Influenza a virus h7n2 subtype. Medical search. Frequent questions

Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
subtype (i.e. avian influenza viruses to infections such as avian influenza and For this review we included pub- including H5N1, H7N9, H7N2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome cor- lished and unpublished reports of the H9N2, swine flu/pandemic influenza onavirus (MERS-CoV). (who.int)
The image shows a graphical abstract: H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses emerged in China in 2017, prompting vaccination in poultry. (eurekalert.org)
examine H7N9 viruses across China before and after vaccination, revealing rapid. (eurekalert.org)
Recent findings suggest that the vaccine largely worked but detected two new genetic variations of the H7N9 and H7N2 subtypes in unvaccinated ducks. (eurekalert.org)
It surprised me that the novel, highly pathogenic subtypes had been generated in and adapted so well to ducks, because the original highly pathogenic form of H7N9 has very limited capacity to replicate in ducks," says Hualan Chen, a senior author on the paper and an animal virologist at the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute. (eurekalert.org)
They isolated 304 H7N9 viruses before the vaccine's release, and only 17 H7N9 viruses and one H7N2 virus after. (eurekalert.org)
Our data show that vaccination of chickens successfully prevented the spread of the H7N9 virus in China," says Chen. (eurekalert.org)
When Chen's team looked closely at the genetic types of the disease-causing strains in ducks, they found that an H7N2 and an H7N9 virus had picked up certain gene segments from other duck influenza viruses, improving their ability to infect ducks. (eurekalert.org)
Influenza viruses mutate as long as they replicate, but it's very difficult to predict when the H7N9 virus will obtain a particular harmful mutation," says Chen. (eurekalert.org)
LPAI A(H7N9) virus infection was reported in more than 1500 people in China, particularly during epidemics from 2013-2017, including cases exported to Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Canada. (cdc.gov)
The most recent H7N9 virus infection was reported in China in 2019. (cdc.gov)
Chen P., Jiang Y., Guan Y., Liu J., Gu W., Han S., Chen H.. Rapid Evolution of H7N9 Highly Pathogenic Viruses that Emerged in China in 2017. (caas.cn)
Since 31 March 2013, the government of China has been notifying the World Health Organization (WHO) of human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, 1 as mandated by the International Health Regulations (2005). (who.int)
H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7) have previously been reported, 3 the current event in China is of historical significance as it is the first time that A(H7N9) viruses have been detected among humans and the first time that a low pathogenic avian influenza virus is being associated with human fatalities. (who.int)
5,6 Here, we describe the age and sex distribution of the human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) to better inform risk assessments and potential next steps. (who.int)
Between 31 March and 16 April 2013, there were 63 reported cases of avian influenza A(H7N9). (who.int)
9 LBMs have been the primary site where avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has been detected in poultry and environmental samples in the affected areas, 9 although age- and sex-specific LBM visit patterns are unknown.Elderly Chinese men are well-known to be hobbyists of "walking" ornamental pet songbirds and take frequent and extended walks with their caged birds, congregating together in parks. (who.int)
H7N9 avian influenza human infection is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 better known as coronavirus. (done21.com)
Recent human infections with avian influenza virus revealed that H9N2 is the gene donor for H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that are infecting humans too. (influenzavirusnet.com)
4. Nanobodies mapped to cross-reactive and divergent epitopes on A(H7N9) influenza hemagglutinin using yeast display. (eenzyme.com)
Fluhunter: Avian Influenza H7N9 virus + Mammal (incl. (genekam.de)

Similarly, an "A(H5N1)" virus has an HA 5 protein and an NA 1 protein. (cdc.gov)
Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
The infections identified included: ARI, avian influenza A(H5N1), influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. (who.int)
Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethal challenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (distantreader.org)
H5N1- Avian Flu-Global influenza pandemic (mid-2000) - with fatality rate of 50% it becomes the most falat virus of all know Influenza virus that infect humans it also causes diarrhoea. (atomictherapy.org)
There is no epidemiologic link between the H5N1 virus in Asia and the H5N2 virus in Texas. (thepoultrysite.com)
HPAI A(H5N1) virus infections have been reported in more than 890 people with approximately 50% case fatality proportion since 1997, including 20 cases and 7 deaths in Hong Kong during 1997-2003, and more than 870 cases reported in 22 countries since November 2003. (cdc.gov)
The present results demonstrate that an H9N2 virus has the potential to acquire intravenous pathogenicity in chickens although the morbidity via the nasal route of infection is lower than that of H5N1 HPAIV. (biomedcentral.com)
Examples of different influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in animals include H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs (different strains than those found in humans), H3N8 in horses, H3N2 in dogs, and H5N1 in wild water birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
More recently, H5N1 viruses from birds have caused sporadic infections in wild foxes in the U.S. and in other countries. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
Fluhunter: Ready to use avian influenza virus H5N1 : human only incl. (genekam.de)
Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)

Only two influenza A virus subtypes A(H1N1)pdm09, and A(H3N2), are currently circulating among people. (cdc.gov)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
Influenza A(H1N1) was an important cause of morbidity during the 2009 pandemic. (who.int)
Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we have developed a biolayer interferometry (BLI)-based assay to determine dominant binding epitopes of the HA1 in antibody response to influenza vaccines using a panel of recombinant HA1 proteins of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus with each carrying a single amino acid substitution. (cdc.gov)
CDC and disease experts around the world monitor flu viruses that circulate in animals because the previous pandemics of the 20th century as well as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic were caused by flu viruses in animals that gained the ability to infect and spread easily in humans. (cdc.gov)
Electron microscope beeʼiilkid, Tsʼííh honiigaah H1N1 influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in humans are H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
For example, until 1998, only H1N1 viruses circulated widely in the U.S. pig population. (cdc.gov)
While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
The intranasal administration of the identified compounds enhanced survival rates and reduced lung viral loads in BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 virus. (hku.hk)
1. Humoral and cellular immune responses in critically ill influenza A/H1N1-infected patients. (eenzyme.com)
[12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)

Within the influenza division, we have a branch, and it's focused on surveillance for all influenza viruses, and that includes both human seasonal strains, as well as influenza viruses that circulate in animal hosts. (cdc.gov)
And I'm the team lead of a laboratory that focuses only on the zoonotic influenza viruses, or those strains that are typically found only in animals, but occasionally can infect humans. (cdc.gov)
The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
At the conclusion of today's session participants will be able to describe the current status of influenza activity in the United States, explain the circulating influenza strains seen this season and implications for clinicians, discuss antiviral treatment of influenza and implications for patient evaluation, testing and treatment. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be categorized into lineages and strains. (zovon.com)
For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)
the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
H2N2 is a subtype of the type influenzavirus A. H2N2 has mutated into various strains including the Asian flu strain (now extinct in the wild), H3N2, and various strains found in birds. (influenzavirusnet.com)
袁碩峰 Abstract: The rapid mutability of influenza virus in conjunction with genomic reassortment between viral strains promotes the virus' ability to evade vaccines and to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (hku.hk)
Antigenic shift is the process by which at least two different strains of a virus (or different viruses), especially influenza, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift , which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. (influenzavirusnet.com)
When two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA, which is then transcribed to mRNA. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Equine (horse) influenza A(H3N8) virus routinely circulates and can cause illness in horses, and canine (dog) influenza A(H3N2) virus routinely circulates and can cause illness in dogs. (cdc.gov)
Fifty Years of influenza A(H3N2) following the pandemic of 1968. (cdc.gov)
The deadly H3N2 virus has raised its ugly head again and is on a killing spree, it has killed more than 120 people including two below 18 yrs of age till February 2018 that is in just a month of outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
H3N2 is strain of influenza A virus, the orthomyxoviridae family - these are simgle stranded segmented RNA-Virus and they have numerous subtypes which are named by numbers based on type of Heamagglutinin "H number" and "N number" for type of Neuraminidase. (atomictherapy.org)
Hong Kong Flu virus H3N2 is desendent of H2N2 through antigenic shift, a process in which genes from various subtypes make up a new virus sub type. (atomictherapy.org)
The patient also had co-infection with seasonal influenza A(H3N2) virus. (cdc.gov)
However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. (cdc.gov)

2004. Structure of the uncleaved human H1 hemagglutinin from the extinct 1918 influenza virus. (nationalacademies.org)
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 10 and neuraminidase 7. (umassmed.edu)
The globular head domain of influenza virus surface protein hemagglutinin (HA1) is the major target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)
The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
[ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
Multiple subtypes of AIVs including nine hemagglutinin (HA) and seven neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were isolated form the environmental samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Asian Flu was of the H2N2 subtype (a notation that refers to the configuration of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the virus) of type A influenza, and an influenza vaccine was developed in 1957 to contain its outbreak. (influenzavirusnet.com)
For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Single-amino-acid substitution in an antigenic site of influenza virus hemagglutinin can alter the specificity of binding to cell membrane-associated gangliosides. (expasy.org)
Structural studies of the parainfluenza virus 5 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase tetramer in complex with its receptor, sialyllactose. (expasy.org)
The structure and receptor binding properties of the 1918 influenza hemagglutinin. (expasy.org)
Structural basis for receptor specificity of influenza B virus hemagglutinin. (expasy.org)

Fowl typhoid (FT), a septicemic disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), and H9N2 influenza infection are two economically important diseases that affect poultry industry worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
In conclusion, we show that SG delivering M2eCD40L can act as a bivalent vaccine against FT and H9N2 infection and further studies are warranted to develop this SG-M2eCD40L vaccine as a broadly protective vaccine against avian influenza virus subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
In South Korea, H9N2 subtype has been endemic since 2000 and the infection is mainly controlled through the use of an oil adjuvanted inactivated H9N2 vaccine, which has dramatically decreased the incidence of H9N2 infection in chicken farms [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) caused by infection with low pathogenic H9N2 viruses have occurred in poultry, resulting in serious economic losses in Asia and the Middle East. (biomedcentral.com)
It has been difficult to eradicate the H9N2 virus because of its low pathogenicity, frequently causing in apparent infection. (biomedcentral.com)
It is important for the control of AI to assess whether the H9N2 virus acquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we investigated whether a non-pathogenic H9N2 virus, A/chicken/Yokohama/aq-55/2001 (Y55) (H9N2), acquires pathogenicity in chickens when a pair of di-basic amino acid residues is introduced at the cleavage site of its HA molecule. (biomedcentral.com)
More than 75% of chickens inoculated intravenously with the passaged virus, rgY55sub-P10 (H9N2), died, indicating that it is pathogenic comparable to that of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) defined by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). (biomedcentral.com)
It is important for controlling avian influenza and for preparing for pandemic influenza to assess whether the H9N2 virus aquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
H9N2 is the most common subtype of influenza viruses in Chinese chickens and thus causes great economic loss for the poultry industry, even under the long-term vaccination programs. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The crucial role of H9N2 viruses due to the wide host range, adaptation to both poultry and mammals and extensive gene reassortment. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The H9N2 influenza virus can be transmitted by air droplet, dust, feed, or water. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has issued a task order under an existing contract to Chiron Corporation of Emeryville, CA, for the production of an investigational vaccine based on an H9N2 strain of avian influenza virus that has infected humans and has the potential to trigger a modern-day pandemic. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Over the years the H9N2 influenza strain caused illness in several children aged nine months to 5 years in Hong Kong with the latest occurring in December 2009. (influenzavirusnet.com)

The Avian Influenza H7N3 Outbreak in South Central Asia. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H7N3) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with conjunctivitis or mild upper respiratory tract symptoms in the U.K. and Canada since 2004. (cdc.gov)

Therefore, identifying dominant binding epitopes of HA is critical for selecting seasonal influenza vaccine viruses. (cdc.gov)
However, data on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infection, and vaccine co-administration remains limited. (cdc.gov)
She joined CDC in 1997 and worked in the National Vaccine Office on Adult Immunization and Pandemic Influenza Planning. (cdc.gov)
Dr. Campbell's current projects focus on studies of influenza antiviral treatment and antiviral effectiveness, vaccine effectiveness, pandemic preparedness and development of CDC clinical guidance related to treatment and prevention of seasonal and novel influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
The introduction and development of an effective vaccine against each LPAI subtype is not an economically viable option for the poultry industry. (biomedcentral.com)
Dishjį́diʼ éí azee ąąh alʼįʼdiʼ jigáágo éí achʼąąʼ adáʼatsʼiʼ, azee éí "trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV)" wolyé. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. (medscape.com)
Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
[15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)

LPAI A(H7N7) virus infection was reported in one person with conjunctivitis in the U.K. in 1996. (cdc.gov)

A CDC study following outbreaks of H7N2 in commercial poultry farms in western Virginia in 2002 concluded: An important factor contributing to rapid early spread of AI virus infection among commercial poultry farms during this outbreak was disposal of dead birds via rendering off-farm. (wikipedia.org)
Four tested positive for evidence of infection from H7N2 and were successfully treated for mild flu. (wikipedia.org)
NYC DOHMH 2016 Health Alert #52: Update on Avian Influenza A H7N2 Infection in Cats in NYC Shelters" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
Avian Influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses). (cdc.gov)
Evidence of infection with influenza viruses in migratory waterfowl. (cdc.gov)
Multiplex Detection of Antibody Landscapes to SARS-CoV-2/Influenza/Common Human Coronaviruses Following Vaccination or Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza. (cdc.gov)
Influenza, commonly known as flu, refers to a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)
The resistance to zanamivir is rare [17] , but its use is limited to patients who can actively inhale it, which often excludes young children, impaired older adults or patients with underlying airway disease [14] , that is the groups of patients most vulnerable to serious influenza infection complications. (distantreader.org)
To prevent further human infection, Chen and her team believe that the virus should be eliminated in ducks as soon as possible. (eurekalert.org)
It is believed that most cases of avian influenza infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces. (thepoultrysite.com)
For some human infections, the source of the virus infection was not determined. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H6N1) virus infection was reported in one person with moderate lower respiratory tract disease in Taiwan in 2013. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H7N2) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with conjunctivitis (pink eye), mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, or lower respiratory tract disease in the U.K. and U.S. since 2002. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H7N4) virus infection was reported in one person with pneumonia in China in 2017. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H10N3) virus infection was reported in one person with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure in China in 2021, and in another person with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure in China in 2022. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H10N5) virus infection was reported in one person with severe pneumonia who died in China in late 2023. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H10N7) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with conjunctivitis or mild upper respiratory tract symptoms in Egypt in 2004 and Australia in 2010. (cdc.gov)
LPAI A(H10N8) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with severe pneumonia with respiratory failure, including a few deaths, in China since 2013. (cdc.gov)
People with close or prolonged unprotected contact (not wearing respiratory and eye protection) with infected birds or places that sick birds or their mucous, saliva, or feces have contaminated, might be at greater risk of bird flu virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Experimental infection of mink ( Mustela vison) was initially used to link the isolated influenza virus to the clinical symptoms and pathological lesions observed in the field outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a patient with 2019-nCoV infection and compared it with other related coronavirus genomes. (hku.hk)
HA is the major surface antigen of the influenza viruses, against which neutralizing antibodies are elicited during virus infection and vaccination. (eenzyme.com)

Because of the highly infectious nature of AI virus and the devastating economic impact of outbreaks, poultry farmers should consider carcass disposal techniques that do not require off-farm movement, such as burial, composting, or incineration. (wikipedia.org)
On 24 May 2007, an outbreak of H7N2 was confirmed at a poultry farm near Corwen, in Wales from tests on chickens that died from H7N2. (wikipedia.org)
In early June it was discovered that the virus had spread to a poultry farm 70 miles (113 km) away near St. Helens in north-west England. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza A viruses have been detected and are known to circulate in seven different animal species or groups, including humans, wild water birds, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs and bats. (cdc.gov)
Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses cause either no signs of disease or mild disease in chickens/poultry (such as ruffled feathers and a drop in egg production). (cdc.gov)
In poultry, some low-pathogenic viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses cause severe disease and high mortality in infected poultry. (cdc.gov)
HPAI A(H5) and A(H7) virus infections in poultry also can spill back into wild birds, resulting in further geographic spread of the virus as those birds migrate. (cdc.gov)
While some wild bird species can be infected with some HPAI A(H5) or A(H7) virus subtypes without appearing sick, other HPAI A(H5) and A(H7) virus subtypes can cause severe disease and mortality in some infected wild birds as well as in infected poultry. (cdc.gov)
Both HPAI and LPAI viruses can spread rapidly through poultry flocks. (cdc.gov)
6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X is the common receptor determinant recognized by H5, H6, H7 and H9 influenza viruses of terrestrial poultry. (expasy.org)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
US - Interim Recommendations for Persons with Possible Exposure to Avian Influenza During Outbreaks Among Poultry in the US. (thepoultrysite.com)
Outbreaks of avian influenza A occur among U.S. poultry flocks from time to time. (thepoultrysite.com)
The state of Texas has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N2) among poultry on one farm in Gonzales County, in south-central Texas. (thepoultrysite.com)
Because it is possible that avian influenza could be transmitted to humans, CDC is issuing the following interim U.S. guidance for 1) individuals who may be exposed to avian influenza, 2) health-care professionals, and 3) consumers of poultry. (thepoultrysite.com)
Additionally, food safety information for consumers is provided to address concerns surrounding avian influenza outbreaks and poultry. (thepoultrysite.com)
Human infections with avian influenza A viruses are uncommon but have occurred sporadically in many countries, usually after unprotected exposures (e.g. not using respiratory or eye protection) to infected poultry or virus-contaminated environments and have resulted in mild-to-severe illness with a wide range of symptoms and complications. (cdc.gov)
The designation of "low" versus "highly" pathogenic avian influenza A virus refers to specific criteria, including mortality in experimentally infected poultry, and not to the severity of illness with human infections. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza viruses (AIV), the causative agents of AI, have worldwide distribution in domestic and wild poultry and are broadly designated as high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) or low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) based on the pathogenicity and the virulence in chickens [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
Wang C., Zhang Y., Xing X., Zeng X., Liu L., Tian G., Yasuo Suzuki, Li C., Deng G .*, Chen H.*. Novel H5N6 reassortants bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 virus have been detected in poultry and caused multiple human infections in China. (caas.cn)
Influenza A viruses are endemic (can infect and regularly transmit) in 6 animal species or groups (wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs, and bats) in addition to humans. (cdc.gov)
It is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we found the avian influenza viruses characteristics of geographic distribution, seasonality, location, samples types, proved that multiple subtypes of AIVs continuously coexisted in the environment associated with poultry and wild bird, highlighted the need for environmental surveillance in China. (biomedcentral.com)

Dr. Angela Campbell will be - will discuss neuraminidase inhibitor medications (antivirals) that are approved only for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza. (cdc.gov)
The current therapeutic regimen for influenza A viruses is limited to two classes of drugs: the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (distantreader.org)

H7N2 is considered a low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus. (wikipedia.org)
Avian influenza A viruses are classified into the following two categories: low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Mutinelli F, Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G. Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. (cdc.gov)

There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
There are four types of influenza viruses, namely, A, B, C and D. Human influenza viruses, A and B cause seasonal flu every year. (zovon.com)
Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza virus A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenzavirus A because it infects more than just humans. (influenzavirusnet.com)

For example, an "A(H7N2) virus" designates an influenza A virus subtype that has an HA 7 protein and an NA 2 protein. (cdc.gov)

both LPAI and HPAI A viruses have caused mild to severe illness in infected humans. (cdc.gov)
Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
We know that there is a lot of different infectious diseases that are caused by viruses, parasites, bacteria that are typically found in animal hosts, but when humans get infected, they can cause disease, and influenza's no exception. (cdc.gov)
Most of the time those influenza viruses don't infect people, but when they do, we're especially concerned because humans don't have immunity to the viruses that typically circulate in those other animals that I mentioned. (cdc.gov)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
Influenza is considered as one of the deadliest diseases of humans. (zovon.com)
Influenza D viruses infect cattle and are not known to cause any illness in humans. (zovon.com)
Following are known subtypes of Influenza A virus that can infect humans and are listed as per number of known pandemic human deaths. (atomictherapy.org)
The health risk to humans from the H5N2 influenza outbreak in Texas is considered low at this time. (thepoultrysite.com)
Laboratory research conducted at CDC and elsewhere suggests that these viruses would need to undergo significant changes to become capable of infecting and spreading easily among humans. (cdc.gov)
This suggests that bat flu viruses may not grow or replicate in humans and would need to undergo significant changes to become capable of infecting and spreading easily among humans. (cdc.gov)
However, testing of the bat flu virus's genome suggests that its internal genes are compatible with human flu viruses, so CDC scientists cannot rule out the possibility of these viruses eventually becoming capable of infecting humans. (cdc.gov)
For more information, see the question below entitled "How could bat flu viruses become capable of infecting and spreading among humans? (cdc.gov)
How could bat flu viruses become capable of infecting and spreading among humans? (cdc.gov)
Reassortment can sometimes lead to the emergence of new flu viruses capable of infecting humans. (cdc.gov)
The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A virus subtype against which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)
Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Epidemiology, production losses, and control measures associated with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in Pennsylvania (1996-98). (nationalacademies.org)

In birds, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified. (cdc.gov)
All known subtypes of influenza A viruses can infect birds, except subtypes A(H17N10) and A(H18N11), which have only been found in bats . (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza A viruses that infect birds have evolved into distinct genetic lineages based on the geographic locations where they were first detected. (cdc.gov)
For example, avian influenza A viruses that were first detected in birds in Asia can be recognized as genetically different from avian influenza A viruses that were first detected among birds in North America. (cdc.gov)
Most avian influenza A viruses are low pathogenic and cause few signs of disease in infected wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Only some avian influenza A(H5) and A(H7) viruses are classified as HPAI A viruses, while most A(H5) and A(H7) viruses circulating among birds are LPAI A viruses. (cdc.gov)
And so we do quite a bit of surveillance in birds, in pigs, and even some pets, like dogs and cats, and other companion animals, like horses, and all of those animals have their own variety of influenza species. (cdc.gov)
Todd Davis] So, I have to go back in history a little bit to explain what we know about influenza virus circulation in birds, and even a little bit in cats. (cdc.gov)
Sometimes cats can get infected with avian viruses because they're eating infected bird meat, where they might be exposed to feces or even water that might be contaminated with feces from birds. (cdc.gov)
But cats typically aren't expected to get influenza viruses from birds. (cdc.gov)
Some observations on the circulation of influenza viruses in domestic and wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to type a influenza viruses in the sera of wild birds from the far east of the USSR. (cdc.gov)
Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
Preliminary testing of birds at two of these markets found evidence of avian influenza. (thepoultrysite.com)
Flu viruses already are known to spread and cause disease in other animals, including domestic and wild birds, pigs, horses, and dogs, with sporadic outbreaks in seals, whales, ferrets and cats. (cdc.gov)
A small number of human infections with avian influenza A viruses have been attributed to exposure to infected wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Clinical illness associated with human infections with avian influenza A viruses does not necessarily correlate with virus pathogenicity in infected birds. (cdc.gov)
Directly from infected birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments. (cdc.gov)
The only possible explanation was that birds carrying the virus transmitted it via their faeces to the mink. (biomedcentral.com)
Only a few months after the outbreak in Swedish mink, some viruses of the H10N4 subtype were isolated from domestic and wild birds in Great Britain [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Affected species include other mammals and birds, giving influenza A the opportunity for a major reorganization of surface antigens. (influenzavirusnet.com)

With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
Since early February 2004, avian influenza outbreaks have been reported in several locations in the United States, most recently in Texas. (thepoultrysite.com)
Although it is unusual for people to get influenza A virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and swine influenza A viruses have been reported. (cdc.gov)

Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses continue to co-circulate, representing two major public health threats from respiratory infections with similar clinical presentations. (cdc.gov)
Ms. Budd is an epidemiologist in the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch in the Influenza Division of CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (cdc.gov)
Dr. Campbell is a Medical Officer in the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch in the Influenza Division in CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (cdc.gov)
By contrast, HAs of LPAIVs are cleaved only by trypsin-like proteases which are expressed in the cells lining the respiratory or intestinal tracts, so that the viruses cause only localized infections, resulting in mild or asymptomatic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
The outbreak of severe respiratory disease in mink ( Mustela vison) in 1984 was linked to an avian influenza virus of subtype H10N4. (biomedcentral.com)

The identified antivirals exhibit substantial promise for clinical applications and provide new additions to the arsenal of drugs that are already used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (hku.hk)

In February 2004, an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A (H7N2) was reported on 2 chicken farms in Delaware and in four live bird markets in New Jersey supplied by the same farms. (wikipedia.org)
In March 2004, surveillance samples from a flock of chickens in Maryland tested positive for LPAI H7N2. (wikipedia.org)
Subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses that have been virologically confirmed to have infected people include A(H6), A(H7), A(H9), and A(H10) viruses. (cdc.gov)
Four infections have been identified in the U.S. since 2002, including 2 that resulted from cat-to-human transmission of an LPAI A(H7N2) virus circulating among cats in 2016 . (cdc.gov)

An analysis of the New York 2003 case concluded that the H7N2 virus responsible could be evolving toward the same strong sugar-binding properties of the three worldwide viral pandemics in 1918, 1957 and 1968. (wikipedia.org)
The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
This study underscores the medical importance of polymerase functional domains as druggable targets, which may be due to the fact that these targeted areas are not only highly conserved among virus subtypes but also key to viral fitness. (hku.hk)
Importantly, the established screening platforms for PA endonuclease inhibitors, PB2 cap-binding inhibitors, and PA-PB1 interaction disrupters should advance the development of a category of anti-influenza drugs that target viral polymerase. (hku.hk)
Antigenic shift is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)

As little as one amino acid substitution in the HA1 can result in an antigenic drift of influenza viruses, indicating the dominance of some epitopes in the binding of HA to polyclonal serum antibodies. (cdc.gov)
Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
This type of major change in the influenza A viruses is known as " antigenic shift . (cdc.gov)
The term antigenic shift is more often applied specifically (but is not limited) to the influenza literature, as it is the best known example (e.g. visna virus in sheep). (influenzavirusnet.com)
Illustration of potential influenza antigenic shift. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 , the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 , and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. (influenzavirusnet.com)
One increasingly worrying situation is the possible antigenic shift between avian influenza and human influenza. (influenzavirusnet.com)
This antigenic shift could cause the formation of a highly virulent virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)

But they couldn't use any of their other detection methods to subtype the virus, so it looked like it wasn't a typical seasonal strain. (cdc.gov)
However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protection offered by seasonal vaccines. (distantreader.org)
The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)
The aim of this study was to analyze the geographic and seasonal distributions of AIVs in the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous region (PMA) of China, compare the AIVs prevalence in different collecting sites and sampling types, analyze the diversity of AIVs subtypes in environment. (biomedcentral.com)

Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. (nature.com)
Sera from individuals vaccinated with the 2010-2011 influenza trivalent vaccines were analyzed for their binding to the HA1 panel and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) activity against influenza viruses with cognate mutations. (cdc.gov)
Our study demonstrates a method to systemically analyze antibody immunodominance in the humoral response to influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines can also now be co-administered. (cdc.gov)
5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)

Evolution of the A/chicken/pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
The Mexican Avian Influenza (H5N2) Outbreak. (cdc.gov)
The H5N2 strain in Texas is a different subtype of influenza A than the virus affecting parts of Asia. (thepoultrysite.com)

And those subtypes circulate in other parts of the world, but especially in the Northeastern U.S. There are live bird markets where people can go and buy things like ducks and turkeys, chickens, and even things like quail, and have them slaughtered on site and then take them home to prepare meals. (cdc.gov)

Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
Coupled with previous experimental data and genetic characterization here we tried to investigate the possible influence of different genes on the virulence of these H10 avian influenza viruses in mink. (biomedcentral.com)
The NS gene of mink/84 appears to have contributed to the virulence of the virus in mink by helping the virus evade the innate immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
In an effort to better understand the mechanism behind the virulence of influenza A viruses we characterized the complete genome of influenza A viruses that clearly showed different pathogenicity for mink. (biomedcentral.com)

2000. The impact of influenza epidemics on hospitalizations. (nationalacademies.org)
Influenza C viruses are not known to cause serious symptoms or result in epidemics. (zovon.com)

In December 2016, an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza H7N2 occurred in a feline population in the New York City Animal Care Center (ACC) shelters after testing by the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine and confirmed by USDA's National Veterinary Diagnostic Services Laboratory. (wikipedia.org)
I'm happy to welcome you to today's COCA Call "2016-2017 Influenza Season Activity and Recommendations for Clinicians. (cdc.gov)
She rejoined the Influenza Division in 2016 and is again focusing on domestic influenza surveillance. (cdc.gov)

Our study also showed that there are no genetic differences in receptor specificity or the cleavability of the haemagglutinin proteins of these viruses regardless of whether they are of low or high pathogenicity in mink. (biomedcentral.com)
In poly I:C stimulated mink lung cells the NS1 protein of influenza A virus showing high pathogenicity in mink down regulated the type I interferon promoter activity to a greater extent than the NS1 protein of the virus showing low pathogenicity in mink. (biomedcentral.com)

One possible way that virus reassortment could occur is if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could reassort and produce a new influenza A virus that had some genes from the human virus and some genes from the avian virus. (cdc.gov)
It is also possible that the process of genetic reassortment could occur in a person who is co-infected with an avian influenza A virus and a human influenza A virus. (cdc.gov)

Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype" by people in this website by year, and whether "Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)

There are 18 known HA subtypes and 11 known NA subtypes. (cdc.gov)
There are 16 known HA subtypes and 9 known NA subtypes. (grantbarrett.com)

Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
Because the internal genes of bat flu viruses are compatible with human flu viruses, it is possible that these viruses could exchange genetic information with human flu viruses through a process called "reassortment. (cdc.gov)
It is possible that many of the internal genes of bat influenza viruses are descendants of families of flu viruses that once circulated more widely in previous centuries and that are now extinct - or yet to be discovered. (cdc.gov)
The segmented genome allows influenza A viruses from different species to mix genes (reassortment) and create a new virus if influenza A viruses from two different species infect the same person or animal at the same time. (cdc.gov)
If this happens, it is possible for the genes of these viruses to mix and create a new virus (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)

Influenza A virus subtype H7N2 (A/H7N2) is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. (wikipedia.org)
In many other animal species, avian influenza A viruses have been reported to cause occasional infections, but do not regularly spread among them (e.g., cats and seals). (cdc.gov)
These subtypes that naturally occur in wild species usually cause little or no disease. (usgs.gov)
It is possible that the virus may adapt in other species in the future if it cannot be eliminated soon. (eurekalert.org)
Bat flu viruses have since been detected in some other species of bats in Central and South America (2). (cdc.gov)
The discovery of bat flu is important for public health because bats represent a new animal species that may act as a source of flu viruses. (cdc.gov)
This diversity is so great that some flu researchers concluded that in bat populations in Central and South America the bat flu viruses found there may have as much genetic diversity in some gene segments as those found in the flu viruses of all other mammal and bird species combined. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses that typically are endemic in one animal species sometimes can cause illness in another species. (cdc.gov)
It could occur with primate viruses and may be a factor for the appearance of new viruses in the human species such as HIV. (influenzavirusnet.com)

This subtype is one of several sometimes called bird flu virus. (wikipedia.org)
The bird flu virus replicates in host cells and often mutates and reassorts over time. (eurekalert.org)

Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
These two proteins determine the subtypes of Influenza A virus. (eenzyme.com)

The emergence of a new strain of influenza virus are responsible for a pandemic. (zovon.com)

With this in mind, H5 & H7 influenza viruses can re-assort into the Highly Pathogenic variant if conditions are favorable. (wikipedia.org)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
This is the first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the United States in 20 years and was detected by routine state monitoring for avian influenza. (thepoultrysite.com)
Human infections have occurred with different subtypes of low pathogenic and highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses . (cdc.gov)

I nfluenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae . (eenzyme.com)
Influenza , kang luwih ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud lelara nular kang disebabaké déning virus RNA saka famili Orthomyxoviridae (virus influenza), kang nyerang unggas lan mamalia . (wikipedia.org)

In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)

So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)

If this new influenza A virus causes illness in people and is transmitted easily from person to person in a sustained manner, an influenza pandemic can occur. (cdc.gov)

1999. The next influenza pandemic: Lessons from Hong Kong, 1997. (nationalacademies.org)
The 1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy: veterinary and human health implications. (cdc.gov)
Ms. Budd first joined the Influenza Division in 1999 and managed the day-to-day functioning of the National Influenza Surveillance System and continued her pandemic influenza planning efforts. (cdc.gov)

In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)
In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)

HPAI A(H5) or A(H7) virus infections can cause disease that affects multiple internal organs with mortality up to 90% to 100% in chickens, often within 48 hours. (cdc.gov)

In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)

2004. NISN statement on antiviral resistance in influenza viruses. (nationalacademies.org)
The emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs in recent years further limits the options available for the control of influenza. (distantreader.org)
Clinical merits of selected inhibitors were further evaluated, focusing mainly on their cross-protection abilities among influenza virus subtypes and their potential synergetic antiviral effects when used in combination with other drugs. (hku.hk)

Real-time RT-PCR assays for influenza A, H5, H7 and H9 subtypes were performed on all the samples to identify subtypes of influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)

Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). (cdc.gov)

Virus isolated from human (veterinarian who experienced influenza-like illness after exposure to sick domestic cats at an animal shelter). (cdc.gov)
In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
human influenza caused by a new ruses, to high case fatality diseases due No such reviews were found. (who.int)
In this study, we describe a human monoclonal antibody (PN-SIA49) that recognizes a highly conserved epitope located on the stem region of the HA and able to neutralize a broad spectrum of influenza viruses belonging to different subtypes (H1, H2 and H5). (distantreader.org)
Preliminary laboratory research at CDC suggests that human cells do not support growth of the bat flu viruses in the test tube (1). (cdc.gov)
However, the conditions needed for reassortment to occur between human flu viruses and bat flu viruses remain unknown. (cdc.gov)
A different animal (such as pigs, horses, dogs or seals) would need to serve as a "bridge," meaning that such an animal would need to be capable of being infected with both this new bat flu virus and human flu viruses for reassortment to occur. (cdc.gov)
In their current form bat flu viruses do not appear to pose a threat to human health. (cdc.gov)
To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
however, human infections can happen when enough virus gets into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth, or is inhaled. (cdc.gov)
Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and mortality. (medscape.com)
2 While human infections with other subgroups of H7 influenza viruses (e.g. (who.int)
Because the human immune system has difficulty recognizing the new influenza strain, it may be highly dangerous. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza viruses in addition to swine influenza viruses. (influenzavirusnet.com)
There are 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes known , but only H1, H2, H3, N1, and N2 are commonly found in human. (eenzyme.com)
Influenza viruses display high-affinity binding to human polyglycosylceramides represented on a solid-phase assay surface. (expasy.org)

Anatomy17

Organisms98

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs40

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes45

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Named Groups1

Health Care13

Geographicals3

H7N933

H5N116

H1N116

Strains18

H3N27

Hemagglutinin17

H9N214

H7N32

Vaccine14

H7N71

Infection23

Poultry29

Neuraminidase2

Pathogenicity avian influenza3

Types of influenza3

Designates an influenza1

Humans20

Outbreak of avian influenza1

Birds23

Outbreaks3

Respiratory7

Treatment of influenza1

LPAI4

Viral5

Antigenic8

Seasonal5

Vaccines5

H5N23

Circulate1

Virulence4

Epidemics2

20163

High-pathogenicity2

Avian influenza A vir2

H10N73

Known NA subtypes2

Genes6

Species9

Bird flu2

Proteins2

Strain of influenza virus1

Highly Pathogenic4

Orthomyxoviridae2

Zoonotic1

H1N21

Pandemic can occur1

19993

Different influenza2

HPAI1

Vaccination1

Surveillance2

Antiviral3

Real-tim1

Antibodies1

Human17