• Only two influenza A virus subtypes A(H1N1)pdm09, and A(H3N2), are currently circulating among people. (cdc.gov)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
  • Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • The subtype behind the 2009 'swine flu' pandemic is H1N1, which has the same version of neuraminidase as H5N1, but a different version of hemagglutinin. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Even so, it seems likely that this virus has a greater mortality rate than either ordinary seasonal flu or possibly the 1918 pandemic H1N1 strain . (scientificamerican.com)
  • Kawaoka and his team, whose work has been accepted by Nature, created a chimeric virus with the hemagglutinin protein from H5N1 and the genes from the 2009 pandemic strain of H1N1. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in humans are H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Examples of different influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in animals include H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs (different strains than those found in humans), H3N8 in horses, H3N2 in dogs, and H5N1 in wild water birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, until 1998, only H1N1 viruses circulated widely in the U.S. pig population. (cdc.gov)
  • While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
  • By immortalizing IgG-expressing B cells from 4 individuals, we isolated 20 heterosubtypic mAbs that bound and neutralized viruses belonging to several HA subtypes (H1, H2, H5, H6, and H9), including the pandemic A/California/07/09 H1N1 isolate. (jci.org)
  • These findings reveal that seasonal influenza vaccination can induce polyclonal heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies that cross-react with the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and with the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. (jci.org)
  • We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
  • R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). (frontiersin.org)
  • To create the vaccine candidate, researchers used the stem of an H1N1 influenza virus. (medscape.com)
  • The fact that the H1N1 candidate vaccine was effective against H5N1 infection - a different influenza subtype - suggests the antibodies the vaccine induces can be protective against other "group 1" influenza subtypes, including H1 and H5. (medscape.com)
  • A shift in the predominant circulating virus subtype from H1N1 to H2N2 in 1957, for example, ignited a pandemic that resulted in approximately 70,000 excess deaths (that is, deaths exceeding the number expected when an epidemic is not present) in the United States alone. (ispub.com)
  • The influenza season happens every year during autumn, winter, and early spring months, and the influenza viruses that circulate each season tend to be the usual suspects: influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and influenza B viruses. (thehorse.com)
  • Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
  • The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
  • NIH researchers were able to develop a vaccine that protects against multiple strains of the flu subtype called H1N1. (nih.gov)
  • Similarly, during the 2009-2010 novel influenza A H1N1 pandemic, preliminary data from a limited number of states indicated a high prevalence of virus strains resistant to oseltamivir. (medscape.com)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • Diagnostic influenza tests aid with identification of influenza types A and B and influenza A subtypes 2009 H1N1, H1, H3, H5, N1, and N2. (medscape.com)
  • Experts have identified key events (creating new clades, infecting new species, spreading to new areas) marking the progression of an avian flu virus towards becoming pandemic, and many of those key events have occurred more rapidly than expected. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Due to the high lethality and virulence of HPAI A(H5N1), its endemic presence, its increasingly large host reservoir, and its significant ongoing mutations, in 2006, the H5N1 virus has been regarded to be the world's largest pandemic threat, and billions of dollars are being spent researching H5N1 and preparing for a potential influenza pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • At least 12 companies and 17 governments are developing prepandemic influenza vaccines in 28 different clinical trials that, if successful, could turn a deadly pandemic infection into a nondeadly one. (wikipedia.org)
  • H5N1 may cause more than one influenza pandemic, as it is expected to continue mutating in birds regardless of whether humans develop herd immunity to a future pandemic strain. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, a mutant virus combining Q196R with mutations from previous pandemic viruses (Q226L and G228S) revealed predominantly α2-6 binding. (nih.gov)
  • Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • To date, the avian flu virus has not acquired to ability to spread easily from person to person - a necessary step in order for a virus to cause a pandemic. (bcm.edu)
  • So far, H5N1 has failed to spark a pandemic because it cannot effectively spread between people. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Fouchier later added, however, that his mutant virus "does not spread yet like a pandemic or seasonal flu virus" and that the ferrets did not die when infected through aerosol transmission. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Influenza A H5N1 has killed millions of birds and raises serious public health concern because of its potential to spread to humans and cause a global pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If this new influenza A virus causes illness in people and is transmitted easily from person to person in a sustained manner, an influenza pandemic can occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
  • Without this knowledge we can only apply a reactive rather than a pre-emptive approach to limit the impact of emerging virus infections, as is currently done for the COVID pandemic. (upi.com)
  • Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
  • In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Seasonal influenza is a perpetual public health challenge, and we continually face the possibility of an influenza pandemic resulting from the emergence and spread of novel influenza viruses," Anthony S. Fauci, MD, director of NIAID, said in a news release. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine candidate development is part of a larger initiative to develop a universal vaccine candidate that can provide durable protection for individuals of all ages and against multiple influenza subtypes, including those with the potential to cause a pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • H5N1 and H7N9 as well as other strains have caused a few lethal outbreaks and could potentially cause a pandemic if they become able to spread more easily. (medscape.com)
  • Had it been highly contagious, it may have sparked an influenza pandemic. (ispub.com)
  • Application of the test to detect an emergent influenza virus would be especially important in the early stages of a pandemic when quick detection of a pandemic virus could help government officials determine when to begin containment strategies as well as life-saving mitigation strategies, such as closing schools, cancelling social gatherings and informing businesses to begin work-at-home policies. (news-medical.net)
  • Committee for Africa expressed concern about the general lack of preparedness for an influenza pandemic and the need for Member States to draw up and implement national preparedness plans. (who.int)
  • 2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
  • 3. Preparedness and response in regard to avian influenza and threats of influenza pandemic require concerted action under government leadership with increased urgency and participation of all stakeholders and partners. (who.int)
  • An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
  • Nevertheless, the risk of an influenza pandemic is very high. (who.int)
  • This document updates Member States on the current situation and recommends interventions to further enhance pandemic influenza preparedness and response. (who.int)
  • However, the observed changes in A(HxNy) trends reinforce the need for effective and rapid identification to mitigate the threat of a pandemic from avian influenza if person-to-person transmission were to occur. (who.int)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • Avian influenza (AI) is considered to be one of the most that an influenza pandemic may be imminent (14). (who.int)
  • If these strains acquire the ability to spread efficiently from person to person, an influenza pandemic could result. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Epstein SL , Tumpey TM , Misplon JA , Lo CY , Cooper LA , Subbarao K , DNA vaccine expressing conserved influenza virus proteins protective against H5N1 challenge infection in mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • The gold standard for confirming influenza virus infection is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture of nasopharyngeal or throat secretions. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, differences were also observed in clinical disease after infection with a H5N1 HPAI virus, and the ducks innate immune responses also differed. (usda.gov)
  • Therefore, animals found positive for this virus in the markets have recently been infected in places where they were previously housed and it is crucial to go back upstream to find these "hot spots" of infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • People with close or prolonged unprotected contact (not wearing respiratory and eye protection) with infected birds or places that sick birds or their mucous, saliva, or feces have contaminated, might be at greater risk of bird flu virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • This study aimed to characterise the identified virus and investigate possible sources of infection. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Viruses from cats were very similar to each other, indicating one common source of infection. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Influenza vaccination also must be encouraged to prevent the infection. (medscape.com)
  • These results suggest that early and aggressive treatment action should be taken in patients with a high clinical suspicion of severe influenza infection. (medscape.com)
  • 16 y who have symptoms of influenza infection or colds, aspirin is not recommended because of an association with Reye syndrome . (medscape.com)
  • The target of neutralizing antibodies that protect against influenza virus infection is the viral protein HA. (jci.org)
  • However, while heterosubtypic antibodies capable of neutralizing multiple influenza virus subtypes have been recently isolated from phage display libraries, it is not known whether such antibodies are produced in the course of an immune response to influenza virus infection or vaccine. (jci.org)
  • In a recent study published in the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, researchers characterized the pathophysiology of infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viral organism belonging to the Eurasian lineage and 2.3.4.4b clade in non-domesticated terrestrial animals across the United States (US) between 1 April and 21 July 2022. (news-medical.net)
  • Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • The antibodies also protected mice against lethal H5N1 influenza even when administered after infection. (virology.ws)
  • It is believed that most cases of avian influenza infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • H5N1 did not appear to spread efficiently from person to person, and no additional cases of human infection were reported after the authorities mandated the destruction of all 1.6 million birds in Hong Kong. (ispub.com)
  • The infection of humans with the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus variant served as a reminder of the ever-present threat of emergence in human populations of new influenza virus subtypes to which there is little or no pre-existing immunity. (ispub.com)
  • We report a fatal H5N1 infection in a dog following ingestion of an H5N1-infected duck during an outbreak in Thailand in 2004. (flu.org.cn)
  • Here, we report a case of HPAI H5N1 infection in a domestic dog following ingestion of the carcass of an infected duck. (flu.org.cn)
  • The NA genes of H3N2 viruses used for primary infection or vaccination. (wikigenes.org)
  • 1 ] Influenza C is associated with mild cases of upper respiratory infection. (health.govt.nz)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • Recombinant feline leukemia virus (FeLV) variants establish a limited infection with altered cell tropism in specific-pathogen-free cats in the absence of FeLV subgroup A helper virus. (lookformedical.com)
  • Subsequent hematology and histology results were within normal limits, however, in the absence of detectable viremia, virus expression, or significant seroconversion, rFeLV proviral DNA was detected in bone marrow tissue of 4/4 (100%) cats at 45 weeks postinoculation (pi), indicating these rFeLVs established a limited but persistent infection in the absence of FeLV-A. Altered cell tropism was also noted. (lookformedical.com)
  • Oseltamivir and zanamivir are antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors that are used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B infection. (medscape.com)
  • Because of this, zanamivir was recommended as the initial choice for antiviral prophylaxis or treatment when influenza A infection or exposure was suspected. (medscape.com)
  • Swabs were screened for influenza infection. (who.int)
  • Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • By in vitro selection for binding α2-6 sialosides, we identified four variant viruses with amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (S227N, D187G, E190G, and Q196R) that revealed modestly increased α2-6 and minimally decreased α2-3 binding by glycan array analysis. (nih.gov)
  • However, a reassortant virus with the mutant hemagglutinin, a human N2 neuraminidase and internal genes from an H5N1 virus was partially transmitted via respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
  • These viruses are classified according to the identity of two of their surface proteins--hemagglutinin (H5 in this subtype) and neuraminidase (N1). (scientificamerican.com)
  • Phylogeography models of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) suggest Ash Sharqiyah as the origin of virus spread, however the support is weak based on Kullback-Leibler values of 0.09 for HA and 0.01 for NA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
  • The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
  • H stands for hemagglutinin, it binds the virus to cells in the respiratory tract, for example. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Comparisons of avian flu strain genomes and mammal-adapted strains revealed changes to the genes responsible for the regulation of hemagglutinin, a protein on the surface of influenza viruses. (upi.com)
  • The team performed two tests for influenza A virus H5 subtyping: IAV and H5 subtype hemagglutinin gene targeted-RT-PCR and the H5 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b-targeted RT-PCR for the North American, Eurasian, and Mexican lineages of the virus. (news-medical.net)
  • It displays part of hemagglutinin (HA), an influenza protein, on the surface of a microscopic nanoparticle made of nonhuman ferritin. (medscape.com)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (A) and neuraminidase (B) gene sequences of the H5N1 influenza virus isolated from a dog´s lung. (flu.org.cn)
  • Disease relevance of na Although differing in their surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase components, a notable feature of these H9N2 viruses is that the six genes encoding the internal components of the virus are similar to those of the 1997 H5N1 human and avian isolates. (wikigenes.org)
  • High impact information on NA This was indicated by the ability of viruses bearing the H2- hemagglutinin glycoprotein, regardless of its associated neuraminidase, to induce lymphocyte proliferation in normal spleen cell suspensions and by the ability of antisera with specificity for the H2- hemagglutinin. (wikigenes.org)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Oseltamivir is an inhibitor of neuraminidase, which is a glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus that destroys the infected cell's receptor for viral hemagglutinin. (medscape.com)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • Possible sources and spreading routes of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infections in poultry and wild birds in Central Europe in 2007 inferred through likelihood analyses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In many other animal species, avian influenza A viruses have been reported to cause occasional infections, but do not regularly spread among them (e.g., cats and seals). (cdc.gov)
  • HPAI A(H5) or A(H7) virus infections can cause disease that affects multiple internal organs with mortality up to 90% to 100% in chickens, often within 48 hours. (cdc.gov)
  • HPAI A(H5) and A(H7) virus infections in poultry also can spill back into wild birds, resulting in further geographic spread of the virus as those birds migrate. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the true mortality rate will be lower because there are probably some milder, unrecorded infections of H5N1. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 virus infections are constantly monitored worldwide because of their devastating effects on poultry. (usda.gov)
  • More recently, H5N1 viruses from birds have caused sporadic infections in wild foxes in the U.S. and in other countries. (cdc.gov)
  • however, human infections can happen when enough virus gets into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth, or is inhaled. (cdc.gov)
  • Although it is unusual for people to get influenza A virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and swine influenza A viruses have been reported. (cdc.gov)
  • This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • In the present study, researchers presented a series of cases to highlight the pathophysiology of spontaneous HPAI H5N1 infections among terrestrial wild animals in the US, which coincided with elevated levels of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in circulation among non-domesticated avian species during summer and spring of 2022. (news-medical.net)
  • Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
  • Cough and fever, usually accompanied by myalgia, headache, and sore throat, are the characteristic symptoms of influenza.3, 5 The suddenness with which these symptoms develop distinguishes influenza from other respiratory infections such as the common cold, in which symptoms develop more gradually. (ispub.com)
  • In one longitudinal study 6 of 138 asthmatic adults, 44% of asthma exacerbations with mean decreases in mean peak expiratory flow rate of at least 50 L/min were associated with laboratory-confirmed infections with pathogens such as influenza B, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses. (ispub.com)
  • Once again, severe neurological symptoms were noted, which have been increasingly linked to HPAI H5 infections (see Cell: The Neuropathogenesis of HPAI H5Nx Viruses in Mammalian Species Including Humans ). (flutrackers.com)
  • We report and describe infections by HPAI H5N1 virus in 2 black bears (Ursus americanus) found in Quebec, Canada, during the summer of 2022. (flutrackers.com)
  • The dog´s owner stated that the dog had eaten duck carcasses from an area with reported HPAI H5N1 infections in ducks. (flu.org.cn)
  • So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
  • 2022. During this period, there were 1972 human infections with nine different A(HxNy) subtypes notified in the WPR. (who.int)
  • The Human infections with A(HxNy) are commonly detected number of cases varied from two to nine per year during via sentinel surveil ance systems, such as influenza-like 2014-2020, but then increased to 37 cases in 2021. (who.int)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • Seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) infections still pose a major burden for public health worldwide. (flu.org.cn)
  • Several human infections with avian influenza A to high mortality among chickens ( 20 ) that required the viruses, including H5N1, H9N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 intervention of the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture and H10N8, have been reported among poultry-exposed for monitoring and controlling. (who.int)
  • Culling of sick birds, persons in several countries, with Egypt reporting decontamination of infected farms, and surveillance the highest number of H5N1 infections and China the within the vicinity of infected farms were applied and the highest number of H7N9 infections ( 8-13 ). (who.int)
  • Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, in 2003 and 2004, H5N1 infections in humans reappeared, and occasional cases continue to be reported, primarily in Asia and the Middle East. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other species. (wikipedia.org)
  • A risk factor for contracting the virus is handling of infected poultry, but transmission of the virus from infected birds to humans has been characterized as inefficient. (wikipedia.org)
  • Still, around 60% of humans known to have been infected with the Asian strain of HPAI A(H5N1) have died from it, and H5N1 may mutate or reassort into a strain capable of efficient human-to-human transmission. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, humans who catch a humanized influenza A virus (a human flu virus of type A) usually have symptoms that include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, and, in severe cases, breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. (wikipedia.org)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Influenza A viruses have been detected and are known to circulate in seven different animal species or groups, including humans, wild water birds, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs and bats. (cdc.gov)
  • both LPAI and HPAI A viruses have caused mild to severe illness in infected humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Acquisition of α2-6 sialoside receptor specificity by α2-3 specific highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) is thought to be a prerequisite for efficient transmission in humans. (nih.gov)
  • The complex changes required for airborne transmissibility in ferrets suggest that extensive evolution is needed for H5N1 transmissibility in humans. (nih.gov)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • It is a subtype of the influenza A virus--the most virulent of the influenza viruses to affect humans. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Wild H5N1 viruses cannot latch on tothe cells in a person's nose and throat, but the mutant strains created by Fouchier and Kawaoka can spread between ferrets, which are viewed as a good animal model of flu transmission between humans. (scientificamerican.com)
  • More practically, the research could allow public-health workers to monitor wild viruses for similar mutations that make H5N1 more dangerous to humans. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Influenza A viruses are endemic (can infect and regularly transmit) in 6 animal species or groups (wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs, and bats) in addition to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A virus subtype against which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
  • Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
  • Can bird flu viruses infect humans? (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The only subtypes known to be able to cross the species barrier to humans are H5N1 and H7N9. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • In 1997, the H5N1 virus first infected humans during an outbreak among poultry in Hong Kong. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The H7N9 subtype first infected humans in China in March 2013. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Usually, these occasional introductions of avian influenza viruses in seals, like in humans, are 'dead ends' because the virus is not transmissible from one individual to another," first study author Sander Herfst said in a news release. (upi.com)
  • It is important to monitor and predict which of the various zoonotic viruses have the potential to emerge in humans and start outbreaks or even pandemics," said Herfst. (upi.com)
  • The health risk to humans from the H5N2 influenza outbreak in Texas is considered low at this time. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Because it is possible that avian influenza could be transmitted to humans, CDC is issuing the following interim U.S. guidance for 1) individuals who may be exposed to avian influenza, 2) health-care professionals, and 3) consumers of poultry. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The means by which it infected humans remains unknown, although direct transmission of the virus from birds to humans is suggested by the finding that all but one of the human cases had been exposed to live chickens during the days before their illness. (ispub.com)
  • This was long thought to happen only rarely, but since 1997 in southeast Asia there have been annual occurrences of humans contracting bird flu subtypes such as H5N1 or H7N9 and these cases are often lethal. (thehorse.com)
  • Avian influenza H5N1 virus is known to cross the species barrier and infect humans and felines. (flu.org.cn)
  • Not limited to poultry, the virus has also been shown to cross the species barrier infecting humans ( 1 ) and felines, including domestic cats ( 2 ) and tigers ( 3-5 ). (flu.org.cn)
  • Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemaggluttinin (HA) and neuraminadase (NA) genes of the dog´s virus showed that they were similar to those of H5N1 viruses isolated from tigers, chickens, ducks, and humans infected in Thailand during the same time that the dog was infected ( Figure 2A and B ). In addition, analysis of 6 other genes from KU-08 showed similar results (data not shown). (flu.org.cn)
  • On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
  • So far, the virus has not acquired the ability to spread effectively among humans. (who.int)
  • The number of humans infected by H5N1 is increasing. (who.int)
  • New influenza A virus subtypes emerge periodically that have caused pandemics in humans. (health.govt.nz)
  • Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)
  • Avian influenza subtype A(HxNy) viruses are zoonotic and may occasionally infect humans through direct or indirect contact, resulting in mild to severe illness and death. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza (AI) viruses are zoonotic but Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases and Public Health occasionally infect humans through direct or Emergencies (APSED III). (who.int)
  • Wild and domestic birds (poultry and captive birds) and notifiable under the International Health Regulations other mammalian species play an important role in the (IHR 2005) 4 and animal cases are notifiable to the World emergence, evolution and transmission of different AI Organisation for Animal Health under the Terrestrial subtypes A(HxNy) to humans. (who.int)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H5N1 subtype have caused morbidity and mortality in humans. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Although some migratory birds constitute the natural reservoir for this virus, chickens may play a role in transmission of the virus to humans. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Despite the importance of avian species in transmission of AIV H5N1 to humans, very little is known about host immune system interactions with this virus in these species. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. (who.int)
  • Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In early 2013, an extensive outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza in humans occurred in several provinces of southeastern China. (msdmanuals.com)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, H5N1 pathogenicity is gradually continuing to rise in endemic areas, but the avian influenza disease situation in farmed birds is being held in check by vaccination, and there is "no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission" of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • AIV monitoring programmes in place for wild birds and poultry in these countries did not reveal presence of these viruses in either population. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In birds, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified. (cdc.gov)
  • All known subtypes of influenza A viruses can infect birds, except subtypes A(H17N10) and A(H18N11), which have only been found in bats . (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza A viruses that infect birds have evolved into distinct genetic lineages based on the geographic locations where they were first detected. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, avian influenza A viruses that were first detected in birds in Asia can be recognized as genetically different from avian influenza A viruses that were first detected among birds in North America. (cdc.gov)
  • Most avian influenza A viruses are low pathogenic and cause few signs of disease in infected wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Only some avian influenza A(H5) and A(H7) viruses are classified as HPAI A viruses, while most A(H5) and A(H7) viruses circulating among birds are LPAI A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • While some wild bird species can be infected with some HPAI A(H5) or A(H7) virus subtypes without appearing sick, other HPAI A(H5) and A(H7) virus subtypes can cause severe disease and mortality in some infected wild birds as well as in infected poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Directly from infected birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments. (cdc.gov)
  • With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
  • Avian influenza - also called bird flu or fowl plague - is a viral disease that infects birds, especially wild geese and ducks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • But any influenza A virus may cause bird flu - it only has to adapt itself to birds as a host. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Researchers suspect the 2014 outbreak, which killed some 2,500 seals, began in western Sweden when one or more seals came into contact with infected birds or virus-laden bird droppings. (upi.com)
  • The virus, comparable to those found in Eurasian strains, was identified in the US in December of 2021 and spread to domesticated animals and non-domestic birds. (news-medical.net)
  • Preliminary testing of birds at two of these markets found evidence of avian influenza. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The illness was later identified as influenza and traced to a variant of Influenza A virus H5N1, previously known to infect only birds. (ispub.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a specific type of 'bird flu' that may cause severe disease or death among infected birds. (leonetwork.org)
  • Observations of potentially sick or dead wild birds and prompt reporting to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Sick/Dead Bird Hotline (1-866-527-3358) are extremely important for understanding wild bird health in Alaska in general, as well as the current distribution and impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza as part of the current outbreak. (leonetwork.org)
  • Estimates suggest that many thousands of birds died as a result of the virus. (bto.org)
  • Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
  • As of mid-June 2006, 54 countries, worldwide, confirmed the presence of H5N1 in domestic and wild birds. (who.int)
  • Both do- burden of influenza in middle eastern countries is now of mesticated and wild birds can be infected with AI virus considerable concern. (who.int)
  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relationships between H5N1 genomes from poultry and wild birds and secondary transmission in commercial geese. (bvsalud.org)
  • Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A(H5) subtypes continue to be detected in birds in Africa, Europe and Asia. (who.int)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • Eleven outbreaks of H5N1 were reported worldwide in June 2008, in five countries (China, Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam) compared to 65 outbreaks in June 2006, and 55 in June 2007. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recurrent outbreaks of H5N1 HPAIV occurred in several Central European countries in 2007. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Since then, dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe have reported H5N1 outbreaks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • By understanding how viruses like COVID-19 , as well as the H5N1 and H7N9 influenza strains, move from species to species, researchers and health officials can develop more informed strategies for preventing future zoonotic disease outbreaks. (upi.com)
  • US - Interim Recommendations for Persons with Possible Exposure to Avian Influenza During Outbreaks Among Poultry in the US. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Outbreaks of avian influenza A occur among U.S. poultry flocks from time to time. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Since early February 2004, avian influenza outbreaks have been reported in several locations in the United States, most recently in Texas. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The H5N1 outbreaks among poultry in Asia have been associated with human cases in Thailand and Vietnam. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Additionally, food safety information for consumers is provided to address concerns surrounding avian influenza outbreaks and poultry. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Influenza epidemics typically have an abrupt onset and end separated by a 2- to 3-week upsurge in the frequency of new cases and a 2- to 3-month plateau.3 Community outbreaks are often heralded by an increase in medical visits from children suffering from fever and respiratory illness. (ispub.com)
  • I encourage LEO Network observers to consult a webpage maintained by the Office of the State Veterinarian ( https://dec.alaska.gov/eh/vet/announcements/avian-influenza-outbreaks ), which is updated regularly, for the latest information on the current outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Alaska. (leonetwork.org)
  • With new reports of H5N1 virus continuing across Asia, Europe, and Africa, this finding highlights the need for monitoring of domestic animals during outbreaks. (flu.org.cn)
  • Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • Use of influenza-specific antiviral drugs for chemoprophylaxis or treatment of influenza is an important adjunct to vaccination, particularly for controlling outbreaks in closed populations. (medscape.com)
  • An biosecurity and concentration of poultry in outbreaks or outbreak of H5N1 HPAI was first described in Lebanon in the emergence of HPAI virus ( 1 ). (who.int)
  • During this period, the virus caused numerous outbreaks in poultry, including in the Czech Republic. (bvsalud.org)
  • Full-scale production of a vaccine that could prevent any illness at all from the strain would require at least three months after the virus's emergence to begin, but it is hoped that vaccine production could increase until one billion doses were produced by one year after the initial identification of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neirynck S , Deroo T , Saelens X , Vanlandschoot P , Jou WM , Fiers W . A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protein. (cdc.gov)
  • Mozdzanowska K , Feng J , Eid M , Kragol G , Cudic M , Otvos JL , Induction of influenza type A virus-specific resistance by immunization of mice with a synthetic multiple antigenic peptide vaccine that contains ectodomains of matrix protein 2. (cdc.gov)
  • Watabe S , Xin K-Q , Ihata A , Liu L-J , Honsho A , Aoki I , Protection against influenza virus challenge by topical application of influenza DNA vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequence comparison between the extracellular domain of M2 protein human and avian influenza A virus provides new information for bivalent influenza vaccine design. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we report that, following vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine containing H1 and H3 influenza virus subtypes, some individuals produce antibodies that cross-react with H5 HA. (jci.org)
  • Vaccine-binding and H5 pseudotype-neutralizing antibodies in plasma samples collected before and after seasonal influenza vaccination. (jci.org)
  • Volunteers (A to X) were immunized with seasonal influenza vaccine in 2 consecutive seasons. (jci.org)
  • E and F ) Correlation between the increase of vaccine binding titers ( E ) and H5-neutralizing titers ( F ) following vaccination in 2007 ( x axis) and 2008 ( y axis) in the 9 donors that received the seasonal influenza vaccine for the 2 consecutive years. (jci.org)
  • This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
  • Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
  • Unlike vaccines for polio and measles, which confer life-long immunity, the influenza vaccine protects for only one year. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza virus undergoes antigenic variation, necessitating annual production of a new vaccine. (virology.ws)
  • Is it possible to formulate an influenza vaccine that protects against all virus strains for life? (virology.ws)
  • If another epitope can be identified that elicits neutralizing antibodies against group 2 HA subtypes, then a universal vaccine that confers life-long protection might be feasible. (virology.ws)
  • A number of significant hurdles remain to be overcome before these findings translate into an influenza vaccine. (virology.ws)
  • If the globular head of the HA is removed, the virus will not be infectious and cannot be propagated for vaccine production. (virology.ws)
  • The problem is not insurmountable, but will require some new and innovative approaches in influenza vaccine development. (virology.ws)
  • These are very exciting findings, and in my opinion, bode well for a universal influenza vaccine within the next decade. (virology.ws)
  • 1 thought on "Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
  • Headless HA: universal influenza vaccine? (virology.ws)
  • Researchers are conducting the first-in-human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced April 3. (medscape.com)
  • The NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) hopes to develop a vaccine that will overcome the challenges associated with seasonal changes among influenza strains. (medscape.com)
  • This phase 1 clinical trial is a step forward in our efforts to develop a durable and broadly protective universal influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine stimulates protective immune responses against very different influenza subtypes by homing in on an area of the virus that remains relatively constant from strain to strain. (medscape.com)
  • A team of VRC scientists developed the universal influenza vaccine prototype. (medscape.com)
  • It is useful as a vaccine platform because it forms particles that can display multiple influenza HA spikes on its surface, mimicking the natural organization of HA on the influenza virus," according to the news release. (medscape.com)
  • elivaldogene autotemcel, influenza A (H5N1) vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • teplizumab decreases effects of influenza A (H5N1) vaccine by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
  • Is the coadministration of a COVID-19 vaccine with a seasonal influenza vaccine safe and efficacious? (news-medical.net)
  • There may be a small increased risk of fever and febrile convulsions with concomitant delivery of PCV13 and influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to under 5 years. (health.govt.nz)
  • Children aged under 5 years are more likely than older children or adults to have a febrile reaction to influenza vaccine. (health.govt.nz)
  • Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)
  • Researchers need to reformulate the vaccine each flu season because the viruses continuously change. (nih.gov)
  • A universal flu vaccine would block many viral strains for years and greatly control the spread of influenza. (nih.gov)
  • This significant advance lays the groundwork for the development of a vaccine to provide long-lasting protection against any strain of influenza," says Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, director of NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (nih.gov)
  • [ 74 ] The vaccine viruses recommended by the World Health Organization and the CDC for the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season are the same as those for the northern hemisphere 2013-2014 influenza season and 2014 southern hemisphere season. (medscape.com)
  • And for good reason, since 2013, China has suffered five successive epidemic waves of A (H7N9) virus. (pasteur.fr)
  • Unlike other types of flu, H5N1 and H7N9 usually do not spread between people. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • 2022. In recent years there has been a change in the primary subtypes and frequency of reports of human A(HxNy) in the region, with a reduction of A(H7N9) and A(H5N1), and conversely an increase of A(H5N6) and A(H9N2). (who.int)
  • Ulmer JB , Donnelly JJ , Parker SE , Rhodes GH , Felgner PL , Dwarki VJ , Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. (cdc.gov)
  • Clear differences in response to vaccination were observed, with the Muscovy ducks presenting lower viral antibody titers induced by vaccination and higher number of sick and dead ducks after challenge with a H5N1 HPAI virus. (usda.gov)
  • It is a prodrug which inhibits cap-dependent endonuclease, an enzyme specific to influenza, resulting in inhibition of viral replication. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza virus was isolated from lung, liver, kidney, and urine specimens, and the viral subtype was determined to be H5N1 by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ( 6 ). (flu.org.cn)
  • By inhibiting viral neuraminidase, release of viruses from infected cells and viral spread are decreased. (medscape.com)
  • All influenza A subtypes have been isolated of escaping vaccines or producing novel viral strains from wild bird species ( 3 ). (who.int)
  • One strain of HPAI A(H5N1) is spreading globally after first appearing in Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many references to "bird flu" and H5N1 in the popular media refer to this strain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • One particular strain of H5N1, called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), is responsible for the 'bird flu' scares. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The genome of the airborne strain differed from the original one by just five mutations, which have all been spotted individually in wild viruses. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The most highly pathogenic and most commonly-known strain is H5N1. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • If someone is infected with an avian influenza strain, the illness is unusually aggressive. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The H5N2 strain in Texas is a different subtype of influenza A than the virus affecting parts of Asia. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The strain of influenza virus behind the outbreak has a high potential to cause disease. (bto.org)
  • The quadrivalent vaccines contain an additional influenza B strain. (medscape.com)
  • Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses cause either no signs of disease or mild disease in chickens/poultry (such as ruffled feathers and a drop in egg production). (cdc.gov)
  • In poultry, some low-pathogenic viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses cause severe disease and high mortality in infected poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Both HPAI and LPAI viruses can spread rapidly through poultry flocks. (cdc.gov)
  • Domestic ducks that are in contact with wild waterfowl and poultry function as key intermediates in the transmission of avian influenza and therefore are included in vaccination programs. (usda.gov)
  • Supported by the Cambodian National Animal Health and Production Research Insititute, the researchers pay frequent visits to the live poultry markets to monitor the circulation of avian influenza viruses, in particular highly pathogenic A(H5N1) viruses. (pasteur.fr)
  • There is a massive influx of poultry to markets and up to 80% of these poultry can be infected with avian influenza," explains Dr. Philippe Dussart, head of the Virology Unit at the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge . (pasteur.fr)
  • Up to 80% of poultry can be infected with avian influenza. (pasteur.fr)
  • Their reasoning is simple: the influenza A(H5N1) virus is highly pathogenic in poultry, meaning once infected they usually die within 24 to 72h. (pasteur.fr)
  • Authorities in southern Germany have discovered the H5N2 bird flu virus on a poultry farm. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • It can spread easily among domestic poultry like chicken and turkeys and if they contract more serious forms of the virus most animals will die of bird flu. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Such cases might occurr in people who had contact with sick or dead poultry that were infected with these viruses. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The state of Texas has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N2) among poultry on one farm in Gonzales County, in south-central Texas. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is considered a global threat to both human health and the poultry industry. (flu.org.cn)
  • The occurrence and spread of LPAI or HPAI were detected in backyard growers from Bekaa and viruses in poultry vary depending on the levels of South Lebanon Governorates respectively ( 19 ). (who.int)
  • In the present study, we provide an insight into the genetic variability of the Czech/2021 (CZE/2021) H5N8 viruses to determine the relationships between strains from wild and domestic poultry and to infer transmission routes between the affected flocks of commercial poultry. (bvsalud.org)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • In Lebanon, AIV H9N2 was detected in 2006 and 2010 and H5N1 was detected in 2016. (who.int)
  • Sequences obtained clustered tightly with those of Israeli origin as well as Lebanese H9N2 viruses from 2010. (who.int)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The team built phylogenetic interpretation trees and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tables using a reference including six segments from the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus and two from non-domesticated avian viruses from the northern regions of America. (news-medical.net)
  • Several H5N1 vaccines have been developed and approved, and stockpiled by a number of countries, including the United States (in its National Stockpile), Britain, France, Canada, and Australia, for use in an emergency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fan J , Liang X , Horton MS , Perry HC , Citron MP , Heidecker GJ , Preclinical study of influenza virus A M2 peptide conjugate vaccines in mice, ferrets, and rhesus monkeys. (cdc.gov)
  • Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
  • The most effective influenza vaccines are whole or split virus preparations, but how can these be prepared so that the membrane-proximal HA epitope is immunodominant? (virology.ws)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • Vaccines against seasonal influenza are reformulated annually in order to contain the most recently circulating strains. (medscape.com)
  • For the trivalent formulation influenza vaccines, two strains of influenza A and one of influenza B are included. (medscape.com)
  • Equine (horse) influenza A(H3N8) virus routinely circulates and can cause illness in horses, and canine (dog) influenza A(H3N2) virus routinely circulates and can cause illness in dogs. (cdc.gov)
  • Epstein SL , Stack A , Misplon JA , Lo CY , Mostowski H , Bennink J , Vaccination with DNA encoding internal proteins of influenza virus does not require CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes: either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells can promote survival and recovery after challenge. (cdc.gov)
  • Protection of mice against influenza A virus challenge by vaccination with baculovirus-expressed M2 protein. (cdc.gov)
  • For Egypt, future work should focus on using data about vaccination and live bird markets in phylogeography models to study their impact on H5N1 diffusion within the country. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results should be taken into account when developing effective vaccination programs for controlling HPAI in different species of ducks, since we demonstrated that not all duck species respond equally to avian influenza vaccination. (usda.gov)
  • Domestic ducks are key intermediates in the transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, and therefore are included in vaccination programs to control H5N1 HPAI. (usda.gov)
  • Although vaccination has proven effective in protecting ducks against disease, different species of domestic ducks appear to respond differently to vaccination, and shedding of the virus may still occur in clinically healthy vaccinated populations. (usda.gov)
  • In this study we compared the response to vaccination between two common domestic duck species, Pekin and Muscovy, which were vaccinated using one of three different schedules in order to obtain protection to H5N1 HPAI before one month of age. (usda.gov)
  • Until recently, management options for influenza were limited to vaccination and use of the M2 inhibitors amantadine or rimantadine. (ispub.com)
  • The ACIP also publishes recommendations on the use of antiviral agents for prevention and treatment of influenza . (medscape.com)
  • Adverse event data collected during Phase II and Phase III clinical trials of zanamivir in the treatment of influenza show that it has favorable tolerability, a feature that distinguishes it from other antiviral therapies for influenza. (ispub.com)
  • Zanamivir and oseltamivir are members of a class of drugs termed neuraminidase inhibitors and are active against both influenza virus type A and type B. They are approved for both prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • It is approved for treatment of influenza A or B in children aged 2 weeks or older who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. (medscape.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has spread across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (flu.org.cn)
  • Gross and microscopic lesions from dog infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flu.org.cn)
  • Unlike the wild type H5N1, this mutant virus was transmitted by direct contact in the ferret model although not by airborne respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • These tests may be offered as respiratory panels that provide information on the presence of other viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus. (medscape.com)
  • It is the only in vitro diagnostic test for influenza that is cleared by the FDA for use with lower respiratory tract specimens. (medscape.com)
  • The final objective is to propose prevention and awareness strategies for the most exposed populations," comments Dr. Erik Karlsson, Senior Research Fellow in charge of respiratory virus surveillance and research programs in the Virology Unit. (pasteur.fr)
  • Researchers found the mutations caused the virus to prefer to attach to mammal virus receptors in the respiratory tract, rather than to avian receptors. (upi.com)
  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a virus (more specifically, a coronavirus) identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. (audioholics.com)
  • Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease that commonly affects people and has an important impact on public health. (flu.org.cn)
  • Epidemiology of the influenza A virus H5N1 subtype and memory of immunity to the H2N2 subtype. (umassmed.edu)
  • Zharikova D , Mozdzanowska K , Feng J , Zhang M , Gerhard W . Influenza type A virus escape mutants emerge in vivo in the presence of antibodies to the ectodomain of matrix protein 2. (cdc.gov)
  • A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Two studies of newly isolated monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus suggest that the answer could be yes. (virology.ws)
  • The authors of one study identified human antibodies against influenza virus by phage display. (virology.ws)
  • In this technique, recombinant HA protein (the H5 subtype) was used to bind bacteriophage particles that bear on their surfaces variable chains of human antibodies. (virology.ws)
  • Ten antibodies were identified that neutralized the infectivity of H5 influenza viruses in cell culture. (virology.ws)
  • The key result is that the monoclonal antibodies neutralize infectivity not only of H5 viruses, but also viruses of 9 other HA subtypes. (virology.ws)
  • The 10 subtypes neutralized by the monoclonal antibodies comprise group 1, which includes H1, H2, and H5. (virology.ws)
  • When animals are immunized with influenza virus, most of the antibodies that are produced are directed against the membrane-distal, globular head of the HA molecule (top of image). (virology.ws)
  • As noted above, another epitope must still be identified that elicits neutralizing antibodies against viruses of the 6 other HA types. (virology.ws)
  • The antibodies also blocked other flu subtypes, including H5N1. (nih.gov)
  • Modified M2 proteins produce heterotypic immunity against influenza A virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Okuda K , Ihata A , Watabe S , Okada E , Yamakawa T , Hamajima K , Protective immunity against influenza A virus induced by immunization with DNA plasmid containing influenza M gene. (cdc.gov)
  • When shifts happen, most people have little or no immunity against the new virus. (cdc.gov)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
  • Kawaoka notes that H5N1 viruses already circulate in nature, mutate constantly and could cause pandemics. (scientificamerican.com)
  • A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)
  • Influenza A virus M2 protein: monoclonal antibody restriction of virus growth and detection of M2 in virions. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, an "A(H7N2) virus" designates an influenza A virus subtype that has an HA 7 protein and an NA 2 protein. (cdc.gov)
  • Similarly, an "A(H5N1)" virus has an HA 5 protein and an NA 1 protein. (cdc.gov)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
  • N is the abbreviation for neuraminidase, a protein that is required for virus replication. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Neuraminidase, or NA, is another influenza surface protein. (medscape.com)
  • Using an overlapping peptide library covering the HA protein, we identified a 15-mer peptide, H5(246-260), within the HA1 domain which induced activation of T cells in chickens immunized against the HA antigen of an H5 virus. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • This type of major change in the influenza A viruses is known as " antigenic shift . (cdc.gov)
  • Genetic and antigenic variation in HA has been used to classify influenza viruses into subtypes (H1-H16). (jci.org)
  • viruses, an arrest of significant evolution of the NA discordant with the continuing antigenic drift of HA was found in the 1980- 1983 period. (wikigenes.org)
  • This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)
  • The H5N1 virus was first identified in Hong Kong in 1997 where it infected 18 people and caused six deaths. (who.int)
  • Phylogeography is a field that focuses on the geographical lineages of species such as vertebrates or viruses [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza A viruses that typically are endemic in one animal species sometimes can cause illness in another species. (cdc.gov)
  • The segmented genome allows influenza A viruses from different species to mix genes (reassortment) and create a new virus if influenza A viruses from two different species infect the same person or animal at the same time. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus detected in the white stork presented one of those mutations (627K), which suggests that the virus that had spilled over to cats was already partially adapted to mammalian species. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)
  • Species barrier limits influenza strains from freely infecting different host organisms as they must overcome host range restriction to adapt to a new host. (springer.com)
  • The virus continues to be active in non-domesticated bird reservoirs, and incidences of spillover and clinical disease in numerous animal species occur in European nations in 2021. (news-medical.net)
  • Transmission of influenza viruses from one species to another can and does happen. (thehorse.com)
  • Does this mean that horses cannot be infected by influenza viruses from other species of animals? (thehorse.com)
  • Transmission of influenza viruses between different species definitely occurs. (thehorse.com)
  • Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Avian influenza overview March - April 2023. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Week 32 of 2023, China reported a human case of avian influenza A(H9) in Sichuan Province. (flu.org.cn)
  • Week 32 of 2023, China reported a human case of avian influenza A(H5N6) in Chongqing Municipality. (flu.org.cn)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Avian influenza A viruses are classified into the following two categories: low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • In June 2014, the FDA also approved the Alere i Influenza A & B Test, a new point-of-care influenza test that delivers highly accurate molecular results in less than 15 minutes. (medscape.com)
  • That's why many virus types are considered "highly pathogenic. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • In addition, these same mutations were required to render highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype transmissible via the air between ferrets -- a model organism for mammal influenza research. (upi.com)
  • Gross photographs of postmortem lesions from red foxes naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States. (news-medical.net)
  • This is the first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the United States in 20 years and was detected by routine state monitoring for avian influenza. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Please note that there are no confirmed cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) at this time in the Bering Strait Region. (leonetwork.org)
  • Unfortunately, without follow up investigation and diagnostic testing, it cannot be determined whether these particular swans exhibiting unusual posture in the Bering Strait Region were affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza, another illness, or whether the unusual observation was on account of other factors. (leonetwork.org)
  • It is referred to as 'highly pathogenic' avian influenza, or HPAI. (bto.org)
  • B virus) and other highly biohazardous agents are under consideration. (scienceopen.com)
  • The African Region is highly vulnerable given its inadequate transport and other communication infrastructure, underdeveloped general administration and logistics systems, widespread poverty, and disruption of trade due to the socioeconomic impact of avian influenza. (who.int)
  • In 2021/2022, the re-emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) occurred in Europe. (bvsalud.org)
  • In 2020-2021, the second massive dissemination of a highly pathogenic avian influenza of the H5Nx subtype occurred in Europe. (bvsalud.org)
  • These findings suggest that the mutations the avian virus underwent once it took hold within the seal population have allowed it to become transmissible via the air between mammals. (upi.com)
  • Because the strains isolated for the study were collected late in the 2014 outbreak, scientists suggest the mutations may have occurred after the virus was already spreading among seals. (upi.com)
  • The findings suggests influenza strains may regularly adopt mutations that enable spread among mammals, the researchers said. (upi.com)
  • Influenza A and B viruses undergo frequent small changes (mutations) in their segmented RNA genome over time. (health.govt.nz)
  • As a hub for slaughter and sale as well as transit, this market fuels the circulation of the viruses that cause « bird flu. (pasteur.fr)
  • Which viruses cause bird flu? (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • it first appeared in 1963, and its genetic ancestors seem to have been bird flu viruses. (thehorse.com)
  • Influenza pandemics from its genetic offspring may include influenza A virus subtypes other than H5N1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza pandemics, which have occurred approximately every 15 years over the last century, cause significant morbidity and mortality. (ispub.com)
  • Three influenza pandemics were recorded in 1918, 1957 and 1968, with the first one resulting in 40-50 million deaths globally. (who.int)
  • 1 , 2 Influenza caused by the H5N1 variant eventually spread to at least 18 Hong Kong residents and caused 6 deaths. (ispub.com)
  • On September 29, 2005, David Nabarro, the newly appointed Senior United Nations System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza, warned the world that an outbreak of avian influenza could kill anywhere between 5 million and 150 million people. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
  • Consensus sequence derived from human influenza viruses of H1, H2, and H3 subtypes ( 9 , 13 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The test can accurately detect and identify all commonly circulating human influenza viruses as well as avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses. (news-medical.net)
  • There are 18 known HA subtypes and 11 known NA subtypes. (cdc.gov)
  • There are 16 known HA subtypes, divided into two groups. (virology.ws)
  • Information about the outbreak of avian influenza in 2021 and 2022, its spread and its impact on breeding seabird populations. (bto.org)
  • Over the winter of 2021/22, an outbreak of avian influenza was confirmed in Barnacle Geese wintering on the Solway Firth. (bto.org)
  • that attack many strains of influenza viruses in animals. (nih.gov)
  • Avian influenza overview June - September 2022. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Unusually, in the spring of 2022, the HPAI virus (subtype H5N1) spread into our globally important colonies of nesting seabirds. (bto.org)
  • In this study, we present a whole genome sequence and a phylogenetic analysis of 57 H5N1 HPAI and two low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N1 strains collected in the Czech Republic during 2021/2022. (bvsalud.org)
  • One possible way that virus reassortment could occur is if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could reassort and produce a new influenza A virus that had some genes from the human virus and some genes from the avian virus. (cdc.gov)
  • It is also possible that the process of genetic reassortment could occur in a person who is co-infected with an avian influenza A virus and a human influenza A virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The human "influenza season" in North America is now about to begin again, while in South America spring is approaching and their influenza season is almost over. (thehorse.com)
  • HPAI A (H5N1) has spread over Europe and the US from October 2021 onward. (news-medical.net)
  • In 2021, the H5N1 virus lineage 2.3.4.4b spread to the Americas, causing high mortality in wild and domestic avian populations. (flu.org.cn)
  • All CZE/2021 H5N8 viruses belonged to the 2.3.4.4b H5 lineage and circulated without reassortment, retaining the A/chicken/Iraq/1/2020 H5N8-like genotype constellation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The studies provide basic knowledge about the potential of H5N1 to mutate into a more transmissible form. (scientificamerican.com)
  • There is always the danger that the virus will quickly mutate. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Influenza viruses mutate and migrate, rendering some tests ineffective as the virus evolves. (news-medical.net)
  • Phylogeography can highlight the drivers of H5N1 emergence and spread. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There has been a growing interest in phylogeography of zoonotic RNA viruses [ 11 - 13 ] because of their often shorter genomes and rapid evolution compared to other infectious agents [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current understanding of influenza zoonotic transmission potential of novel strains still remains poorly understood. (springer.com)
  • This test gives the speed and precision we need to detect and respond effectively to novel influenza viruses. (news-medical.net)
  • Influenza A viruses have eight separate gene segments. (cdc.gov)
  • We found that isolates from both animals had the D701N mutation in the polymerase basic 2 gene, previously known to promote adaptation of H5N1 viruses to mammal hosts. (flutrackers.com)
  • Disease relevance of NA Structure of the neuraminidase gene in human influenza virus A/ PR/ 8/ 34. (wikigenes.org)
  • Disease relevance of NA The complete nucleotide sequence of the neuraminidase gene of influenza. (wikigenes.org)
  • In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)