• We studied DNA vaccination in mice with plasmids expressing conserved nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M) from an H1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Inovio's SynCon DNA vaccines include H5N1 and H1N1 subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some people given a 2009 H1N1 flu vaccine have developed broadly protective antibodies, raising hopes for a universal flu vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • NIH researchers were able to develop a vaccine that protects against multiple strains of the flu subtype called H1N1. (nih.gov)
  • Animals given both the DNA and the boost vaccines produced antibodies that blocked several H1N1 strains. (nih.gov)
  • Here's an interesting heading: "Inovio Biomedical H1N1 Influenza DNA Vaccines Demonstrate 100% Responses Against Swine Flu in Vaccinated Pigs. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • We are pleased to report our H1N1 preclinical results using pigs, a more natural model for the current influenza pandemic. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • In this study, scientists immunized pigs with consensus H1N1 influenza DNA vaccine candidates on day 0, day 14, and day 28. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Sera collected on day 28 and day 42, after two or three doses of vaccine, respectively, showed hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers above the protection threshold in 100% of the vaccinated animals against a swine H1N1 virus previously isolated from pigs. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • On-going additional animal studies are testing the ability of Inovio's SynCon™ human H1N1 and swine H1N1 based vaccines to cross-protect from currently circulating human and swine H1N1 viruses as well as the new influenza A/H1N1 of swine origin. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • In a similar collaborative study with scientists from the National Microbiology Laboratory of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the University of Pennsylvania, Inovio previously demonstrated that mice immunized with Inovio's SynCon™ H1N1 DNA vaccine provided 100% protection in a lethal challenge study against an unmatched H1N1 virus that caused the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed over 40 million people worldwide. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Inovio has created SynCon™ DNA vaccines based on influenza HA, NA, and NP proteins that are common to strains H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, and H5N1, which make up the majority of seasonal and pandemic influenza. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Let's hope that we have enough H1N1 vaccine to go around the world so that we don't suffer mass fatalities from this swine flu pandemic. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • The novel H1N1 may merge with the deadly H5N1 from Southeast Asia and/or merge with the deadly H5N1 from Egypt. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • In this study, we used a mouse model pre-exposed to an H1N1 influenza virus and evaluated the protective ability provided by a single dose of DNA vaccines encoding conserved H5N1 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SPF BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) virus beforehand. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results showed that pre-exposure to H1N1 virus could offer mice partial protection against lethal H5N1 challenge and that single-dose injection with NP DNA or NP + M1 DNAs provided significantly improved protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice pre-exposed to H1N1 virus, as compared with those in unexposed mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have globally circulated in humans for a few decades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, a single dose of vaccination with NP, M1 or NP + M1 DNAs from A/chicken/Henan/12/2004(H5N1) virus strain was evaluated in mice pre-exposed to A/PR8(H1N1) virus, which showed that DNA vaccination might be a quick and effective strategy against H5N1 infection in individuals innaive to influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sera were collected and pooled from mice infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus six weeks before. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ELISA method was used to detect the anti-H1N1 IgG Ab titers, while the HI assay to detect HI Ab titers against either H1N1 or H5N1 influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diagnostic influenza tests aid with identification of influenza types A and B and influenza A subtypes 2009 H1N1, H1, H3, H5, N1, and N2. (medscape.com)
  • We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
  • R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). (frontiersin.org)
  • Following a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus, survival rates and lung index of mice were observed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In comparison with the group of mice given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the mice vaccinated with rL H5 showed reductions in lung index and viral replication in the lungs after a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After the mice were vaccinated with rL H5, cross-protective immune response was induced, which was against heterosubtypic influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mice were then challenged with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that vaccination with rL H5 provided cross-protection against a lethal challenge with an antigenically distinct influenza A/H1N1 virus and produced significant changes in the levels of some cytokines and the percentages of both IFN-γ + CD4 + and IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells in lung and spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MANILA, Philippines Virgin coconut oil or VCO could be the country s weapon against the deadly H1N1 flu virus, a new party-list representative said yesterday. (bio-asli.com)
  • influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was identified most frequently ( n = 215). (who.int)
  • There are two common types of influenza viruses that cause human infection - influenza A and influenza B. Influenza A viruses caused several influenza pandemics in the 20th century, and a pandemic caused by the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus occurred in 2009. (who.int)
  • 3 Although influenza vaccines that protect against A(H1N1)pdm09 or influenza A(H5N1) are being developed in Viet Nam, they are currently only available through private market purchase. (who.int)
  • 6,7 Oseltamivir is currently recommended as the first-line option by the Viet Nam Ministry of Health for treating suspected infections of A(H5N1) and A(H1N1)pdm09. (who.int)
  • 8,9 In Viet Nam, oseltamivir-resistant strains harboring mutations at positions I117V, H275Y and N295S were reported for A(H5N1) in 2005, 6 A(H1N1) in 2007 10 and A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009. (who.int)
  • One of the earliest links between influenza and neural dysfunction was a correlation between the 1918 Spanish flu, caused by a subtype called H1N1, and an epidemic of Parkinson's a few decades later. (the-scientist.com)
  • With his colleagues, he shot nonlethal doses of H5N1 or H1N1 up the noses of six- to eight-week-old mice, then tracked how the viruses spread through the animals' nervous systems. (the-scientist.com)
  • Data analysis of the viral gene sequences showed that both products already marketed, the artus Influenza LC RT PCR Kit and the Resplex II 2.0 Kit*, can be used to detect whether or not Influenza A virus sequences are present in a sample, including the H1N1 subtype. (businesswirechina.com)
  • The intranasal administration of the identified compounds enhanced survival rates and reduced lung viral loads in BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 virus. (hku.hk)
  • 1. Humoral and cellular immune responses in critically ill influenza A/H1N1-infected patients. (eenzyme.com)
  • In September 2009, the FDA approved four vaccines against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus , and expected the initial vaccine lots to be available within the following month. (flutalk.net)
  • These drugs, however, reduce symptoms and duration of disease only partially (8) , and their effectiveness during H5N1 infection is unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • Animal studies have demonstrated potent and long-lasting heterosubtypic immunity, that is, exposure to a virus of one subtype protects against challenge infection with another subtype ( 10 - 15 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The scientists next tested to see if the vaccine could protect animals from infection. (nih.gov)
  • Ferrets who got the DNA-boost vaccine were also protected from infection. (nih.gov)
  • While the Moderna mRNA vaccine reduces viral loads in the respiratory tissues upon challenge with an early S-614G isolate, the vaccine efficacy is not as pronounced after infection with the Omicron variant. (bvsalud.org)
  • Swabs were screened for influenza infection. (who.int)
  • Research suggests that the vaccines may be sufficiently effective where one dose may protect against infection from wild-type disease. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • Vaccination is the preferred approach for prevention of H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seasonal influenza virus infection has been reported to provide heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection to some extend. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pre-existing immunity against seasonal influenza viruses is useful in offering protection against H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human infection of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997, causing six deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since then, human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been continually laboratory-confirmed in many countries, with approximately 60% death rate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although it is necessary to annually update vaccine strains to ensure effective protection against seasonal influenza infection in humans due to the frequent antigenic drift of the virus strains, seasonal human influenza-specific CTLs, mostly targeting conserved internal proteins, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection could not provide adequate protection, but could alleviate symptoms of influenza H5N1 virus infection [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • Vaccines remain the main method of infection control, however their timely implementation and poor immunogenicity in certain vulnerable patient groups remain a considerable problem ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • In one of the study from our laboratory, we have shown that a DNA vaccine expressing α-crystallin provides considerable protection to guinea pigs against M. tuberculosis infection 12 . (nature.com)
  • We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
  • If a single pig gets infected with two different viruses at the same time, the viruses can shuffle and trade genes during the infection. (rcsb.org)
  • Scientists believe evolution of viruses and infection rates started increasing since the beginning of human civilizations, as we began living in communities, grew plants and domesticated animals. (dupischai.com)
  • The body recognizes a vaccine as a viral infection and mounts a feverish attack by producing its own antiviral compounds, called antibodies. (bio-asli.com)
  • Particularly the HIV virus attacks the cells of the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infection by any number of opportunistic organism. (bio-asli.com)
  • Influenza infection causes annual epidemics throughout the world. (who.int)
  • 2 Between 2003 and 2012, 123 human cases of A(H5N1) infection were confirmed from 40 of the 63 provinces in Viet Nam, with 81 cases (66%) from northern Viet Nam. (who.int)
  • 7,11 The limitations of other antiviral drugs, as well as the risk of oseltamivir resistance, have raised concerns about the efficacy of oseltamivir for influenza infection treatment. (who.int)
  • Historically, influenza vaccine has had 50%-60% efficacy against infection with influenza A viruses and 70% efficacy against influenza B viruses. (medscape.com)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza pneumonia: Amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride are approved for the prevention and treatment of influenza A virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • The evidence to suggest that influenza infection caused the neurodegenerative disorder was tenuous, to say the least, but the correlation was enough for Smeyne to investigate further. (the-scientist.com)
  • The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. (unt.edu)
  • Measles virus infection in rhesus macaques: altered immune responses and comparison of the virulence of six different strains. (unt.edu)
  • We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a patient with 2019-nCoV infection and compared it with other related coronavirus genomes. (hku.hk)
  • Fowl typhoid (FT), a septicemic disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), and H9N2 influenza infection are two economically important diseases that affect poultry industry worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, we show that SG delivering M2eCD40L can act as a bivalent vaccine against FT and H9N2 infection and further studies are warranted to develop this SG-M2eCD40L vaccine as a broadly protective vaccine against avian influenza virus subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, the development of an effective vaccine to prevent and control H9N2 infection in poultry has an immense public health importance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In South Korea, H9N2 subtype has been endemic since 2000 and the infection is mainly controlled through the use of an oil adjuvanted inactivated H9N2 vaccine, which has dramatically decreased the incidence of H9N2 infection in chicken farms [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HA is the major surface antigen of the influenza viruses, against which neutralizing antibodies are elicited during virus infection and vaccination. (eenzyme.com)
  • Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the capacity of the immune system to fight influenza virus infection and to respond to vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aging is usually associated with reduced influenza virus-specific and influenza vaccine-specific antibody responses but some elderly individuals with higher pre-exposure antibody titers, due to a previous infection or vaccination, have less probability to get infected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although influenza vaccination represents the most effective way to prevent influenza infection, vaccines with greater immunogenicity are needed to improve the response of elderly individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A recent report on the molecular basis for virulence of H5N1 viruses (6) was accompanied by an article that discussed related public health issues, in which Laver and Garman (7) addressed the problem of how to control pandemics and concluded that currently "the most promising first line of defense" is use of antiviral drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • This will help scientist determine whether the virus is susceptible to antiviral drugs and, in the case of avian influenza currently circulating in much of the world, to assess whether it's changing in a way that might make the virus more easily transmissible among people - a key property the virus would need to acquire to spark a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Although antiviral drugs such as Oseltamivir are available to control the spread of the virus their effectiveness is limited in treating patients with influenza ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Antiviral is a drug or treatment that is effective against viruses. (dupischai.com)
  • Antiviral resistance has been reported in seasonal influenza A viruses and avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Viet Nam, raising concerns about the efficacy of treatment. (who.int)
  • The neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are the primary antiviral agents recommended for the treatment of influenza infections, 4,5 yet antiviral resistance to influenza A viruses is increasingly being reported. (who.int)
  • As an initial step in establishing a surveillance programme for antiviral resistance in northern Viet Nam, genetic analysis was conducted for both clinical specimens and isolates collected through sentinel sites and isolates of influenza A(H5N1). (who.int)
  • [ 51 ] The ACIP also publishes recommendations on the use of antiviral agents for prevention and treatment of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • 2004. NISN statement on antiviral resistance in influenza viruses. (nationalacademies.org)
  • His main focus is investigating the role of West Nile and dengue virus proteins in abrogating the response to the antiviral innate immune molecule Interferon. (scitechnol.com)
  • By understanding how these viruses resist antiviral environments, more effective rationally designed therapeutics and live-attenuated vaccines can be produced. (scitechnol.com)
  • Early and reliable screening is a key factor for efficient surveillance and effective response strategies, especially since antiviral influenza treatment is available in large amounts and vaccines are still under development", says Peer Schatz, CEO of QIAGEN. (businesswirechina.com)
  • 袁碩峰 Abstract: The rapid mutability of influenza virus in conjunction with genomic reassortment between viral strains promotes the virus' ability to evade vaccines and to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (hku.hk)
  • Clinical merits of selected inhibitors were further evaluated, focusing mainly on their cross-protection abilities among influenza virus subtypes and their potential synergetic antiviral effects when used in combination with other drugs. (hku.hk)
  • Influenza virologic surveillance is critical each season for tracking influenza circulation, following trends in antiviral drug resistance, detecting novel influenza infections in humans, and selecting viruses for use in annual seasonal vaccine production. (cdc.gov)
  • These efforts track currently circulating influenza viruses, identify novel influenza viruses of public health importance, monitor antiviral drug susceptibility, and characterize circulating seasonal viruses for guiding influenza vaccine virus selection. (cdc.gov)
  • The 1997 outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza in humans in Hong Kong ( 1 , 2 ) caused alarm because it involved highly pathogenic strains of an influenza subtype to which humans lack immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • High-risk populations, including the elderly and those with chronic disease, often acquire only limited immunity towards the flu from vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mice immunized with 1 x 10(9)PFU of BV-G-HA developed significantly higher levels of H5-specific antibodies and cellular immunity than those that received 100 microg of DNA vaccines expressing HA, and were completely protected from lethal challenge with HB/327. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Owing to the universal lack of pre-existing immunity to H5N1 virus in the population, pandemic caused by the virus may outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
  • In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • A goal of many research works is to produce universal vaccines that can induce protective immunity to influenza A viruses of various subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) is the basis of creating universal influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For a major human pandemic, three things are necessary: A. The virus must emerge from the animal world new or in a new form, such that humans have no immunity to it. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • Furthermore, these conventional vaccines mainly provide homotypic protection with little cross protective immunity as vaccine strains should closely match to the circulating field strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the absence of antigenically matched hemagglutinin-based vaccines, DNA vaccination with conserved influenza genes may provide a useful first line of defense against a rapidly spreading pandemic virus. (cdc.gov)
  • It has a protein membrane containing the glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) which are used by the virus to enter a host cell and to release itself and its copies from the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2019, Distributed Bio completed pre-clinical trials of a vaccine that consists of computationally selected distant evolutionary variants of hemagglutinin epitopes and is expected to begin human trials in 2021. (wikipedia.org)
  • A vaccine based on the hemagglutinin (HA) stem was the first to induce "broadly neutralizing" antibodies to both HA-group 1 and HA-group 2 influenza in mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • FI6 is the only known antibody that binds (its neutralizing activity is controversial) to all 16 subtypes of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and might be the lynchpin for a universal influenza vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • The subdomain of the hemagglutinin that is targeted by FI6, namely the stalk domain, was actually successfully used earlier as universal influenza virus vaccine by Peter Palese's research group at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • Genetic evolution of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Thailand. (cdc.gov)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • In this study, mice were vaccinated with recombinant virus vaccine (rL H5), in which the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A/H5N1 virus was inserted into the LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza hemagglutinin. (rcsb.org)
  • Hemagglutinin is one of the reasons that influenza virus is so effective. (rcsb.org)
  • The name hemagglutinin refers to the ability of influenza to agglutinate red blood cells: the virus is covered with many hemagglutinin molecules, which together can glue many red blood cells together into a visible clump. (rcsb.org)
  • The specificity, and thus the danger, of each strain of influenza virus depends on the particular type hemagglutinin that it carries. (rcsb.org)
  • Over a dozen subtypes of hemagglutinin are known. (rcsb.org)
  • The hemagglutinin shown here is taken from an actual virus of the pandemic that killed so many people in 1918. (rcsb.org)
  • The DNA encoding this hemagglutinin was isolated from preserved samples, and the hemagglutinin was made in the laboratory according to this genetic information. (rcsb.org)
  • The intramuscular (IM) form contains 45 µg of influenza hemagglutinin per 0.5 mL. (medscape.com)
  • The intradermal dosage form contains 27 µg of influenza hemagglutinin per 0.1 mL. (medscape.com)
  • 2004. Structure of the uncleaved human H1 hemagglutinin from the extinct 1918 influenza virus. (nationalacademies.org)
  • 4. Nanobodies mapped to cross-reactive and divergent epitopes on A(H7N9) influenza hemagglutinin using yeast display. (eenzyme.com)
  • Influenza vaccination practice, which is based on neutralizing antibodies, requires being able to predict which viral strains will be circulating. (cdc.gov)
  • After vaccination, mice were challenged with A/H5N1 viruses of low, intermediate, and high lethality. (cdc.gov)
  • A/NP+A/M DNA vaccination reduced replication of A/Hong Kong/486/97 (HK/486), a nonlethal H5N1 strain, and protected against lethal challenge with more virulent A/Hong Kong/156/97 (HK/156). (cdc.gov)
  • After HK/156 exposure, mice survived rechallenge with A/Hong Kong/483/97 (HK/483), although the DNA vaccination alone protected poorly against this highly virulent strain. (cdc.gov)
  • Neutralizing antibodies are specific to subtype and often strain, so vaccination based on eliciting such antibodies requires accurate prediction of the viral strains that will circulate during the influenza season and leaves little time for vaccine preparation. (cdc.gov)
  • Based on the results of animal studies, a universal flu vaccine may use a two-step vaccination strategy: priming with a DNA-based HA vaccine, followed by a second dose with an inactivated, attenuated, or adenovirus-vector-based vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Six weeks after the vaccination, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of H5N1 influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNA vaccination may be a quick and effective strategy for persons innaive to influenza A virus during H5N1 pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are a number of alternate vaccination strategies in current development which may circumvent the need for annual re-vaccination, including new platform technologies such as viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • To prevent seasonal flu, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine annual influenza vaccination for all persons aged 6 months or older, preferably before the onset of influenza activity in the community. (medscape.com)
  • Specific recommendations for individuals who should be immunized can be obtained from the CDC, which publishes regular updates of this information (see Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Resources for Health Professionals). (medscape.com)
  • Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
  • New vaccines against currently circulating influenza variants are required every year due to the diversity of flu viruses and variable efficacy of vaccines to prevent them. (wikipedia.org)
  • The efficacy of a vaccine refers to the protection against a broad variety of influenza strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] On average influenza vaccine efficacy is 60% among the general population that receive yearly vaccinations. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protective efficacy was judged by survival rate, body weight loss and residue virus titer in lungs after the challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, microscopic examination post-challenge showed animals immunized with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines had the least signs of lung injury and inflammation, consistent with the greater relative efficacy of the adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
  • This data suggests that R1a-B6 is capable of cross-subtype protection and ADCC was not essential for R1a-B6 efficacy. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, its efficacy in adults remains inconsistent underlying the urgency for innovative research to develop more effective vaccines against this resilient pathogen. (nature.com)
  • Antibodies are a key component of the human adaptive immune system, and the elicitation of antibodies has been correlated with vaccine efficacy in many diseases ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • the vaccine had 47% efficacy against the predominant influenza A H3N2 subtype and 67% efficacy against influenza B virus infections. (medscape.com)
  • Their efficacy in patients with influenza viral pneumonia or severe influenza is unknown. (medscape.com)
  • The information added will include viruses from the annual flu season in the United States, any animal influenza viruses that infect humans and any novel strains that may emerge such as avian influenza H5N1. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. (who.int)
  • I realize that we're not pigs, but this vaccine may be quite effective in humans too. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infects humans with a high fatality rate and has pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But what worries authorities is the virus's persistence and increasing virulence, killing infected birds within 24 hours and killing some humans within five days who have picked up the virus from birds. (earthfiles.com)
  • Cao Bao Van, Director of the Molecule Biology Department of the Pasteur Institute, which is Vietnam's bird flu research center, reported this weekend that DNA analysis of 24 samples of the H5N1 virus taken from poultry and humans showed significant changes of the deadly virus's surface proteins, known as "antigen variation. (earthfiles.com)
  • Increased monitoring for H5N1 illness in humans. (earthfiles.com)
  • Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Many emerging viruses threatening humans nowadays are zoonotic, i.e. crossed over from such animals. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • In the past, when humans contracted the influenza virus directly from 'their' ducks, the result was only a mild case of pinkeye. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • Many types of viruses infect all kinds of living organisms including plants, animals, humans and even microbes like bacteria. (dupischai.com)
  • 3,5] Influenza A, Hepatitis B, HIV, SARS, MERS, Dengue and Yellow fever, Measles, Mumps and Smallpox all originate from zoonotic viruses capable of moving between humans and animals and responsible for recent infectious diseases in the past few decades. (dupischai.com)
  • Bender C, Hall H, Huang J, Klimov A, Subbarao K. Characterization of the surface proteins of influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in 1997-1998. (unt.edu)
  • Frankfurt Prime Standard: QIA) today announced that two of its tests can be used to screen for the swine flu virus which increasingly affects humans in countries around the globe. (businesswirechina.com)
  • Since pigs can be infected with more than one virus type at a time, genes of several viruses from various sources (including humans) can mix, allowing the swine influenza viruses to cross species barrier and eventually cause disease in humans. (businesswirechina.com)
  • This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, occasional transmissions of influenza A to humans can have a tremendous impact. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Let's start with the basics: H5N1 is a benign, commonplace virus which most birds carry with no harm to themselves or humans. (blogspot.com)
  • Humans also have viruses we have no problem with: these viral companions keep our immune systems healthy and humming. (blogspot.com)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
  • If an unexpected strain, as in the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong outbreak, or even a pandemic emerges, appropriate vaccines may take too long to prepare. (cdc.gov)
  • Currently, killing and incinerating H5N1-infected birds has been the first line of defense since 1997 when H5N1 first showed up in very ill Hong Kong patients. (earthfiles.com)
  • In 1997, the most lethal form of influenza ever known, H5N1, emerged in Hong Kong, and infected a small number of people who had been in direct contact with chickens. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • 1999. The next influenza pandemic: Lessons from Hong Kong, 1997. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In addition, H5 vaccine candidates, either H5 recombinant protein or a conventional surface antigen vaccine prepared from apathogenic H5N3 virus, have shown suboptimal immunogenicity in human trials ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The Fc receptor-dependent function of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) provides mechanisms for clearance of virus and virus-infected cells, as well as for stimulation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation, or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. (frontiersin.org)
  • The antibodies also blocked other flu subtypes, including H5N1. (nih.gov)
  • Inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines have been proved to be effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the virus in clinic trials, but proved to have poor immunogenicity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
  • Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
  • A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The antibodies to influenza virus were detected using hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase AIV subtypes were determined for pos- itive samples. (who.int)
  • Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
  • However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
  • A neuraminidase inhibition assay was used to determine the Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC 50 ) values for all influenza A and B isolates. (who.int)
  • The emergence of oseltamivir resistance of clinical isolates of influenza A virus has been associated with substitution at residue V116, I117, E119, Q136, K150, D151, D199, I223, H275 and N295 in the neuraminidase active site.8 For influenza B there have been two main substitutions: residues R152 and D198. (who.int)
  • Neuraminidase activity was measured using a phenotypic method for viral isolates of influenza A and B. Pyrosequencing assays were then applied to detect the common mutations related to reducing susceptibility or resistance of influenza A viruses to oseltamivir - I117V, E119V and H275Y. (who.int)
  • This H275Y mutation was not found in influenza subtypes A(H5N1) or A(H3N2) isolates. (who.int)
  • Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have released genetic blueprints for over 650 genes of influenza viruses into a database accessible to researchers worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • They also 'reassort,' trade genes with viruses from other species. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In Lebanon, AIV H9N2 was detected in 2006 and 2010 and H5N1 was detected in 2016. (who.int)
  • Sequences obtained clustered tightly with those of Israeli origin as well as Lebanese H9N2 viruses from 2010. (who.int)
  • Several human infections with avian influenza A to high mortality among chickens ( 20 ) that required the viruses, including H5N1, H9N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 intervention of the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture and H10N8, have been reported among poultry-exposed for monitoring and controlling. (who.int)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • But such surface protein changes can lead to human-to-human transmission of the bird flu virus, similar to what happened in 1918 when the Spanish Flu killed more than 50 million people around the planet. (earthfiles.com)
  • Recently scientists announced that the 1918 virus also originated in birds and has similarities to the H5N1 now spreading through migratory birds. (earthfiles.com)
  • Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
  • It appears to have been turned into a massive viral threat through bioengineering by the United States, fusing the deadly genome of the 1918 Pandemic, mis-named the "Spanish Flu", with the DNA of the H5N1 virus in a growth medium of human kidney cells to make sure that the virus recognizes human cells and knows how to invade them. (blogspot.com)
  • Therefore, strategies based on conserved influenza antigens should be explored. (cdc.gov)
  • Culling of sick birds, persons in several countries, with Egypt reporting decontamination of infected farms, and surveillance the highest number of H5N1 infections and China the within the vicinity of infected farms were applied and the highest number of H7N9 infections ( 8-13 ). (who.int)
  • Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
  • In this study, two H7N9 split virion vaccines with or without AS03 adjuvant were tested in the naive ferret model. (nature.com)
  • In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
  • In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
  • From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
  • During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
  • In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • State public health laboratories participate in national influenza surveillance efforts by subtyping viruses and routinely submitting some influenza viruses to CDC for more in-depth characterization. (cdc.gov)
  • Active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses circulating in Viet Nam should be continued. (who.int)
  • 1 National influenza surveillance was initiated in Viet Nam in 2006, and the data collected so far have shown that influenza viruses circulate year-round with similar peaks and subtypes observed across all surveillance regions. (who.int)
  • Data from the National Influenza Surveillance System in Viet Nam were also analysed for the period 2009-2012. (who.int)
  • [ 11 ] Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • We developed a framework and process map for characterizing the landscape of US influenza virologic surveillance into 5 tiers of influenza testing: outpatient settings (tier 1), inpatient settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state public health laboratories (tier 3), National Influenza Reference Center laboratories (tier 4), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratories (tier 5). (cdc.gov)
  • With the release of the 2017 US Pandemic Influenza Plan, the proposed framework will support public health officials in modeling, surveillance, and pandemic planning and response. (cdc.gov)
  • The data and specimens used for influenza virologic surveillance originate from ambulatory patient care facilities, academic and community hospital laboratories, public health laboratories, and commercial laboratories. (cdc.gov)
  • As a first step in this process, we explored existing influenza testing practices and constructed a comprehensive overview of the US virologic surveillance landscape. (cdc.gov)
  • To characterize the specimen and data flow used to inform influenza virologic surveillance, we conducted open-ended interviews with clinicians, state public health laboratory (PHL) directors, epidemiologists, and laboratorians from CDC and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) staff, asking them to share their understanding of all aspects of the data and specimen flow with which they were familiar. (cdc.gov)
  • We identified 5 virologic surveillance tiers in which specimens were collected or tested: outpatient care settings (tier 1), inpatient care settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state and local public health laboratories and health departments (tier 3), laboratories at CDC-sponsored National Influenza Reference Centers (NIRCs) (tier 4), and laboratories within the CDC National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Influenza Division (tier 5). (cdc.gov)
  • This is a positive development for public health laboratories, which provide the backbone for influenza surveillance in the US, and for the American public. (news-medical.net)
  • BiondVax identified 9 conserved epitopes of the influenza virus and combined them into a recombinant protein called Multimeric-001. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ACIP's 2014 Adult Immunization Schedule for influenza vaccine includes information about the recombinant influenza vaccine and addresses the use of this vaccine and the inactivated influenza vaccine in patients with egg allergy. (medscape.com)
  • Recombinant protein therapeutics, vaccines, and plasma products have a long record of safety. (researchgate.net)
  • However, the use of cell culture to produce recombinant proteins is still susceptible to contamination with viruses. (researchgate.net)
  • Patients with influenza generally benefit from bed rest. (medscape.com)
  • The identified antivirals exhibit substantial promise for clinical applications and provide new additions to the arsenal of drugs that are already used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (hku.hk)
  • The success moves researchers a step closer to a universal flu vaccine-one that protects against multiple viral strains for several years. (nih.gov)
  • A universal flu vaccine would block many viral strains for years and greatly control the spread of influenza. (nih.gov)
  • All influenza A subtypes have been isolated of escaping vaccines or producing novel viral strains from wild bird species ( 3 ). (who.int)
  • The quadrivalent influenza vaccines contain an additional B strain, B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage), in addition to the 3 viral strains listed above. (medscape.com)
  • 2. Persistently high antibody responses after AS03-adjuvanted H1N1pdm09 vaccine: Dissecting the HA specific antibody response. (eenzyme.com)
  • Laver and Garman further commented that various experimental vaccines, including DNA vaccines, may be more promising for pandemic control. (cdc.gov)
  • The resulting vaccine could target seasonal as well as pandemic-potential influenza strains such as avian influenza and swine flu, which has already been designated pandemic status. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • PhageVax has made arrangements for clinical trials at three research labs to confirm its findings and is currently negotiating with the National Institute of Health, and the CDC and the FDA for implementation and production of vaccines to combat swine flu, avian flu and malaria. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • We have compared the swine fever virus' sequence with our assays. (businesswirechina.com)
  • Our tests are suited for fast and reliable screening of Influenza A virus types, including the swine flu strain which currently is reported to spread around the world so rapidly. (businesswirechina.com)
  • Swine flu (swine influenza) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs, caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses. (businesswirechina.com)
  • Domestic poultry and some mammals, particularly swine, are also hosts to a limited number of influenza A subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Early 1997 strain of H5N1 avian influenza virus shows golden-brown in this electron micrograph. (earthfiles.com)
  • CDC has been actively working with the World Health Organization to encourage sharing of viruses from countries with avian flu activity. (cdc.gov)
  • H5N1 avian flu. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • H5N1 Avian Flu Has Infected 21st Person in Thailand. (earthfiles.com)
  • The H5N1 avian flu virus has mutated into a more dangerous form that could breed more effectively in mammals. (earthfiles.com)
  • Now scientists in Vietnam, where bird flu has killed 42 people, report their investigation shows the H5N1 avian flu virus has "mutated into a more dangerous form that could breed more effectively in mammals. (earthfiles.com)
  • QIAGEN is the leading provider of Avian Flu (H5N1) molecular detection tools worldwide and has also developed the first test for the detection of SARS. (businesswirechina.com)
  • Current widespread concern over the potential threat of a human pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 avian influenza viruses highlights the medical, social, and economic value of tools that enable correct assessment of the potential for transmissibility of avian flu viruses amongst human hosts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I'll give you the bottom line first: based on Gen. Stubblebine's careful analysis of the existing evidence, Avian Flu has already been turned into a pandemic virus with a lot of sophisticated help from people who are not your friends, but who are very good at weaponizing organisms, like the previously innocuous bird flu virus, H5N1. (blogspot.com)
  • Public relations efforts to the contrary, IF a vaccine is being made against the Avian Flu virus in its pandemic form, that means that the pandemic virus already exists. (blogspot.com)
  • So that fact that the Avian Flu vaccine is already being manufactured in China by Sanofi-Pasteur, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the French arm of the Rockefeller oil cartel (Total Petroleum) is confirmation of what you are about to read. (blogspot.com)
  • Because of that ressurection, the Avian Flu, and its vaccine, are now a US government-instigated threat to life - your life. (blogspot.com)
  • Virus in 2005 has mutated to more virulence in lab tests. (earthfiles.com)
  • Not only is the latest bird flu virus more virulent in lab animal tests, it seems to be increasing its virulence among wild water birds. (earthfiles.com)
  • This could potentially be a way to construct a virus with the virulence of the bird virus, combined with the ability to attack human cells. (rcsb.org)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIV), the causative agents of AI, have worldwide distribution in domestic and wild poultry and are broadly designated as high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) or low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) based on the pathogenicity and the virulence in chickens [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 56 ] The quadrivalent flu vaccines have an additional B virus. (medscape.com)
  • certolizumab pegol decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent, intranasal by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
  • 5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
  • An biosecurity and concentration of poultry in outbreaks or outbreak of H5N1 HPAI was first described in Lebanon in the emergence of HPAI virus ( 1 ). (who.int)
  • In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • Epidemiology, production losses, and control measures associated with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in Pennsylvania (1996-98). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Here, we performed a time-resolved phylogenetic analysis of 129 HA sequences representing all 1891 available H5N8 viruses collected from 2010 to 2020. (mdpi.com)
  • In January 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration approved Audenz as a vaccine for the H5N1 flu virus. (flutalk.net)
  • The vaccines have been found to be 30% to 70% effective in preventing hospitalization from the flu or pneumonia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most commonly, this is influenza pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • Bilateral interstitial infiltrates in a 31-year-old patient with influenza pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • Primary influenza pneumonia manifests with persistent symptoms of cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, and malaise for more than three to five days. (medscape.com)
  • Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. (medscape.com)
  • Viruses account for the largest proportion of childhood pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • Pneumonia can also be caused by viruses, fungi, and other agents. (adam.com)
  • In addition, it has been learned the deadly H5N1 virus involved in the Flu outbreaks (in Egypt) is Tamiflu-resistant, although the virus was never exposed to Tamiflu (the primary anti-viral stockpiled against a flu epidemic in the US). (medpdfarticles.com)
  • There have been eight H5N1 outbreaks in china so far, but so far no human cases have been reported. (earthfiles.com)
  • The H5N8 subtype has caused multiple outbreaks in poultry in Europe over the past few winters. (mdpi.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Concurrent detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and another respiratory virus in individuals can document contemporaneous circulation. (bvsalud.org)
  • We used an ongoing, community-based study of school-aged children and their households to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 codetections with other respiratory viruses in a non-medically attended population over a 2-year period. (bvsalud.org)
  • an additional 11 (0.5%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 and another RPP-covered respiratory virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 codetections with other respiratory viruses were uncommon and predominated in school-aged children. (bvsalud.org)
  • Note: these assays also detect parainfluenza, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. (medscape.com)
  • Blydt-Hansen T, Subbarao K, Quennec P, McDonald J. Recovery of respiratory syncytial virus from stethoscopes by conventional culture and polymerase chain reaction. (unt.edu)
  • 2) QIAGEN's Resplex II v 2.0 assay, a multiplex test which is also PCR based, not only differentiates between Influenza Type A and B, but also detects whether a sample contains additional respiratory related viruses. (businesswirechina.com)
  • Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • This test gives the speed and precision we need to detect and respond effectively to novel influenza viruses. (news-medical.net)
  • After getting the boost, 20 mice were exposed to the deadly 1934 flu virus, and 80% survived. (nih.gov)
  • Mice receiving DNA only or seasonal flu vaccine only all died. (nih.gov)
  • Six weeks later, the mice were immunized with plasmid DNA expressing H5N1 virus NP or M1, or with combination of the two plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, a previous study from our laboratory based on BCG priming followed by boosting with the DNA vaccine expressing α-crystallin imparted markedly better protection against M. tuberculosis in comparison to BCG in both guinea pigs and mice 13 . (nature.com)
  • Yearly flu vaccines prime our immune system, making it ready to fight the most common strains of influenza virus. (rcsb.org)
  • However, the unsatisfactory performance of BCG in controlling the adult pulmonary tuberculosis has made the development of an effective vaccine against M. tuberculosis a prime objective of the TB research. (nature.com)
  • The introduction and development of an effective vaccine against each LPAI subtype is not an economically viable option for the poultry industry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • View of Oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses in northern Viet Nam, 2009-2012. (who.int)
  • November 13, 2005 Washington, D. C. - The Centers for Disease Control and World Health Organization confirm that the 21st person has been infected with H5N1 bird flu in Thailand. (earthfiles.com)
  • The World Health Organization reported in the spring of 2005 that at least 6,000 wild migratory geese at a nature reserve in central China, suddenly died from an H5N1 strain. (earthfiles.com)
  • A universal flu vaccine is a flu vaccine that is effective against all influenza strains regardless of the virus sub type, antigenic drift or antigenic shift. (wikipedia.org)
  • As of 2021 no universal flu vaccine had been approved for general use, several were in development, and one was in clinical trial. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2008, Acambis announced work on a universal flu vaccine (ACAM-FLU-ATM) based on the less variable M2 protein component of the flu virus shell. (wikipedia.org)
  • We look forward to advancing our SynCon™ universal flu vaccine program toward clinical investigation. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • This significant advance lays the groundwork for the development of a vaccine to provide long-lasting protection against any strain of influenza," says Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, director of NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (nih.gov)
  • But once every couple of decades, a new strain of influenza appears that is far more pathogenic, allowing it to spread rapidly. (rcsb.org)
  • On occasion, the direct pathologic effects of influenza may necessitate hospitalization. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, novel anti-influenza therapeutics utilizing new targets and creative strategies are essential. (hku.hk)
  • during that time the virus can mutate, making the vaccines less effective. (wikipedia.org)
  • Only under the stimulus of novel and dangerous toxins which your body has no way to get rid of (detoxify), and stress which overwhelms your coping capacity, does an innocuous virus mutate and become something that can make you sick or kill you. (blogspot.com)
  • Influenza viruses mutate and migrate, rendering some tests ineffective as the virus evolves. (news-medical.net)
  • China reported on November 11, more H5N1 infections of poultry there that killed 300 chickens in Liaoning Province northeast of Beijing. (earthfiles.com)
  • But when the duck slaves were confined in close proximity with chicken and pig slaves (sometimes vertically over each other), and the virus passed to the chickens or pigs, it found itself in a hostile environment. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • The action marks the beginning of a collaboration between the CDC and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) that will allow for greater access to data on a variety of influenza virus samples obtained from patients in the United States, including avian influenza H5N1 if it should arrive here. (cdc.gov)
  • Significantly, being based on a common set of antigens derived from a broad range of flu strains, such a universal vaccine would have the potential to provide greater protection against evolving, unmatched flu strains. (medicineandtechnology.com)