalud.org)
This study defines the mechanistic foundation for high sensitivity of influenza viruses to 4'-FlU and supports 4'-FlU as developmental candidate for the treatment of seasonal and pandemic influenza. (bvsalud.org)
Our recent studies identified a scavenger receptor, LDL receptor related protein 1 (Lrp1), as a potential pro-viral host factor for RVFV and related viruses, including Oropouche virus (OROV) infection. (bvsalud.org)
[ 52 ] The use of adamantanes, such as amantadine, has not been recommended since the 2005-2006 influenza season owing to resistance among influenza A viruses. (medscape.com)
The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Influenza A viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a segmented negative-sense RNA genome ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. (lecturio.com)
There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (lecturio.com)
By analyzing the 7-year recurrent pattern of influenza viruses and making region-specific recommendations. (lecturio.com)
By making vaccinations that cover all possible strains of the influenza viruses. (lecturio.com)
Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
In 1931, virologist Richard Shope discovered that Influenza was caused by the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. (metroeastallergist.com)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
Equine influenza viruses have recently been transmitted to dogs. (powershow.com)
Influenza , commonly referred to as the flu , is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals. (medicalxpress.com)
Influenza viruses can be inactivated by sunlight, disinfectants and detergents. (medicalxpress.com)
This phenomenon of successive infections by the influenza virus is in marked contrast to the situation with viruses like measles, mumps or small pox where exposure to a single infection induces lifelong immunity. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
The genomes of all influenza viruses consist of single-stranded, negative sense RNA. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
In influenza A viruses there are 8 segments of RNA coding for eight viral proteins and two non-structural proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
The Asian influenza viruses which circulated in man from 1957 to 1968 were H2N2 and the viruses preceding Asian influenza (including the lethal Spanish influenza of 1918) were H1N1, as was the swine influenza pandemic of 2009. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Since influenza A viruses contain eight separate segments of RNA, genetic re-assortment can occur when cells are infected simultaneously by two or more influenza viruses resulting in progeny viruses that contain some (1, 2, 3 or 4) RNA segments from one parent virus and the remaining (7, 6, 5 or 4) RNA segments from the second virus. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
A goal of many research works is to produce universal vaccines that can induce protective immunity to influenza A viruses of various subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
The etiological cause of influenza, the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, was first discovered in pigs by Richard Shope in 1931. (influenzavirusnet.com)
I nfluenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae . (eenzyme.com)
HA is the major surface antigen of the influenza viruses, against which neutralizing antibodies are elicited during virus infection and vaccination. (eenzyme.com)
It can be used for a detailed characterization of the composition and incidence of mutations present in the proteomes of influenza viruses from animal and human host populations, for a better understanding of host tropism. (biomedcentral.com)
Proliferation of influenza A is predominantly in avian hosts with very rapid mutation, resulting in a "quasispecies" [ 4 ], a vast number of viruses that are genetically related but differ in the amino acid sequences of the viral proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
they occur in a random fashion and the variant viruses that have the best genetically endowed combination of efficient infection, rapid replication, and greatest survival become the dominant populations. (biomedcentral.com)
Human infections by influenza A viruses commonly occur yearly, with a seasonal peak incidence [ 6 ], usually as a mild disease, but for some, as a more severe illness that may be fatal. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza A(H7N9) viruses remain as a high pandemic threat. (bvsalud.org)
We assessed the breadth of the heterologous neutralizing antibody responses against the 3rd and 5th wave A(H7N9) viruses using the 1st wave vaccine sera from 4 vaccine groups: 1. (bvsalud.org)
Vaccine group 1 had the highest antibody responses to the vaccine virus and the 3rd/5th wave drifted viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Notably, the relative levels of cross-reactivity to the drifted viruses as measured by the antibody GMT ratios to the 5th wave viruses were similar across all 4 vaccine groups. (bvsalud.org)
The 1st wave vaccines induced robust responses to the 3rd and Pearl River Delta lineage 5th wave viruses but lower cross-reactivity to the highly pathogenic 5th wave A(H7N9) virus. (bvsalud.org)
Influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxoviridae family of RNA viruses and are divided into five genera: Influenza A, B and C, Thogtovirus and Isavirus. (scialert.net)
Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
Respiratory infections are commonly caused by viruses and at present the three most common respiratory viruses within the UK are coronavirus (COVID-19), influenza virus (flu) and respiratory syncytical virus (RSV). (nonacus.com)
Understanding these viruses, their genomes and mechanisms of infection helps us to reduce the rate of viral transmission and improve patient care. (nonacus.com)

We compared the efficacies of two intranasally delivered nonreplicating influenza virus vaccines (H1 and H5 S-FLU) that are based on the suppression of the hemagglutinin signal sequence, with the corresponding H1N1 and H5N1 cold-adapted (ca) live attenuated influenza virus vaccines in mice and ferrets. (ox.ac.uk)
Importantly, when ferrets immunized with one dose of H1 S-FLU or ca vaccine were challenged with the homologous H1N1 virus, the challenge virus failed to transmit to naive ferrets by the airborne route. (ox.ac.uk)
H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
On 11 June 2009, a new strain of H1N1 influenza was declared to be a pandemic (Stage 6) by the WHO after evidence of spreading in the southern hemisphere. (wikipedia.org)
The 13 November 2009 worldwide update by the WHO stated that "[a]s of 8 November 2009, worldwide more than 206 countries and overseas territories or communities have reported [503,536] laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including over 6,250 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
One study analyzed the clinical data of adult patients with pandemic H1N1 2009 infection admitted to the ICU. (medscape.com)
However, in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, we've also experienced another pandemic relatively recently: the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. (healthline.com)
Let's look at some of the similarities between the 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics. (healthline.com)
Both 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 can be transmitted in similar ways. (healthline.com)
Both 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 are respiratory infections that share many symptoms in common. (healthline.com)
The 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 can range from mild to severe. (healthline.com)
The groups at risk for complications from 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 have significant overlap. (healthline.com)
Following a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus, survival rates and lung index of mice were observed. (biomedcentral.com)
In comparison with the group of mice given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the mice vaccinated with rL H5 showed reductions in lung index and viral replication in the lungs after a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
After the mice were vaccinated with rL H5, cross-protective immune response was induced, which was against heterosubtypic influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
The mice were then challenged with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that vaccination with rL H5 provided cross-protection against a lethal challenge with an antigenically distinct influenza A/H1N1 virus and produced significant changes in the levels of some cytokines and the percentages of both IFN-γ + CD4 + and IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells in lung and spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 flu pandemic (Spanish flu pandemic) (type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted from 1918 to 1919 (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
1. Humoral and cellular immune responses in critically ill influenza A/H1N1-infected patients. (eenzyme.com)
An in vitro assay was carried out by infecting MDCK cells with H1N1 influenza A virus (100TCID 50 ) in the presence/absence of non-toxic concentration of garlic extract (10 µg/ml). (academicjournals.org)
The history of influenza pandemics began with the H1N1 "Spanish Flu" strain of 1918-1919 that killed an estimated fifty million people [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This was followed by other less severe strains, the H2N2 "Asian influenza" of 1957-1958, H3N2 "Hong Kong flu" of 1968-1969, and H5N1 "bird flu" in 2006-2007, and recently the H1N1 "swine flu" of 2009-2010. (biomedcentral.com)
The effect of corticosteroid on severe pneumonia caused by 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) A virus is controversial. (koreamed.org)
1. Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (koreamed.org)
2. Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Investigation Team. (koreamed.org)
Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. (koreamed.org)
Novel influenza A/H1N1 pandemic: current status and prospects. (koreamed.org)
Epidemiology of early detected Novel Influenza A (H1N1) in Korea, 2009. (koreamed.org)
7. Writing Committee of the WHO Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza. (koreamed.org)
Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. (koreamed.org)
8. Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Baskouta E, Rafailidis PI, Polyzos K, Rello J. Treatment options for 2009 H1N1 influenza: evaluation of the published evidence. (koreamed.org)
9. Reddy D. Responding to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza: the role of oseltamivir. (koreamed.org)
Delayed clearance of viral load and marked cytokine activation in severe cases of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection. (koreamed.org)

Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
We investigated the effect of suboptimal vaccination on the outcome of post-influenza bacterial superinfection. (mssm.edu)
Methods: We established a mouse vaccination model that allows control of disease severity after influenza virus infection despite inefficient induction of virus-neutralizing antibody titers by vaccination. (mssm.edu)
Results: Vaccination with trivalent inactivated virus vaccine (TIV) reduced morbidity after influenza A virus infection but did not prevent virus replication completely. (mssm.edu)
Vaccination limited loss of alveolar macrophages and reduced levels of infiltrating pulmonary monocytes after influenza virus infection. (mssm.edu)
Interestingly, TIV vaccination resulted in enhanced levels of eosinophils after influenza virus infection and recruitment of neutrophils in both lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes after bacterial superinfection. (mssm.edu)
Conclusion: These observations highlight the importance of disease modulation by influenza vaccination, even when suboptimal, and suggest that influenza vaccination is still beneficial to protect during bacterial superinfection in the absence of complete virus neutralization. (mssm.edu)
Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
Vaccination is effective for preventing seasonal influenza, in particular, preventing severe disease outcomes in older adults, people with serious health conditions and pregnant women. (who.int)
The Mexican aviculture system offers an excellent model to study AIV genetic evolution under high vaccination pressure for two important grounds: i) avian influenza vaccination is a regular veterinary practice, and ii) poultry systems are characterized by high avian population density per production unit. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza vaccination also must be encouraged to prevent the infection. (medscape.com)
HealthDay)-Influenza vaccination may have a protective effect for COVID-19-positive patients, according to a brief report recently published in the Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. (medicalxpress.com)
In contrast, both vaccination and infection induce massive expansion of circulating Ag-specific ASCs without significant increases in the frequencies of ASCs against unrelated Ags. (syr.edu)
This 2016 image depicted former Principal Deputy Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Anne Schuchat, MD (RADM, USPHS, RET), receiving her 2016-2017 influenza vaccination at the 2016 CDC Flu Shots and Health Days event, sponsored by, and conducted at various CDC locations. (cdc.gov)

For example, both seasonal and pandemic influenza can cause infections in all age groups, and most cases will result in self-limited illness in which the person recovers fully without treatment. (who.int)
For both seasonal and pandemic influenza, the total number of people who get severely ill can vary. (who.int)
Another unusual feature of this pandemic was that it mostly killed young adults, with 99% of pandemic influenza deaths occurring in people under 65, and more than half in young adults 20 to 40 years old. (influenzavirusnet.com)
With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)

In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. (lookformedical.com)
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. (lookformedical.com)
Currently licensed influenza vaccines are based on immunity to the hemagglutinin protein that is highly variable. (ox.ac.uk)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
In this study, mice were vaccinated with recombinant virus vaccine (rL H5), in which the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A/H5N1 virus was inserted into the LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
4. Nanobodies mapped to cross-reactive and divergent epitopes on A(H7N9) influenza hemagglutinin using yeast display. (eenzyme.com)

These data indicate that the pseudotype baculovirus-mediated vaccine could be utilized as an alternative strategy against the pandemic spread of H5N1 influenza virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
One strain of virus that may produce a pandemic in the future is a highly pathogenic variation of the H5N1 subtype of influenza A virus. (wikipedia.org)
Over the last 20 years, there have been regular introductions of H5N1 strains and occasional cases of H7N1 and H9N2 infections, mostly associated with outbreaks in poultry ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hyper-cytokinemia. (koreamed.org)

Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)

Because of the high degree of antigenic drift among circulating influenza strains over the course of a year, vaccine strains must be reformulated specifically for each influenza season. (cdc.gov)
This property gives vaccines that induce protective cellular immune responses the potential to protect against heterologous viral strains. (cdc.gov)
The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. (lookformedical.com)
The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain. (lookformedical.com)
Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
These novel strains are unaffected by any immunity people may have to older strains of human influenza and can therefore spread extremely rapidly and infect very large numbers of people. (wikipedia.org)
Most influenza strains can be inactivated easily by disinfectants and detergents. (wikipedia.org)
The current increase in incidence of AIV infection is most likely related to antigenic drifts occurred in field AIV strains [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These strains were isolated and guarded by an officially certified laboratory to issue reports for control and eradication of avian influenza in Mexico. (biomedcentral.com)
It is active against influenza A and B including strains resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. (medscape.com)
A vaccine combining centralized ancestral genes from four major influenza strains appears to provide broad protection against the dangerous ailment, according to new research by a team from the Nebraska Center for Virology. (medicalxpress.com)
Virus strains are named according to influenza virus type, the place where first isolated, the isolate number and the year of isolation as well as the nature of the two surface proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Fazekas believed that new epidemic strains could be generated in advance and this led to the Pasteur Institute manufacturing a vaccine from one of Fazekas's 'prospective' strains. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
The RSVPreF3-AS01 vaccine, containing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein and the AS01 adjuvant, was previously shown to boost neutralization responses against historical RSV strains and to be efficacious in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract diseases in older adults. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the breadth of RSVPreF3-AS01-elicited neutralization responses may contribute to vaccine efficacy against contemporary RSV strains and those that may emerge in the future. (bvsalud.org)

Species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS B that cause HUMAN INFLUENZA and other diseases primarily in humans. (lookformedical.com)
Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
The symptoms of human influenza were clearly described by Hippocrates roughly 2,400 years ago. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Epidemics are less likely than with INFLUENZA A VIRUS and there have been no pandemics. (lookformedical.com)
Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
These findings support recent concerns about the challenge of AIV antigenic drift and influenza epidemics. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
Influenza spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in the deaths of between &10000000000250000000000250,000 and &10000000000500000000000500,000 people every year, up to millions in some pandemic years. (medicalxpress.com)
Their data showed conclusively that the emergence of new influenza virus epidemics was associated with the accumulation of point mutations in the virus coat proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Type C can cause mild infections in humans but does not cause epidemics. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history, historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Vaccine approaches against respiratory virus infections such as influenza have relied on inducing antibodies that protect against viral infection by neutralizing virions or blocking the virus's entry into cells. (cdc.gov)
Mice immunized with 1 x 10(9)PFU of BV-G-HA developed significantly higher levels of H5-specific antibodies and cellular immunity than those that received 100 microg of DNA vaccines expressing HA, and were completely protected from lethal challenge with HB/327. (unboundmedicine.com)
Currently licensed influenza vaccines aim at the induction of neutralizing antibodies and are less effective if the induction of neutralizing antibodies is low and/or the influenza virus changes its antigenic surface. (mssm.edu)
Despite the poor induction of influenza-specific antibodies, TIV protected from mortality after bacterial superinfection. (mssm.edu)
The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
On the other hand, efforts in developing broad-spectrum neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have been more successful and it is worth considering broad-spectrum antibody-mediated immunization, or "universal antibody vaccine," as an alternative approach for early intervention for future disease X outbreaks. (bvsalud.org)
Given the significant roles of viral and host factors during infection, characterization of these interactions is critical for therapeutic targeting with neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
Unlike passive immunization, which involves the administration of pre-performed antibodies, active immunization constitutes the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the body to produce its own antibodies. (lecturio.com)
The antibodies to influenza virus were detected using hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (biomedcentral.com)

Influenza outbreaks are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and economic burden. (bvsalud.org)
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has made it clear that combating coronavirus outbreaks benefits from a combination of vaccines and therapeutics. (bvsalud.org)

A vaccine approach based on cell-mediated immunity that avoids some of these drawbacks is discussed here. (cdc.gov)
We review the literature on the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in influenza infection and the available data on the role of these responses in protection from highly pathogenic influenza infection. (cdc.gov)
Greater understanding of how each subset contributes to protective immunity and how T-cell memory is maintained and recalled in a secondary infection would contribute to development of effective vaccines that use these basic features of the immune response. (cdc.gov)
Mouse models of influenza A virus pneumonia provide a well-developed experimental system to analyze T cell-mediated immunity. (cdc.gov)
Influenza pandemic occurs when a new influenza virus emerges and spreads around the world, and most people do not have immunity. (who.int)
The presence of these symptoms, whether they are for influenza or for COVID-19, varies in people depending on their level of immunity. (who.int)
Bottom line Influenza virus somehow manages to make frequent minor changes and sudden major changes which permit temporary evasion of a population's immunity. (powershow.com)
Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) is the basis of creating universal influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
The cotton rat as a model to study influenza pathogenesis and immunity. (koreamed.org)
Many vaccines, such as for the influenza virus, are poorly effective to generate protective immunity in older individuals. (elsevierpure.com)

This study includes 3 parts: Parts A, B, and C. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of mRNA-1010 seasonal influenza vaccine in adults. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Participants will receive a single dose of licensed quadrivalent inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine by IM injection on Day 1. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
Some aspects of influenza pandemics can appear similar to seasonal influenza while other characteristics may be quite different. (who.int)
However, typical seasonal influenza causes most of its deaths among the elderly while other severe cases occur most commonly in people with a variety of medical conditions. (who.int)
Both seasonal influenza and COVID-19 are preventable through following these measures. (who.int)
Histologic findings may include pulmonary changes with alveolar damage similar to seasonal influenza. (medscape.com)
We aimed to assess the reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted investigational supra-seasonal universal influenza virus vaccines (SUIVs) in healthy young adults. (bvsalud.org)

The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. (medscape.com)
With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
antigenic drift which occurs within influenza virus subtypes and antigenic shift to new subtypes such as the emergence of Asian influenza in 1957 and Hong Kong influenza in 1968. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
These two proteins determine the subtypes of Influenza A virus. (eenzyme.com)

An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. (lookformedical.com)
Previously only found in humans, Influenza B virus has been isolated from seals which may constitute the animal reservoir from which humans are exposed. (lookformedical.com)
S-FLU technology can be rapidly applied to any emerging influenza virus, and the promising preclinical data support further evaluation in humans. (ox.ac.uk)
In this study, two nonreplicating pseudotyped influenza virus vaccines were compared with their corresponding live attenuated influenza virus vaccines, and both elicited robust protection against homologous and heterosubtypic challenge in mice and ferrets, making them promising candidates for further evaluation in humans. (ox.ac.uk)
The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
Influenza pandemics occur when a new strain of the influenza virus is transmitted to humans from another animal species. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] The World Health Organization (WHO) has produced a six-stage classification that describes the process by which a novel influenza virus moves from the first few infections in humans through to a pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
Three influenza pandemics occurred during the 20th century and killed tens of millions of people, with each of these pandemics being caused by the appearance of a new strain of the virus in humans. (wikipedia.org)
It is simply a matter of chance that the mutations responsible for the infectivity and pathogenicity of a particular influenza virus in animals does not include the ability to efficiently infect humans with human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
BACKGROUND: One strategy to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine is to redirect the immune system to the highly conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain by sequentially administering vaccines expressing chimeric (c) haemagglutinins with a conserved stalk domain and divergent head domain, to which humans are naive. (bvsalud.org)

In particular, the T-cell immune response to influenza infection has been well characterized in C57BL/6 (B6,H2 b ) mice. (cdc.gov)
While influenza infection of mice does not precisely replicate the natural infection in human, avian, or other vertebrate species, the availability of reagents and genetically modified mouse models has enabled extensive analysis of the cellular immune response. (cdc.gov)
Specifically, i.n. immunization of mice with VLP displaying the influenza virus derived ectodomain of the M2 protein resulted in strong M2-specific antibody responses as well as anti-viral protection. (ox.ac.uk)

AIM OF THE STUDY: Influenza is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, which has high annual morbidity and mortality worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
Influenza is often self-limited, but high-risk populations suffer significant morbidity and mortality from the illness. (lecturio.com)
Influenza virus belongs to Orthomyxoviridae family which is considered amongst the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. (academicjournals.org)
Morbidity and mortality from infections increase, as drastically exemplified by the current COVID-19 pandemic. (elsevierpure.com)

The virus is subsequently released because of the action of another surface glycoprotein, the enzyme neuraminidase (NA), several hours after infection. (cdc.gov)
Antiviral agents available for influenza treatment and/or prevention include neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir) and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir marboxil). (medscape.com)
Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
Both neuraminidase inhibitors and baloxavir have activity against influenzas A and B. Adamantanes, or M2 inhibitors, include amantadine and rimantadine, which are active against influenza A but are not often used owing to resistance. (lecturio.com)
Influenza virus is a pleomorphic, enveloped virus with two coat proteins on its surface, the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). (csiropedia.csiro.au)

In later pandemics antibiotics were available to control secondary infections and this may have helped reduce mortality compared to the Spanish Flu of 1918. (influenzavirusnet.com)
To prepare for future respiratory virus pandemics, a pan-viral prophylaxis could be used to control the initial virus outbreak in the period prior to vaccine approval. (bvsalud.org)
Influenza has a history as one of the world's most serious pathogens, with yearly regional infections and episodic global pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)

The time delay from isolating the pandemic strain to large-scale vaccine production would be detrimental in a pandemic situation. (cdc.gov)
In addition, epidemiological factors, such as the WWI practice of packing soldiers with severe influenza illness into field hospitals while soldiers with mild illness stayed outside on the battlefield, are an important determinant of whether or not a new strain of influenza virus will spur a pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
Recent AIV isolates (2002-2006) show significant molecular drifts when compared with the H5N2 vaccine-strain or other field isolates (1994-2000). (biomedcentral.com)
The vaccine strain officially authorized, as seed for commercial vaccine production is the A/Ck/México/CPA-232/94 (H5N2), isolated in 1994 [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We compared HA gene sequences from AIVs isolated between 1994 and 2000 [ 3 ], more recent isolates (2002 to 2006) from vaccinated birds showing clinical manifestations of avian influenza, and the A/Chicken/Hidalgo/232/94 vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
Medical Xpress)-A new study in the U.S. has shown that pigs vaccinated against one strain of influenza were worse off if subsequently infected by a related strain of the virus. (medicalxpress.com)
Time is necessary to produce a vaccine that is antigenically matched to a pandemic strain. (biomedcentral.com)

Therefore, it is of great importance to develop novel drugs for the effective treatment of influenza virus. (bvsalud.org)
Apart from conventional antiviral drugs, TCM has been widely used in the clinical treatment of influenza in China. (bvsalud.org)
The ACIP also publishes recommendations on the use of antiviral agents for prevention and treatment of influenza . (medscape.com)

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)

In children aged 2-6 years offered a live attenuated influenza vaccine, adjusted VE was 62.7% (95% CI: 10.9-84.4) in hospitalised and 64.2% (95% CI: 50.5-74.1) in non-hospitalised children. (bvsalud.org)

Influenza is a contagious, acute respiratory disease caused by infection of the host respiratory tract mucosa by an influenza virus ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. (nih.gov)
Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
Additionally, high specificity of circulating ASCs after antigenic challenge highlights the diagnostic value of interrogating ASCs as an ideal single-time-point diagnostic immune surrogate for serology during acute infection. (syr.edu)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern challenge the efficacy of approved vaccines, emphasizing the need for updated spike antigens. (bvsalud.org)
COVID-19 is caused by a coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), the SARS-CoV-2 genome of 29.9 kb is significantly larger than that of influenza and RSV at 13.5 kb and 15.2 kb respectively (see table). (nonacus.com)

16 y who have symptoms of influenza infection or colds, aspirin is not recommended because of an association with Reye syndrome . (medscape.com)

Specifically, cell-mediated responses typically focus on peptides from internal influenza proteins, which are far less susceptible to antigenic variation. (cdc.gov)
The HA/NA proteins play a key role during cellular infection. (biomedcentral.com)
The reason for this is not a poor immune response, rather it is the fact that the influenza virus continues to change its coat proteins so that the new infecting variants are no longer recognised and destroyed by the immune response generated against the earlier infection. (csiropedia.csiro.au)

Background: Influenza virus infection predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia. (mssm.edu)
In more serious cases, influenza causes pneumonia, which can be fatal, particularly in young children and the elderly. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza is usually a self-limiting condition, though viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia may complicate the disease. (lecturio.com)
The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung. (influenzavirusnet.com)
This study was aimed to present the effects of early, short-term corticosteroid treatment for severe pneumonia with this virus infection. (koreamed.org)

5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)

An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
In this 2022 photo, captured inside a clinical setting, a health care provider places a bandage on the injection site of a pregnant patient who just received an influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)

What is the best way to avoid spreading the influenza virus among others in your workspace? (lecturio.com)

It thus appears inevitable that, without means to prevent influenza infection, another pandemic will occur within the foreseeable future. (biomedcentral.com)

These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
Moreover, veterinary services revealed more than two log differences in cross hemagglutination inhibition tests between field isolates and the vaccine seed virus (Lucio E., unpublished). (biomedcentral.com)
It is a prodrug which inhibits cap-dependent endonuclease, an enzyme specific to influenza, resulting in inhibition of viral replication. (medscape.com)

Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, Influenzavirus A genus. (biomedcentral.com)

This starts with the virus mostly infecting animals, with a few cases where animals infect people, then moves through the stage where the virus begins to spread directly between people, and ends with a pandemic when infections from the new virus have spread worldwide. (wikipedia.org)

Current vaccine strategies against influenza focus on generating robust antibody responses. (cdc.gov)
2. Persistently high antibody responses after AS03-adjuvanted H1N1pdm09 vaccine: Dissecting the HA specific antibody response. (eenzyme.com)
Taken together, these results suggest that effective antibody-based vaccines are achievable by i.n. administration of Qbeta-VLP displaying specific antigens. (ox.ac.uk)

We estimated interim influenza A vaccine effectiveness (VE) following a late sharp rise in cases during an influenza A(H3N2)-dominated 2021/22 season, after lifting COVID-19 restrictions. (bvsalud.org)

While sometimes confused with the common cold, influenza is a much more severe disease and is caused by a different type of virus. (wikipedia.org)
[ 2 ] Early antiviral therapy must be considered among hospitalized children diagnosed with or suspected to have influenza, especially if they have risk factors such as asthma, cardiac problems, or other conditions, to prevent severe complications and prolonged hospitalization. (medscape.com)
These results suggest that early and aggressive treatment action should be taken in patients with a high clinical suspicion of severe influenza infection. (medscape.com)
Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
According to a prospective cohort study, as many as 1 in 3 children seeking treatment in the ED for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the peak of flu season are at high risk of suffering severe complications. (medscape.com)
Although it is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease than the common cold and is caused by a different type of virus. (medicalxpress.com)
When CAF09b liposomes were administered prior to challenge with mouse-adapted influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 virus, it protected from severe disease, although the virus was still detectable in the lungs. (bvsalud.org)

Influenza virus is a respiratory virus that is part of the Orthomyxoviridae family. (who.int)
The influenza virus occurs as three types A, B and C which correspond to three genera of the family Orthomyxoviridae . (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Influenza A virus (IAV), a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, possesses a negative strand RNA genome made up of eight gene segments. (biomedcentral.com)

The antiviral activity quantification was provided by calculating the proportion of infected cells in which the production of influenza A virus fluorescent antigens was blocked. (academicjournals.org)

Scientists at Scripps Research, University of Chicago and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have identified a new Achilles' heel of influenza virus, making progress in the quest for a universal flu vaccine. (medicalxpress.com)

It was found that rapid direct fluorescent assay has the ability to detect the effect of garlic extract on the replication of influenza A virus at the first steps of infection. (academicjournals.org)
Within 12h of infection and before start of DNA replication, there begins early protein synthesis. (biologydiscussion.com)

Most bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics such as penicillin, discovered decades ago. (medicalxpress.com)

Surges of serum Abs after immunization and infection are highly specific for the offending Ag, and recent studies demonstrate that vaccines induce transient increases in circulating Ab-secreting cells (ASCs). (syr.edu)
In the present study, we assessed a vaccine platform based on virus-like particles (VLP) derived from the RNA phage Qbeta for i.n. immunization. (ox.ac.uk)

S2D14 may be a useful scaffold or tool for the design of future coronavirus vaccines, and the approaches used for the design of S2D14 may be broadly applicable to streamline vaccine discovery. (bvsalud.org)

When the virus first was recognized, the symptoms mimicked those of a respiratory infection or another respiratory disease. (metroeastallergist.com)

We discuss the advantages of developing a vaccine based on cell-mediated immune responses toward highly pathogenic influenza virus and potential problems arising from immune pressure. (cdc.gov)
Additionally, PLpro can cleave both ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 from host cell substrates as a mechanism to evade innate immune responses during infection. (bvsalud.org)
In the early 1970s there was considerable speculation about the way in which the influenza virus escaped immune responses and continued to cause repeated infections year after year. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Cellular immune responses may play an important role in HSI against influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Efficient induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses by virus-like particles administered intranasally: implications for vaccine design. (ox.ac.uk)

Typically, influenza is transmitted from infected mammals through the air by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus, and from infected birds through their droppings. (wikipedia.org)
All AIVs were obtained from vaccinated birds showing clinical signs of avian influenza. (biomedcentral.com)

Baloxavir, a selective inhibitor of influenza cap-dependent endonuclease, inhibits viral mRNA synthesis. (lecturio.com)
Influenza C virus inhibits the cascade leading to production of interferon-beta by targeting host RIG-I activation through NS1 protein. (expasy.org)

Anatomy13

Organisms34

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs87

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes21

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science5

Named Groups2

Health Care25

Geographicals4

Viruses67

H1N134

Vaccination14

Pandemic influenza4

Hemagglutinin12

H5N17

Subtype2

Strains15

HUMAN INFLUENZA3

Epidemics9

Antibodies10

Outbreaks2

Immunity10

Seasonal8

Subtypes4

Humans10

Mice3

Morbidity4

Neuraminidase5

Pandemics3

Strain7

Treatment of influenza3

Infectious2

Live Attenua1

Contagious1

Acute5

Symptoms of influenza infection1

Proteins3

Pneumonia5

Quadrivalent1

20222

Spreading the influenza virus1

Prevent influenza infection1

Inhibition3

Genus1

Infect1

Antibody3

H3N21

Severe7

Family3

Production of influenza1

Universal Flu Vaccine1

Replication2

Bacterial1

Immunization2

Coronavirus1

Respiratory disease1

Immune responses5

Birds2

Inhibits2