• These clinical practice guidelines are an update to the guidelines published by the IDSA in 2009, prior to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • This may clarify why people infected with the pandemic strain of swine-origin H1N1 influenza may have more tendencies to undergo more intense symptoms than those infected with the seasonal strain of H1N1. (healthjockey.com)
  • It is also recommended that scientists ought to observe the present pandemic H1N1 influenza virus for changes in the way it apparently infects cells that may make the infections more critical. (healthjockey.com)
  • The study shows that pandemic H1N1 swine flu may also attach to a receptor on cells deep inside the lungs, which may lead to severe lung infection. (healthjockey.com)
  • The researchers discovered that pandemic H1N1 influenza may bind more weakly to the receptors in the lungs compared to those in the upper respiratory tract. (healthjockey.com)
  • Professor Feizi, mentioned, "The researchers found that pandemic H1N1 influenza bound more weakly to the receptors in the lungs than to those in the upper respiratory tract. (healthjockey.com)
  • The researchers apparently evaluated the way seasonal and pandemic H1N1 flu viruses may infect cells by spotting which receptors each virus attaches to. (healthjockey.com)
  • But seasonal H1N1 influenza could only fasten to α2-6. (healthjockey.com)
  • His new study adds to his understanding of how swine-origin influenza H1N1 virus is behaving in the current pandemic, and shows them changes they need to look out for. (healthjockey.com)
  • We used high-throughput B cell receptor sequencing of plasma cells produced following AS03-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted 2009 pandemic H1N1 vaccination, as well as pre-pandemic seasonal influenza vaccination to elucidate the effect of the adjuvant on the humoral immune response. (nature.com)
  • The latest influenza pandemic arose in 2009, and was caused by a swine-origin H1N1 virus (pH1N1), and resulted in an estimated 300,000 deaths within the first 12 months 3 . (nature.com)
  • Here, we used SHAPE-MaP and dimethyl sulfate mutational profiling with sequencing (DMS-MaPseq) for genome-wide secondary structure analysis of viral RNA (vRNA) of the pandemic influenza A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) strain in both in virio and in cellulo environments. (bvsalud.org)
  • While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
  • The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. (vetres.org)
  • The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. (vetres.org)
  • In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. (vetres.org)
  • In April 2009, a new A(H1N1) influenza virus was identified containing a distinct combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine influenza lineages as well as from avian and human lineages [ 8 , 21 ], which rapidly reached pandemic proportions. (vetres.org)
  • Influenza viruses circulating in swine are closely related to the human H1N1 and H3N2 strains and reports of sporadic cross-species transfer of swine and avian influenza viruses to humans have been documented repeatedly during recent decades [ 18 ]. (vetres.org)
  • In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
  • Induction of inflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors in human normal respiratory epithelial cells infected with seasonal H1N1, 2009 pandemic H1N1, seasonal H3N2, and highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus. (lonza.com)
  • Recently, the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs) in normal human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells infected with seasonal H1N1, 2009 pandemic H1N1, seasonal H3N2, or highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus were studied to understand the pathogenesis and early immune responses. (lonza.com)
  • TLR-5 was predominantly induced in cells infected with seasonal H1N1, pandemic H1N1, or H5N1 influenza virus, and TLR-3 was predominantly induced in cells infected with seasonal H3N2 influenza virus. (lonza.com)
  • Effect of D222G mutation in the hemagglutinin protein on receptor binding, pathogenesis and transmissibility of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Two of the drugs, dextromethorphan and ketotifen, displayed a 50% effective dose between 5 and 50 μM, not only for the classic H1N1 PR8 strain, but also for a pandemic H1N1 and a seasonal H3N2 strain. (frontiersin.org)
  • Dextromethorphan treatment of ferrets infected with a pandemic H1N1 strain led to a reduction in clinical disease severity, but no effect on viral titer was observed. (frontiersin.org)
  • Human infection with influenza A(H1N1) 2009 was first identified in the United States on 15 April 2009 and on 11 June 2009, WHO declared that the rapidly spreading swine-origin influenza virus constituted a global pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We evaluated the seroprevalence of influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus on a large public University campus, as well as disparities in demographic, symptomatic and vaccination characteristics of participants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 158 (52.6%) tested positive for influenza A(H1N1) 2009 via hemagglutination inhibition assay using a ≥ 1:40 dilution cut-off. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 86 people (54.4%) tested positive for H1N1 but did not report experiencing symptoms during the pandemic meeting the May 2010 CDC definition of influenza-like illness. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, 52.7% of the total study population tested positive for influenza A(H1N1) 2009. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 54.4% of those who tested positive for influenza A(H1N1) 2009 using the ≥ 1:40 dilution cut-off on the hemagglutination inhibition assay in this study population did not report experiencing symptoms during the pandemic meeting the May 2010 CDC definition of influenza-like illness. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While this strategy was extremely prudent with respect to management of the resources of public health laboratories and the ability to clinically manage influenza A(H1N1) 2009 cases, in the absence of serological surveys of the population it is not possible to accurately measure the critical demographic, symptomatic and vaccination characteristics of the influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The novel pandemic A (H1N1) pdm09 virus was first identified in Mexico in April 2009 and since then it spread worldwide over a short period of time. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To monitor the genetic polymorphisms at position 222 of Haemagglutinin of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from both outpatients with mild influenza and individuals with severe disease requiring hospitalization, during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons, a sequence-based genotypic assessment of viral populations to understand the prevalence of D222G mutation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further virological, clinical and epidemiological investigations are needed to ascertain the role of this and other mutations that may alter the virulence and transmissibility of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, the existence and transmissibility of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 α2,3-SA specific viruses remain unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To identify whether α2,3-SA specific viruses, which replicate well in swine, were spread during the early phase of the pandemic and whether α2,3-SA specific viruses are easily transmitted, the nucleotide sequences of the HA receptor binding site of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in clinical specimens were determined in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In an attempt to understand the relevance of HA D222G substitution among influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 causing infections in Tunisia, HA gene sequences from respiratory specimens of severe and non-severe cases were examined. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The comparative analysis of peptide relationship of H1N1 influenza virus nucleoprotein and human proteins found out, beyond early described its common motif with human hypocretin receptor 2, peptides homologous to those in melanotonin and glutamate receptors and three ion channels. (iimmun.ru)
  • It allows to propose that the sleep disorder narcolepsy associated with Pandemrix vaccination (an adjuvanted, influenza pandemic vaccine) and also with infection by influenza virus during the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic may be determined not only by Ab to the peptide motif common to influenza nucleoprotein and hypocretin receptor but also Ab to melanotonin and glutamate receptors and ion channels. (iimmun.ru)
  • Genetic characteristics of HA gene of influenza A (H1N1) virus isolated from severe and fatal infection cases in Guizhou province in 2019[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2023, 39(7): 839-843. (zgggws.com)
  • Objective To analyze characteristics and specific molecular sites of hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A (H1N1) virus isolated among severe and deadly infection cases in Guizhou province in 2019 for providing evidence to influenza prevention and control in the province. (zgggws.com)
  • Methods Influenza A (H1N1) virus strains were isolated from 28 nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected from severe and fatal infection incidents in the province during 2019. (zgggws.com)
  • Conclusion The homology of HA gene sequences is high between influenza A (H1N1) virus strains isolated among severe and fatal infection cases in Guizhou province and the vaccine strain in 2019. (zgggws.com)
  • Although the recent sporadic outbreaks of influenza A virus H5N1 and of a new variant of H1N1 in 2009 were less serious than initially feared, public health responses gave an indication of the potential for pandemic influenza A to wreak havoc amongst human populations. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • The nucleoprotein plays critical roles in viral RNA replication and genome assembly, and nucleozin was shown to block replication of H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 viruses in cell culture experiments and also to protect mice from lethal challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A H5N1. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • In a study to identify cellular proteins required by the H1N1 influenza virus, collaborators from Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yale Medical School, and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute have now made an unexpected discovery. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • The work identified more than 120 genes which were required to be expressed for H1N1 infectivity but, surprisingly, also identified a class of genes that permitted greater influenza replication when they were blocked. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • The pandemic swine flu (H1N1) virus has proved to be less lethal than originally feared but, although most infected individuals experience relatively mild and self-limiting symptoms, some patients with no previous underlying medical condition have died. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • An international team of researchers has now found a possible explanation of why some people develop severe pneumonia when infected with the H1N1 virus. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • The first pandemic of the 21(st) century, pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1 2009), emerged from a swine-origin source. (reading.ac.uk)
  • In pH1N1 2009 and recent seasonal H1N1 viruses this residue is glutamic acid, whereas in swine influenza it is alanine. (reading.ac.uk)
  • If you haven't heard of swine flu - Influenza A H1N1 - by now. (science20.com)
  • Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans," Science, Vol.325, No.5937, pp. 197-201, 2009. (fujipress.jp)
  • However, a retrospective study comparing cohorts infected with either seasonal influenza or the more pathogenic influenza A/ H1N1 behind a 2009 pandemic found that the latter resulted in a greater degree of inflammation/C-reactive protein elevation. (medscape.com)
  • The importance of surveillance for resistance to oseltamivir has been highlighted by two global events: the emergence of an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus in 2008, and emergence of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009. (who.int)
  • All influenza B, influenza A(H3N2) and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses tested between 2006 and 2010 were shown to be sensitive to oseltamivir. (who.int)
  • Seasonal influenza A(H1N1) viruses from 2008 and 2009 were resistant to oseltamivir. (who.int)
  • Sequencing of the neuraminidase gene showed that the resistant viruses contained an H275Y mutation, and S247N was also identified in the neuraminidase gene of one seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus that exhibited enhanced resistance. (who.int)
  • A probable importation event was documented for the global 2008 oseltamivir-resistant seasonal A(H1N1) virus nine months after it was first reported in Europe in January 2008. (who.int)
  • 10 Increased occurrence of resistance in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses has been detected in community samples in the United Kingdom, 11 and sustained community transmission has been reported in Australia. (who.int)
  • Dr. Tim Uyeki, Chief Medical Officer of the Influenza Division at CDC, answers common questions about highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses, which have been detected in the United States in wild birds since late 2021 and commercial and backyard poultry since February 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • What is the extent of the current outbreak of influenza A(H5N1) in birds? (cdc.gov)
  • Like much of the rest of the world, the United States continues to experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • HPAI A(H5N1) virus has been circulating among birds and poultry in different parts of the world for many years and continuing to evolve into different groups that are referred to as clades. (cdc.gov)
  • The current clade of H5N1 virus, called clade 2.3.4.4b, appears well-adapted to spread efficiently among wild birds and poultry in many regions of the world and was first identified in wild birds sampled in the United States in late 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • Since then, this current clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) virus has been detected in wild birds in 49 states and has caused bird outbreaks in 47 states affecting more than 58 million commercial poultry and backyard flocks. (cdc.gov)
  • What about H5N1 virus among humans? (cdc.gov)
  • Several sporadic human cases associated with poultry exposures during this outbreak of contemporary HPAI A(H5N1) viruses have been reported globally since January 2022, one of which was identified in the United States . (cdc.gov)
  • It is possible that some of these cases did not represent virus infection but rather detection of non-infectious H5N1 virus genetic material in respiratory specimens following prolonged exposure to infected birds. (cdc.gov)
  • No human-to-human spread of H5N1 virus was identified in any of these cases. (cdc.gov)
  • Sporadic human infections with contemporary H5N1 viruses are not surprising, especially among people who do not take recommended precautions (such as wearing personal protective equipment, including respiratory protection). (cdc.gov)
  • Since 1997 , more than 880 human cases, nearly all from previously circulating H5N1 virus clades, have been reported from 21 countries with high mortality, but very few cases have been identified worldwide since 2016. (cdc.gov)
  • A small number of sporadic human infections with H5N1 virus does not change the risk to the general public, which CDC currently considers to be low. (cdc.gov)
  • What about H5N1 virus among mammals? (cdc.gov)
  • Although H5N1 viruses primarily infect different types of wild birds and domestic poultry, H5N1 viruses also can infect other animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Sporadic H5N1 virus infections of mammals have been reported for 20 years in different countries that have experienced H5N1 outbreaks in poultry or wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Recently, sporadic H5N1 virus infections in different mammals, including bears, wild foxes , and skunks , have been reported in Canada , the United States , and other countries, including mink in Spain and sea lions in Peru. (cdc.gov)
  • Reports of sporadic H5N1 virus infections of predatory and scavenger mammals are not unexpected given widespread H5N1 virus infections in wild birds worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Does the detection of H5N1 viruses in farmed mink change the assessment of the risk to human health? (cdc.gov)
  • No. Analyses of the H5N1 viruses from farmed mink detected in Spain have not found any indications that would point to increased ability to infect humans. (cdc.gov)
  • H5N1 viruses do not currently have an ability to easily infect the human upper respiratory tract, which would be needed to increase the risk of transmission to people. (cdc.gov)
  • If there were mink-to-mink spread of H5N1 virus (for example in the outbreak in Spain), would that change the assessment of the risk to human health? (cdc.gov)
  • No. If there was mink-to-mink spread of H5N1 virus, assessment of the risk to public health would depend upon whether there were any genetic changes in the virus and what those changes were compared with H5N1 viruses circulating in birds to date. (cdc.gov)
  • While there was a genetic marker in the H5N1 viruses detected during the outbreak in mink in Spain that may have increased the amount of virus in infected mink, this marker is unlikely to make it easier for H5N1 virus to transmit to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Acquisition of α2-6 sialoside receptor specificity by α2-3 specific highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) is thought to be a prerequisite for efficient transmission in humans. (nih.gov)
  • Unlike the wild type H5N1, this mutant virus was transmitted by direct contact in the ferret model although not by airborne respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
  • However, a reassortant virus with the mutant hemagglutinin, a human N2 neuraminidase and internal genes from an H5N1 virus was partially transmitted via respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
  • Phylogenetic analysis HA and NA genes showed that they share a common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which had contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus. (scialert.net)
  • This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b underwent an explosive geographic expansion in 2021 among wild birds and domestic poultry across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (bvsalud.org)
  • These reassortant A(H5N1) viruses are genotypically and phenotypically diverse, with many causing severe disease with dramatic neurologic involvement in mammals. (bvsalud.org)
  • The proclivity of the current A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b virus lineage to reassort and target the central nervous system warrants concerted planning to combat the spread and evolution of the virus within the continent and to mitigate the impact of a potential influenza pandemic that could originate from similar A(H5N1) reassortants. (bvsalud.org)
  • This page is dedicated to H5N1 Influenza A virus. (vadscorner.com)
  • Human Cases of Avian Influenza A ( H5N1 ) Infection Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, 2003. (vadscorner.com)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Use of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) gain-of-function studies for molecular-based surveillance and pandemic preparedness. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza H5N1 virus is known to cross the species barrier and infect humans and felines. (flu.org.cn)
  • With new reports of H5N1 virus continuing across Asia, Europe, and Africa, this finding highlights the need for monitoring of domestic animals during outbreaks. (flu.org.cn)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has spread across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (flu.org.cn)
  • Gross and microscopic lesions from dog infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flu.org.cn)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (A) and neuraminidase (B) gene sequences of the H5N1 influenza virus isolated from a dog´s lung. (flu.org.cn)
  • Influenza virus was isolated from lung, liver, kidney, and urine specimens, and the viral subtype was determined to be H5N1 by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ( 6 ). (flu.org.cn)
  • Immunohistochemical tests were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues by using a mouse monoclonal antibody anti-nucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1 (B.V. European Veterinary Laboratory, Woerden, the Netherlands) as a primary antibody and a polyclonal goat antimouse immunoglobulin G tagged with peroxidase as a secondary antibody (DAKO A/S, Glostrup, Denmark). (flu.org.cn)
  • Positive lung tissue from the dog that was incubated with phosphate-buffered saline instead of the mouse monoclonal antibody antinucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1, and tissue from the liver and lung of a cat killed by a car served as negative control ( 2 ). (flu.org.cn)
  • H5N1 viruses were isolated from the dog´s lung tissue and designated A/Dog/Thailand/KU-08/04. (flu.org.cn)
  • Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemaggluttinin (HA) and neuraminadase (NA) genes of the dog´s virus showed that they were similar to those of H5N1 viruses isolated from tigers, chickens, ducks, and humans infected in Thailand during the same time that the dog was infected ( Figure 2A and B ). In addition, analysis of 6 other genes from KU-08 showed similar results (data not shown). (flu.org.cn)
  • Then, even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza-a highly pathogenic flu that has ravaged poultry stocks in several Asian countries-were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
  • These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In addition, these same mutations were required to render highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype transmissible via the air between ferrets -- a model organism for mammal influenza research. (upi.com)
  • By understanding how viruses like COVID-19 , as well as the H5N1 and H7N9 influenza strains, move from species to species, researchers and health officials can develop more informed strategies for preventing future zoonotic disease outbreaks. (upi.com)
  • An biosecurity and concentration of poultry in outbreaks or outbreak of H5N1 HPAI was first described in Lebanon in the emergence of HPAI virus ( 1 ). (who.int)
  • Several human infections with avian influenza A to high mortality among chickens ( 20 ) that required the viruses, including H5N1, H9N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 intervention of the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture and H10N8, have been reported among poultry-exposed for monitoring and controlling. (who.int)
  • Der handelsübliche Influenza A-Schnelltest erfasst das H5N1-Vogelgrippevirus nicht. (medscape.com)
  • In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Once inside the cell, the virus may employ the cell's machinery to apparently make thousand more viruses, which then apparently rips off the cell and contaminates adjacent ones, thereby creating an infection. (healthjockey.com)
  • Professor Feizi mentioned that the receptor binding determines how well a virus spreads between cells and causes an infection. (healthjockey.com)
  • Our data suggest that signaling through the IL-1 receptor is protective whereas signaling through the TNF-alpha receptor increases the severity of 1918 virus infection. (usda.gov)
  • In the present study, we compared the host transcriptional response to infection with the reconstructed 1918 virus in wild type, TNF-receptor-1 knockout (TNFRKO), and IL-1-receptor-1 knockout (IL1RKO) mice as a means of further understanding the role of pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling during the acute response to infection. (usda.gov)
  • Despite reported redundancy in the functions of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, we observed that reducing the signaling capacity of each of these molecules by genetic disruption of their key receptor genes had very different effects on the host response to infection. (usda.gov)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • For pandemic influenza vaccination, this suggests that the adjuvant could improve B cell responses by either increasing activation of naïve B cells, or by increasing the activation and adaptation of pre-existing memory B cells generated through infection or immunization with seasonal influenza from earlier years to become specific towards the pandemic strain 11 . (nature.com)
  • Guidance for Clinicians on the Use of RT-PCR and Other Molecular Assays for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection. (netce.com)
  • It is perhaps a strange coincidence that in this issue of Mucosal Immunology a review entitled "Seasonal and pandemic influenza: 100 years of progress, still much to learn" is being published, while at the same time another global pandemic, this time caused by a novel coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2, also known as Covid-19, spreads around the globe. (nature.com)
  • These viruses depend on its host for replication and infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza virus infection is lethal to the chick embryo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TMP, Zn or saline separately had no effect on embryo survival, none of the embryos survived influenza virus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings suggest that combination of trimethoprim and zinc at optimal ratio can be provided as treatment for influenza and possibly other respiratory RNA viruses infection in man. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In total, 79 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 22 patients with influenza A virus infection were included. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. (vetres.org)
  • The CDC recommended that since uncomplicated influenza did not require a laboratory diagnosis for clinical management, the only people who required testing for influenza were: hospitalized patients with suspected influenza, patients for whom a diagnosis of influenza would have informed decisions regarding clinical care, infection control, or management of close contacts, and patients who died of an acute illness in which influenza was suspected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the infection caused by each virus is distinct, as are the diseases they cause. (bionity.com)
  • Cell macromolecular synthesis may be controlled after CoV infection by locating some virus proteins in the host cell nucleus. (bionity.com)
  • During a pandemic, combined immunization, for example, against influenza and pneumococcal infection, results in an even stronger T cell immune response. (petrovax.com)
  • And although there is a common misconception that influenza cannot seriously harm human health, such potential post infection complications as pneumonia, pulmonary tissue dysfunction, respiratory failure, present a particular danger. (petrovax.com)
  • Although the virus infection is generally associated with mild disease and a relatively low mortality, it is projected that mutations in specific regions of the viral genome, especially within the receptor binding domain of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein could result in more virulent virus stains, leading to a more severe pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Our PII faculty are studying all aspects of viral infection, from virus receptors to innate immune responses, and using the results to develop innovative treatments and prevention strategies. (umassmed.edu)
  • Contrasted to those of mild infection cases, a total of 12 gene locus mutations were identified in the isolated virus strains and V312I was a common locus of the mutations. (zgggws.com)
  • Swabs were screened for influenza infection. (who.int)
  • Following human infection, the virus has been shown to transmit to some pet and farm animals, where it then mutates. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • In other words, the host organism's immune system doesn't have antibodies for viruses indigenous to other species and thanks to the original virus that is indigenous to the host, molecular features necessary for "optimal" host infection are retained. (science20.com)
  • Influenza virus infection in adult solid organ transplant recipients. (smw.ch)
  • Immune responses to influenza virus infection. (smw.ch)
  • during the pandemic, high infection rates were recorded, but our predecessors managed to somehow tackle the situation. (fujipress.jp)
  • The spectrum of infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus is quite wide ranging from asymptomatic infection to symptomatic illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection with influenza viruses results in a of influenza viruses in particular years. (who.int)
  • Viral host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and viral nucleocapsid protein stained positive in specimens, making gastrointestinal infection with COVID-19-and fecal-oral transmission-likely. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine strains for the upcoming influenza season are selected annually by the Food and Drug Administration's Vaccines and Related Biologic Products Advisory Committee based on WHO's recommended Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine composition. (medscape.com)
  • Pregnant patients may receive any licensed, recommended, age-appropriate influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • Despite the success of these adjuvants, the details of their mode of action in the context of influenza vaccine are still poorly understood. (nature.com)
  • Licensure of a high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine for persons aged ≥65 years (Fluzone high-dose) and guidance for use-United States, 2010. (netce.com)
  • Universal Influenza Vaccine Tested Successfully in Humans. (netce.com)
  • To improve vaccine efficiency and pandemic risk assessment for currently-dominant H3N2 influenza viruses, we investigated HA stability of 6 vaccine reference viruses and 42 circulating viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent vaccine reference viruses had destabilized HA proteins due to egg-adaptive mutation HA1-L194P. (bvsalud.org)
  • In ferrets, the vaccine reference viruses and circulating viruses required a relatively stable HA (activation and inactivation pH (bvsalud.org)
  • The recent vaccine reference viruses with destabilized HA proteins had reduced infectivity, had no airborne transmissibility unless reversion to HA1-P194L occurred, and had skewed antigenicity away from the studied viruses and circulating H3N2 viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Other vaccine reference viruses with stabilized HAs retained infectivity, transmissibility, and antigenicity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, HA stabilization should be prioritized over destabilization in vaccine reference virus selection to reduce mismatches between vaccine and circulating viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • The surveillance system collects 200,000-400,000 specimens and tests more than 20,000 influenza viruses annually, which provides valuable information for World Health Organization (WHO) influenza vaccine strain recommendations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2000, China enhanced earlier influenza surveillance efforts by establishing an influenza-like illness (ILI) and virological surveillance system to report ILI cases and isolate viruses for seasonal influenza vaccine strain recommendations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recognizing the importance of high-quality influenza surveillance in China, from 2004, China CDC and USCDC established influenza and global disease detection (GDD) Cooperative Agreements to improve the ILI and virological surveillance system in mainland China, and to expand CNIC's role from contributing to seasonal influenza vaccine strain recommendations to conducting early detection and response to novel influenza viruses with pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
  • The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • According to Professor Mikhail Kostinov, an allergist and immunologist, an adjuvant azoximer bromide influenza vaccine and a polysaccharide conjugated pneumococcal vaccine activate innate immunity receptors that recognize viruses. (petrovax.com)
  • The insolvent UN used pandemic simulation exercises to obtain $billions it needed to fund it's global vaccine agenads. (presscore.ca)
  • In this review we use influenza vaccine as a model in a discussion of the different mechanisms of action of the available adjuvants. (smw.ch)
  • Influenza vaccine immunology. (smw.ch)
  • Chiu C, Wrammert J, Li GM, McCausland M, Wilson PC, Ahmed R. Cross-reactive humoral responses to influenza and their implications for a universal vaccine. (smw.ch)
  • Throughout the COVID pandemic and COVID vaccine recommendations, it's become clear that considerations of equity are integral to every aspect of production, study, authorization, and recommendations for the COVID-19 vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Receptor binding by an H7N9 influenza virus from humans. (flutrackers.com)
  • We conclude that the human H7 virus has acquired some of the receptor-binding characteristics that are typical of pandemic viruses, but its retained preference for avian receptor may restrict its further evolution towards a virus that could transmit efficiently between humans, perhaps by binding to avian-receptor-rich mucins in the human respiratory tract rather than to cellular receptors. (flutrackers.com)
  • With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
  • Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
  • Yet when some avian strains do acquire the ability to overcome species barrier, they might become adapted to humans, replicating efficiently and causing diseases, leading to potential pandemic. (springer.com)
  • Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
  • To cause pandemics, zoonotic respiratory viruses need to adapt to replication in and spread between humans, either via (indirect or direct) contact or through the air via droplets and aerosols. (bvsalud.org)
  • Understanding how animal influenza A viruses (IAVs) acquire airborne transmissibility in humans and ferrets is needed to prepare for and respond to pandemics. (bvsalud.org)
  • From these animals the virus can spread to domestic poultry or directly to humans and other mammalian hosts ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Not limited to poultry, the virus has also been shown to cross the species barrier infecting humans ( 1 ) and felines, including domestic cats ( 2 ) and tigers ( 3-5 ). (flu.org.cn)
  • avian influenza viruses can directly infect humans. (bionity.com)
  • Tens of millions of birds died of influenza and hundreds of millions were culled to protect humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In early 2013, an extensive outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza in humans occurred in several provinces of southeastern China. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Usually, these occasional introductions of avian influenza viruses in seals, like in humans, are 'dead ends' because the virus is not transmissible from one individual to another," first study author Sander Herfst said in a news release. (upi.com)
  • The mutations that we identified are similar to the ones acquired in 1957 in the first year of the H2N2 pandemic in humans," Herfst said. (upi.com)
  • It is important to monitor and predict which of the various zoonotic viruses have the potential to emerge in humans and start outbreaks or even pandemics," said Herfst. (upi.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. (who.int)
  • The application of whole-genome sequencing showed that the virus was acquired from humans. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • The virus in farmed mink has a different genomic composition compared to that in humans, chiefly a deletion of 69/70 in the N-terminal domain of the spike protein, and a combination of Y453F in the RBD, with I692V, M1229I, and S1147L in various parts of the spike protein. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • In previous pandemics, specific residues in the receptor binding site of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza have been associated with the ability of the virus to transmit between humans. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Systems biology of vaccination for seasonal influenza in humans. (smw.ch)
  • Early on, glycan arrays were proven useful in determining the specificity of the Hemagglutinin (influenza) of the Influenza A virus binding to the host and distinguishing across different strains of flu (including avian from mammalian). (wikipedia.org)
  • By in vitro selection for binding α2-6 sialosides, we identified four variant viruses with amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (S227N, D187G, E190G, and Q196R) that revealed modestly increased α2-6 and minimally decreased α2-3 binding by glycan array analysis. (nih.gov)
  • One crucial determinant of host tropism is hemagglutinin (HA) receptor specificity, in particular, preference of specific species of sialic acid on host cells. (springer.com)
  • During influenza virus entry, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein binds receptors and causes membrane fusion after endosomal acid activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Identification of key hemagglutinin residues responsible for cleavage, acid stability, and virulence of fifth-wave highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Comparisons of avian flu strain genomes and mammal-adapted strains revealed changes to the genes responsible for the regulation of hemagglutinin, a protein on the surface of influenza viruses. (upi.com)
  • Residues that have been shown experimentally to affect receptor-binding specificity in H1 HAs, D77, A138, P186, D190, L194, and D225 ( 21 - 23 ) are indicated by a ◇ symbol above these six residues. (cdc.gov)
  • Glycan arrays, like that offered by the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG), National Center for Functional Glycomics (NCFG) and Z Biotech, LLC, contain carbohydrate compounds that can be screened with lectins, antibodies or cell receptors to define carbohydrate specificity and identify ligands. (wikipedia.org)
  • To render influenza A viruses transmissible via air, three phenotypic viral properties must change, of which receptor-binding specificity and polymerase activity have been well studied. (bvsalud.org)
  • Influenza has traditionally been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. (medscape.com)
  • The PCPR excludes the existence of 100% specificity in immune tests for virus identification. (iimmun.ru)
  • From 2004, the Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USCDC) initiated Cooperative Agreements to build capacity in influenza surveillance in China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Chinese National Influenza Center of the Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control (China CDC) and the Influenza Division of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention first discussed influenza virological surveillance in China in 1978. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)
  • Within weeks of the beginning of the epidemic, public health laboratories quickly became overwhelmed with unprecedented numbers of clinical influenza specimens for testing, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) quickly recommended changes in the testing strategy [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We describe the first report of RNA sequencing of 5' capped (Pol II) RNAs isolated from acutely hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected Huh 7.5 cells that provides a general approach to identifying differentially expressed annotated and unannotated genes that participate in viral-host interactions. (mdpi.com)
  • While seasonal outbreaks are associated with mutation of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein on the viral surface to escape neutralization by antibodies generated in previous exposures, pandemics result from the introduction of completely new viruses into populations, where there is little pre-existing immunity to that virus 2 . (nature.com)
  • Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains. (vetres.org)
  • Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are characterized by a segmented viral genome consisting of eight single stranded RNA fragments of negative polarity encoding 10 proteins [ 27 ]. (vetres.org)
  • The criterion standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
  • Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • All influenza A subtypes have been isolated of escaping vaccines or producing novel viral strains from wild bird species ( 3 ). (who.int)
  • Furthermore, both pH1N1 2009 E227A and swine influenza multi-cycle viral growth was found to be attenuated in comparison to pH1N1 2009 in human airway epithelium. (reading.ac.uk)
  • When two different species' influenza strains (for example pig and human) recombine, the novel viral strain that emerges potentially has a better chance of evading the immune system and persisting in the host organism than the pre-existing viral strains. (science20.com)
  • The emergence of a viral strain that is capable of evading the host's immune system as well as transmits and replicates effectively, is precisely the recipe for a potential pandemic. (science20.com)
  • New data from Chinese colleagues working at the forefront of the COVID-19 outbreak, and studies of earlier viral outbreaks, provide important insight into the hepatotoxic and gastrointestinal implications of this pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza animal models suggest that hepatic oxidative stress leading to injury is the primary event, not viral replication, although injury from virus-specific CD8+T cells might also be at play. (medscape.com)
  • 7 Such work not only determines the present efficacy of the drug but also reveals important information on the genesis of anti-viral drug resistance in influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)
  • In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
  • Current understanding of influenza zoonotic transmission potential of novel strains still remains poorly understood. (springer.com)
  • Species barrier limits influenza strains from freely infecting different host organisms as they must overcome host range restriction to adapt to a new host. (springer.com)
  • Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If these strains acquire the ability to spread efficiently from person to person, an influenza pandemic could result. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For the new study, published Wednesday in the journal Cell Host and Microbe , researchers exposed ferrets to different strains of H10N7, the virus subtype responsible for the 2014 seal flu outbreak. (upi.com)
  • Because the strains isolated for the study were collected late in the 2014 outbreak, scientists suggest the mutations may have occurred after the virus was already spreading among seals. (upi.com)
  • The findings suggests influenza strains may regularly adopt mutations that enable spread among mammals, the researchers said. (upi.com)
  • Bioinformatics analysis was performed on the HA genes using existing sequence of strains in mild cases and reference sequences from National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID). (zgggws.com)
  • Results The homology of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences are 98.0% - 100.0% and 97.9% - 100.0% among the isolated virus strains and the strains belong to different secondary branches. (zgggws.com)
  • Mutations of the isolated virus strains involved two antigen determinants and the strains may be novel variants. (zgggws.com)
  • Circulating strains of influenza A virus with resistance to existing neuraminidase inhibitors have already been discovered, and new molecular targets would provide additional protection in the event of a fresh outbreak. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • To the researchers' surprise, increased expression of IFITMs also blocked the replication of completely different viruses, including strains of West Nile and Dengue viruses. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • Prototype strains of viruses type A and B differed during the 10-year and antisera were provided by the WHO period (Figure 2). (who.int)
  • When combined at a ratio TMP and Zn may treat respiratory RNA virus infections [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Respiratory epithelial cells are one of main targets for infections caused by influenza viruses. (lonza.com)
  • Adeno-associated viruses undergo substantial evolution in primates during natural infections. (upenn.edu)
  • Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • With computational analysis the distribution of identical and homologous peptides has been studied in surface proteins from RNA and DNA viruses of widely distributed infections. (iimmun.ru)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Without this knowledge we can only apply a reactive rather than a pre-emptive approach to limit the impact of emerging virus infections, as is currently done for the COVID pandemic. (upi.com)
  • The innate immune response is a powerful mechanism to eliminate infections caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. (umassmed.edu)
  • In addition, people with diabetes also have a higher risk of developing infections like Covid 19 as seen in the recent Pandemic. (actascientific.com)
  • Although human infections with swine-origin influenza have been reported previously, none went on to cause a pandemic or indeed any sustained human transmission. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Influenza infections occur annually, worldwide. (presscore.ca)
  • Influenza infections don't just vanish or skip a year or two. (presscore.ca)
  • The COVID-19 pandemic has forever changed the approach we take in healthcare settings to protect healthcare personnel, patients, and others from transmission of respiratory infections. (cdc.gov)
  • ABSTRACT To better understand the annual distribution of influenza virus in our country, we isolated and typed 45 viruses from 1043 patients with acute respiratory illnesses in a 10-year study conducted by the National Influenza Centre of the Islamic Republic of Iran The seasonal distribution of influenza typically ran from November to April. (who.int)
  • Of the 132 people known to have been infected with H7N9 influenza viruses in China, 37 died, and many were severely ill. (flutrackers.com)
  • We have examined the receptor-binding properties of this H7N9 virus and compared them with those of an avian H7N3 virus. (flutrackers.com)
  • With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
  • Routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged 6 months or older who do not have contraindications. (medscape.com)
  • Some of these mutations may allow RNA virus to cross species like SARS and COVID-19 whereby no vaccination existed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Public health education, vaccination and drug treatment are strategies whereby national security against threats of respiratory RNA virus pandemics is ensured. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) underscored the importance of influenza detection and response in China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To determine the frequency of oseltamivir-resistance in the context of a medicine reclassification in 2007, the importation of an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza virus in 2008, and the emergence of a pandemic in 2009. (who.int)
  • We find that the human H7 virus has significantly higher affinity for α-2,6-linked sialic acid analogues ('human receptor') than avian H7 while retaining the strong binding to α-2,3-linked sialic acid analogues ('avian receptor') characteristic of avian viruses. (flutrackers.com)
  • Nucleotide sequence analysis of five representative isolates confirmed that all isolates possessed one type of amino acid motif (R-S-S-R/GL) at cleavage site of HA, Deduced amino acid sequences showed the presence of L226 (234 in H9 numbering) in all five Iranian isolates which indicates a preference to binding of α (2-6) sialic acid receptors. (scialert.net)
  • Using human airway epithelium, we show a differential cell tropism of pH1N1 2009 compared to pH1N1 2009 E227A and swine influenza suggesting this residue may alter the sialic acid conformer binding preference of the HA. (reading.ac.uk)
  • X-ray crystallography of the receptor-binding protein, haemagglutinin (HA), in complex with receptor analogues indicates that both human and avian receptors adopt different conformations when bound to human H7 HA than they do when bound to avian H7 HA. (flutrackers.com)
  • Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
  • Influenza virus can adapt to species specific haemagglutinin biding receptors on cell surface and then cross the species [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Respiratory RNA viruses are continuing to challenge man with epidemics and devastating pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza A virus (IAV) is a respiratory virus that causes epidemics and pandemics. (bvsalud.org)
  • Annual epidemics represent an important disease burden and cause an estimated 250,000-500,000 deaths worldwide, and occasional pandemics are associated with increased morbidity and mortality ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
  • That's arguably a good year considering Influenza A also makes a recurring appearance every 10 to 15 years as a highly virulent form that is responsible for epidemics. (science20.com)
  • Every 10 to 15 years, influenza undergoes a dramatic genetic change ( antigenic shift ) which as described, is responsible for epidemics/pandemics. (science20.com)
  • In between epidemics, minor influenza genetic changes occur (antigenic drift). (science20.com)
  • Samples are also received from community, hospitalised and fatal cases are forwarded to the Tunisia National Influenza Centre for diagnostic and further characterisation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • a WHO National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science & Research, National Centre for Biosecurity & Infectious Disease, New Zealand. (who.int)
  • A 563-bp fragment encoding antigenic ( 19 , 20 ) and receptor-binding ( 21 ) sites of the HA1 domain is shown, with the sequences aligned to A/Brevig Mission/1/1918 (BREVIG18) ( 15 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Residues that have been mapped to both receptor-binding and antigenic sites (positions 194 and 225) are marked with two symbols. (cdc.gov)
  • Evidence for host-cell selection of influenza virus antigenic variants. (cdc.gov)
  • RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Influenza pandemics require rapid deployment of effective vaccines for control. (nature.com)
  • The capacity to rapidly develop and manufacture effective vaccines in large quantities is key in combating influenza pandemics. (nature.com)
  • used phage display libraries, and surface plasmon resonance to determine binding locations, and affinity of the antibodies produced in response to both adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccines 12 , 13 . (nature.com)
  • Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2022-23 influenza season. (netce.com)
  • Thus, due to the azoximer bromide adjuvant in influenza vaccines, long-term immunity is maintained, and a reduced number of antigens ensure a high safety profile, so the vaccines can be used in people with various health conditions [ 11 ] . (petrovax.com)
  • The updated clinical guidelines of the Ministry of Health highlight Russian inactivated subunit adjuvant azoximer bromide influenza vaccines [ 12 ] , which have an extensive and long-standing evidence base and are part of immunization programs in several countries. (petrovax.com)
  • Since the beginning of the COVID-19 global pandemic, our researchers have been integrally involved in studying this emerging disease, as well as testing, potential therapies and vaccines. (umassmed.edu)
  • According to the CDC, diagnosis of other groups was not considered a priority for a number of reasons, the foremost of which being "Once influenza activity has been documented in a community or geographic area, most patients with an uncomplicated illness consistent with influenza can be diagnosed clinically and do not require influenza testing for clinical management, including antiviral treatment decisions [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the proteins are not effective against all viruses, the discovery could lead to new antiviral therapeutics. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • Over the last decade there has been an extensive amount of research into the development and occurrence of antiviral drug resistance in human influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • Pandemics occur if such a new subtype acquires the ability to infect and transmit in the human population. (frontiersin.org)
  • Influenza viruses infect cells by joining to bead-like molecules on the outside of the cell known as receptors. (healthjockey.com)
  • Seasonal influenza viruses apparently connect to receptors on cells in the nose, throat and upper airway, thus allowing them to infect a person's respiratory tract. (healthjockey.com)
  • RNA virus requires host cell wall receptors to infect and its nucleus to replicate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)
  • In order to successfully infect a new host, the virus must be able to effectively replicate in the host's cells. (science20.com)
  • However, sometimes these viruses adapt to the new host and acquire the ability to be transmitted between individuals," said Herft, an assistant professor of molecular virology and virus evolution at Erasmus University Medical Center in the Netherlands. (upi.com)
  • In hospitalized patients with respiratory failure who are receiving mechanical ventilation, including those in whom influenza testing results were negative based on upper respiratory tract specimens, endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens should be collected for influenza testing as soon as possible. (medscape.com)
  • Nasopharyngeal or throat swab specimens from influenza patients are received directly from sentinel primary care physicians participating in virological surveillance schemes in the community. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 7350 specimens from influenza patients were collected in Tunisia during 2009-2010 season and 894 specimens during 2010-2011 season. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lamb RA , Takeda M . Death by influenza virus protein. (cdc.gov)
  • These natural or synthetic (see carbohydrate synthesis) glycans are then incubated with any glycan-binding protein such as lectins, cell surface receptors or possibly a whole organism such as a virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
  • inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and growth-related oncogene-a (GRO-a) were predominantly induced in virus-infected cells. (lonza.com)
  • It was established that each virus protein shared the fragments homologous to other virus proteins that allowed to propose the existence of the peptide continuum of the protein relationship (PCPR). (iimmun.ru)
  • The SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell via its spike protein binding with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the host cell receptor. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • The spike protein binds via its receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the receptor and depends on the host protease TMPRSS2 for its priming. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • The current study sought to show whether the Y453F mutation causes changes in the spike protein expression, altered binding to the host cell receptor, and susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • The researchers found that all the mutations in the mink variant allowed the virus to incorporate and process the spike protein at the novel furin cleavage site, at the interface between the S1/S2 subunits of the spike. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • It is involved in theregulation of heat shock protein 27 transcription, can act as an estrogen receptor co-repressorand is a candidate for breast tumorigenesis. (immune-source.com)
  • The neuraminidase stalks regions in these viruses had no deletion as compared to that A/Dk/HK/ Y280/97 lineage (Ck/Bei-like viruses) and the 2 human isolates A/HK/1073/99, A/HK/1074/99. (scialert.net)
  • The hemadsorbing site of neuraminidase had up to 3 amino acid substitutions and is different from those of earlier Iranian viruses. (scialert.net)
  • A total of 1795 influenza viruses were tested for oseltamivir-resistance using a fluorometric neuraminidase inhibition assay. (who.int)
  • and T.M. Ellis, K. Dyrting, W. Wong, P. Li, and C. Li of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation of Hong Kong for their support of field work, and W. Lim, for virus isolates. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)
  • However, a mutant virus combining Q196R with mutations from previous pandemic viruses (Q226L and G228S) revealed predominantly α2-6 binding. (nih.gov)
  • These findings suggest that the mutations the avian virus underwent once it took hold within the seal population have allowed it to become transmissible via the air between mammals. (upi.com)
  • Researchers found the mutations caused the virus to prefer to attach to mammal virus receptors in the respiratory tract, rather than to avian receptors. (upi.com)
  • In 2010, CNIC became the sixth WHO Collaborating Centre for Influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RESUME Afin de mieux comprendre la distribution annuelle du virus de la grippe dans notre pays, nous avons procédé à l'isolement et au typage de 45 virus provenant de 1043 patients atteints de maladies respiratoires aiguës au cours d'une étude sur 10 ans réalisée par le Centre national de la grippe en Iran. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
  • H9N2 viruses circulate widely in the Middle East and are associated with serious disease in poultry. (scialert.net)
  • The occurrence and spread of LPAI or HPAI were detected in backyard growers from Bekaa and viruses in poultry vary depending on the levels of South Lebanon Governorates respectively ( 19 ). (who.int)
  • Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • RNA-Seq analysis revealed that more severe disease in line W was associated with significant up-regulation of pathways involved in inflammation, cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPases, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling, and Wnt signaling in the bursa compared to line 15I. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • This has all arisen because of a rapidly spreading virus causing major morbidity and mortality, primarily due to severe pneumonia and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). (nature.com)
  • D222E substitution was found in virus taken from one patient with severe clinical syndrome (2%) out of 42 severe cases analyzed and E374K substitution was found in two severe cases (4%) out of 42 severe cases studied. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is thought to be a disease originally occurring in animals but transmitted across the species barrier to human beings, probably through an intermediate host. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • Populations at risk for severe or complicated influenza illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. (smw.ch)
  • Members of a WHO global network of clinicians, and clinicians who have treated SARS, MERS or severe influenza patients have reviewed the recommendations (see Acknowledgements). (who.int)
  • Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of influenza were released on December 19, 2018, by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). (medscape.com)
  • Influenza is one of the most well-known infectious diseases attracting attention worldwide. (springer.com)
  • In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • In order to detect ACoV RNA, we conducted PCR diagnostics of cloacal swab samples from birds, which we monitored during avian influenza A virus surveillance activities. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since 2004, CNIC expanded its national influenza surveillance and response system which, as of 2014, included 408 laboratories and 554 sentinel hospitals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CNIC also built a bioinformatics platform to strengthen data analysis and utilization, publishing weekly on-line influenza surveillance reports in English and Chinese. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 1989, CNIC and USCDC signed agreements that enabled USCDC to provide technical and financial support for influenza surveillance in China and laid the foundation for future collaborations between the two agencies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The surveillance system, including 8 network laboratories and 31 sentinel hospitals, did not capture the diversity of influenza activity and viruses circulating throughout the country. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • This pandemic potential has emphasized the importance culate in wild birds mostly as lowly pathogenic AI (LPAI) of intensive surveillance and control measures at the with few or no clinical signs ( 5 ). (who.int)
  • Viruses were collected as part of a sentinel influenza surveillance programme between the years 2006 and 2010. (who.int)
  • The review then addresses some of the key features of influenza pathogenesis. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, there was a high presence of birds co-infected with avian coronavirus, avian influenza virus, and avian paramyxovirus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Germany and the WHO used pandemic simulation exercise videos depicting "a novel fictitious coronavirus outbreak" to recruit co-conspirators at the 2017 G2O Summit in Hamburg, Germany. (presscore.ca)
  • 7] S. Shinoda, "Epidemiology of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Several Remarkable Pandemics," J. Disaster Res. (fujipress.jp)
  • Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza virus causes seasonal outbreaks of clinical influenza, and has been responsible for four pandemics over the last 100 years 1 . (nature.com)
  • a herd size of minimum 800 sows to ensure enough gilts for sampling in each unit, freedom from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or PRRSV-stability (no clinical signs), presence of minimum one quarantine unit and purchase of gilts from an outside source. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I'd like to welcome you to today's COCA call, Clinical Management of Critically Ill Adults with Corona Virus Disease 2019, COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
  • Captain Uyeki is the chief medical officer for CDC's Influenza Division, and is currently serving as the clinical team lead for CDC's COVID-19 response. (cdc.gov)
  • The effect of Tri-Z on virus binding to its cell surface receptor was evaluated in a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay using chicken red cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using a cross-sectional study design, sera was collected from volunteers and then tested for the presence of antibodies to the virus using a ≥ 1:40 dilution cut-off by hemagglutination inhibition assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among the immediate health service consequences of the pandemic on diabetes, were disruption of proactive screening, diagnosis, and treatment and monitoring of blood sugars for appropriate change in treatment plans. (actascientific.com)
  • 4. Gunti S., Messer R.J., Xu C., Yan M., Coleman W.G., Peterson K.E., Hasenkrug K.J., Notkins A.L. Stimulation of Toll-like receptors profoundly influences the titer of polyreactive antibodies in the circulation. (iimmun.ru)
  • Covid-19 Pandemic continues to cause huge disruption in health care services worldwide. (actascientific.com)
  • Though exact statistics is not available on the impact of Covid 19 pandemic on diabetes care, it is feared that the screening of diabetes has dropped at least 50% in NCD clinics around 70% in outreach and population-based screening since April 2020. (actascientific.com)
  • A study in two diabetes hospitals in India indicates that the glycaemic parameters were significantly higher among patients with onset of diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic when compared to those who had onset diabetes before the pandemic. (actascientific.com)
  • In, this article I look at the impact of Covid 19 Pandemic on detection and treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in India in the FY 2020-21. (actascientific.com)
  • With respect to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, both the virus and its genome were clarified quickly. (fujipress.jp)
  • The importance of anticipating transmission through air and using respiratory protection when caring for those with new and emerging pathogens represents another lesson learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • The mortality of swine influenza virus (SIV) infected pigs is usually low, although morbidity may approach 100% [ 14 ]. (vetres.org)
  • Along with an expanding global swine production, the commercial housing and management of swine herds, provide an optimal environment for constant circulation of swine influenza virus (swIAV), thereby challenging farmers and veterinarian in determining optimal control measures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The WHO conducted a pandemic simulation exercise 5 Dec 2019 - just days before the WHO reported that the novel SARS-CovV-2 outbreak began. (presscore.ca)
  • Screenshot of the WHO website also informs you that the WHO conducted pandemic simulation exercises throughout Europe in 2019. (presscore.ca)
  • And Dr. Alhazzani is the primary author of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign: rapid guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Corona virus disease 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • Notice to readers: considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. (netce.com)
  • The former is shared with the 1957 H2 and 1968 H3 pandemic viruses and with the aerosol-transmissible H5 mutant. (flutrackers.com)
  • Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-United States, 2012-13 influenza season. (netce.com)
  • provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding seasonal influenza, with a detailed description on how the immunology of influenza has shaped the current standard of therapy and prevention. (nature.com)
  • CNIC has strengthened virus and data sharing, and has provided training and reagents for other countries to improve global capacity for influenza control and prevention. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. (medscape.com)
  • We here summarize available data from (animal) studies on the impact of HA acid stability on airborne transmission and hypothesize that the transmissibility of other respiratory viruses may also be impacted by an acidic environment in the airways. (bvsalud.org)
  • We rapidly must understand the origin, genetic variation and epidemiological characteristics of the new virus. (nature.com)
  • Genetic analysis was used to characterize the dog´s virus (KU-08), and the sequences were deposited at GenBank under accession number DQ530170-7. (flu.org.cn)
  • Viruses are economical with their own genetic information, relying on requisition of host cellular proteins to complete their lifecycle. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • Such a task is met with multiple barriers including host cell entry via receptor binding which requires genetic compatibility. (science20.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses replicate in the gastrointestinal tract while human influenza viruses replicate in the respiratory tract-as conveyed by their differential genetic makeup. (science20.com)
  • Interregional Spread of Influenza through United States Described by Virus Type, Size of Populations and Commuting Rates and Distance. (netce.com)
  • After 100 years of research important insights have helped us to understand how viruses evolve within the human and animal populations at geographical scale, under the selective pressure of immune responses and how differences in immune responses alter severity of disease. (nature.com)
  • Several influenza proteins have been shown to be major determinants in host tropism. (springer.com)
  • In this study, computational models for 11 influenza proteins have been constructed using the machine learning algorithm random forest for prediction of host tropism. (springer.com)
  • 0.916) capable of determining host tropism of individual influenza proteins. (springer.com)
  • Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
  • During periods of low influenza activity, influenza testing should be performed upon admission in all patients who require hospitalization with acute respiratory illness (with or without fever), who have been in contact with a person diagnosed with influenza, or who have recently traveled from a location known to have influenza activity. (medscape.com)
  • The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic caused human illness and deaths through abnormal host response, mainly via exaggerated inflammatory chemical (cytokine) response. (usda.gov)
  • Oseltamivir is a prescription medicine in New Zealand, but more timely access has been provided since 2007 by allowing pharmacies to directly dispense oseltamivir to patients with influenza-like illness. (who.int)
  • This would help assess a novel influenza strain's host range capability. (springer.com)