• Examples of different influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in animals include H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs (different strains than those found in humans), H3N8 in horses, H3N2 in dogs, and H5N1 in wild water birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • The most important strains of human influenza virus are A and B. Influenzavirus A has several subtypes, of which two, H1N1 and H3N2, are currently of epidemiological significance. (who.int)
  • H1N1 and H3N2, it turned out, belong to two separate branches, or groups, on the influenza "family tree. (scitechdaily.com)
  • It protects against influenza A (sub-types H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B. The three influenza strains contained in Preflucel are updated each year, based on the official recommendations for the annual flu season. (europa.eu)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
  • Initially, if specimens tested positive for influenza A, H3, and pandemic influenza A markers and negative for H1 and pandemic H1 markers, they were reported as inconclusive until confirmed as influenza A (H3N2)v at the CDC laboratory ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Specimens with these findings may now be reported as "presumptive positive for influenza A (H3N2)v virus" and, for the ongoing investigations, cases with presumptive-positive test results at the state or local public health laboratory will now be classified as confirmed, as are those cases confirmed at CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • The proportion of specimens testing positive for influenza during the 2010--11 season first exceeded 10%, indicating higher levels of virus circulation, during the week ending November 27, 2010. (cdc.gov)
  • This is consistent with the decline in the percentage of ILI and ARI sentinel specimens testing positive for influenza. (flutrackers.com)
  • Of 440 specimens, 135 were positive for influenza B Yamagata-like virus, 38 were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 25 were A(H3N2). (who.int)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • Seasonal influenza viruses flow out of overlapping epidemics in East Asia and Southeast Asia, then trickle around the globe before dying off. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza epidemics also impose a considerable economic burden in the form of hospital and other health care costs and lost productivity. (who.int)
  • In the United States of America, for example, estimates in 1986 put the cost of influenza epidemics to the economy at US$ 5000 million per year. (who.int)
  • The WHO influenza programme was established in 1947 with two main functions: to assist in planning for the possible recurrence of an influenza pandemic, and to devise control methods to limit the spread and severity of seasonal epidemics. (who.int)
  • Seasonal Influenza is an acute viral infection that spreads easily from person to person and seasonal epidemics usually occur at this time. (thestkittsnevisobserver.com)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • Influenza epidemics occur each year. (health.govt.nz)
  • Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
  • Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
  • The burden of influenza in Cambodia is not well known, but it would be useful for understanding the impact of seasonal epidemics and pandemics and to design appropriate policies for influenza prevention and control. (who.int)
  • Clinical symptoms and homogeneity of laboratory results are consistent with an origin of these epidemics being related to the circulation of an influenza virus A subtype H3N2. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome subunits by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000 humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dominant strain of annual flu in humans in January 2006 was H3N2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 in humans had increased to 91% by 2005. (wikipedia.org)
  • The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza A viruses are endemic (can infect and regularly transmit) in 6 animal species or groups (wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs, and bats) in addition to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in humans are H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. (cdc.gov)
  • The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A virus subtype against which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. (cdc.gov)
  • While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • We are specifically interested in developing vaccines that will protect against viruses that circulate within both humans and pigs so that we can limit the interspecies transmissions that are often associated with pandemic events," he added. (usd.edu)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • Ongoing avian influenza outbreaks in animals pose risk to humans: read the situation analysis and advice to countries from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The discovery helped overturn the prior commonly held belief that previous exposure to a flu virus conferred little or no immunological protection against strains that can jump from animals into humans, such as those causing the so-called swine flu or bird flu. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Influenza is an acute transmissible respiratory disease that affects humans and animals and has high morbidity and mortality rates. (naturalnews.com)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
  • New influenza A virus subtypes emerge periodically that have caused pandemics in humans. (health.govt.nz)
  • Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)
  • Currently, there isn't any evidence that canine influenza is contagious to humans. (craigrd.com)
  • An additional study was performed in humans, in which we collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from annually vaccinated children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and age-matched unvaccinated healthy control children to study the virus-specific T cell response. (eur.nl)
  • This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, occasional transmissions of influenza A to humans can have a tremendous impact. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China, and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, contributing to the emergence of new variant strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Directly from infected birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments. (cdc.gov)
  • One possible way that virus reassortment could occur is if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could reassort and produce a new influenza A virus that had some genes from the human virus and some genes from the avian virus. (cdc.gov)
  • It is also possible that the process of genetic reassortment could occur in a person who is co-infected with an avian influenza A virus and a human influenza A virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Although it is unusual for people to get influenza A virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and swine influenza A viruses have been reported. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A virus can cause infection in many mammalian and avian species and exists in multiple subtypes. (cornell.edu)
  • The Asian H3N2 virus is derived from an avian strain that also gained the ability to infect dogs and be transmitted from dog to dog. (cornell.edu)
  • To date, the avian flu virus has not acquired to ability to spread easily from person to person - a necessary step in order for a virus to cause a pandemic. (bcm.edu)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • Here we summarize our findings in animal models in which we demonstrated that vaccination against influenza A/H3N2 virus reduced the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus, otherwise induced by a prior infection with influenza A/H3N2 virus. (eur.nl)
  • In addition, the signatures of human-infecting H5N1 isolates suggest that this avian subtype has low pandemic potential at present, although it presents more human adaptation components than most avian subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current widespread concern over the potential threat of a human pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 avian influenza viruses highlights the medical, social, and economic value of tools that enable correct assessment of the potential for transmissibility of avian flu viruses amongst human hosts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
  • Flu vaccines are based on predicting which "mutants" of H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, and influenza B will proliferate in the next season. (wikipedia.org)
  • Present vaccination strategies for swine influenza virus (SIV) control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • As John Fund notes in National Review , the Hong Kong Flu "was an especially infectious virus that had the ability to mutate and render existing vaccines ineffective … Hundreds of thousands were hospitalized in the U.S. as the disease hit all 50 states by Christmas 1968. (delphiforums.com)
  • Huber's research also includes developing vaccines that will protect against multiple viruses within a single influenza virus subtype, for example H3N2. (usd.edu)
  • Influenza vaccines, which have been available for more than 60 years, are safe and effective. (who.int)
  • The instability of influenza viruses results in constant, permanent and usually small changes in their antigenic composition, a phenomenon known as antigenic drift, necessitating corresponding annual changes in the composition of influenza vaccines. (who.int)
  • The ongoing reassortment of swine influenza viruses with three subtypes of influenza virus presently circulating in the U.S. swine herd has important implications for the efficacy of current SIV vaccines. (usda.gov)
  • Monovalent vaccines based on various H3N2 cluster viruses were not able to induce protective immunity against all H3N2 SIVs used for challenge. (usda.gov)
  • The establishment of the reverse genetics system for swine influenza viruses might allow us to develop novel live attenuated virus vaccines. (usda.gov)
  • The data and findings in this report reinforce the importance of the use of up-to-date multivalent influenza vaccines that protect against several different specific virus strains that may become common in the coming influenza season. (health.mil)
  • In addition, the lineage of 169 influenza B viruses has been determined: 155 (92%) belonged to the B/Yamagata lineage (the lineage of the B virus recommended by WHO for inclusion in trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines) and 14 (8%) to the B/Victoria lineage. (flutrackers.com)
  • It must also carry out a study to show that the vaccine produced by the revised process is as effective at stimulating the production of antibodies against influenza as was seen at the time of initial authorisation and has at least as good a safety profile as other authorised influenza vaccines. (europa.eu)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • However, currently used seasonal vaccines provide only limited protection against (potentially) pandemic influenza viruses. (eur.nl)
  • An age-related increase of the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response was observed in unvaccinated children that was absent in vaccinated children with CF. These findings highlight the importance of the development of vaccines that provide protection against influenza A viruses of all subtypes. (eur.nl)
  • and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Huber stressed that vaccination remains the best prevention against influenza and noted that the viruses currently circulating demonstrate sensitivity to antiviral drugs like Tamiflu. (usd.edu)
  • Please note that questions are limited to clinicians who would like information on CDC's current influenza recommendations for vaccination and anti-viral medications. (cdc.gov)
  • A sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy was observed after vaccination with AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix influenza vaccine in Finland at the beginning of 2010. (plos.org)
  • Here, we analysed whether the coinciding influenza A H1N1pdm pandemic contributed, together with the Pandemrix vaccination, to the increased incidence of childhood narcolepsy in 2010. (plos.org)
  • Based on our findings, it is unlikely that H1N1pdm09 virus infection contributed to a sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy observed in Finland in 2010 after AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix vaccination. (plos.org)
  • The most important strategy for preventing influenza-associated morbidity and mortality is vaccination of persons in high-risk groups with vaccine closely matched to circulating strains. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • Vaccination for canine influenza doesn't prevent dogs from becoming infected, but rather decreases the severity and duration of illness. (craigrd.com)
  • Furthermore, we recently hypothesized that annual vaccination may hamper the development of cross-reactive immunity against influenza A viruses of novel subtypes, that would otherwise be induced by natural infection. (eur.nl)
  • In the past ten years, H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. (wikipedia.org)
  • This report updates the 2004 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • 99%) of the influenza viruses tested this season are susceptible to the four FDA-approved influenza antiviral medications recommended for use in the US this season. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, antiviral treatment should not be withheld from patients with suspected influenza, even if they test negative. (cdc.gov)
  • To examine the antiviral activity of luteolin against the influenza virus, the researchers infected several cell lines with two subtypes of the influenza A virus (IAV), A/Jiangxi/312/2006 (H3N2) and A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 (H1N1). (naturalnews.com)
  • Based on these findings, the researchers concluded that the naturally occurring flavonoid, luteolin, is a potent antiviral against the influenza virus . (naturalnews.com)
  • Although currently available antiviral drugs can reduce the symptoms of influenza and limit virus transmission, the possibility of selecting resistant strains still exists, meaning influenza treatment continues to be a challenge. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) were used as an antiviral agent because neuraminidase can facilitate the release of viral particles by severing the sialic acid groups hemagglutinin-a surface protein influenza uses-is bound to. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Previous reports have described cases of influenza A (H3N2) variant (H3N2v) virus * infection with the influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 M gene detected in the United States during July 2011-July 2012 ( 1- 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Nationally, influenza B/Victoria viruses are predominant, followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 are the most common viruses among adults aged 25 to 64 years (42% of reported viruses) and those aged 65 years and older (43% of viruses). (medscape.com)
  • Most (80.7%) influenza A viruses that underwent subtyping were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 19.3% were A(H3N2) viruses. (medscape.com)
  • four of these were subtyped and all four were A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was the most common strain early in the season, but influenza A(H3N2) predominated later in the season. (health.mil)
  • The 2018-2019 season differed from past seasons in that it was much longer, had a later peak, and the predominant strain of influenza changed from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 at the beginning of the season to influenza A(H3N2) in the middle of the season. (health.mil)
  • A(H3) predominated and, in some countries, co-circulated with A(H1)pdm09 and B/Victoria viruses. (flu.org.cn)
  • Based on the results of outpatient and hospital surveillance, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses continued to co-circulate in the Region, with very few influenza B detections having been reported during this season. (flutrackers.com)
  • Of the 1342 influenza A viruses that were subtyped during week 12/2014, 594 (44%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 748 (56%) A(H3N2) (Fig. 2a). (flutrackers.com)
  • Of the 25 143 influenza A viruses that have been subtyped, 14 835 (59%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 10 308 (41%) were A(H3N2). (flutrackers.com)
  • Sur 440 échantillons, 135 (31 %) étaient positifs au virus de la grippe B de type Yamagata, 38 (8 %) à celui de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et 25 (6 %) à celui de la grippe A(H3N2). (who.int)
  • IAV was isolated from air and oral fluids yielding a mixture of subtypes (H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2). (cdc.gov)
  • In years in which H3N2 is the predominant strain, there are more hospitalizations. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B viruses also circulated, and the predominant virus varied by U.S. Department of Health and Human Service (HHS) region and week. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza B viruses were predominant in Region 4 from early November through late December. (cdc.gov)
  • Predominant viruses differ by region and age group, the CDC explains. (medscape.com)
  • The predominant influenza virus subtype is influenza A H3N2. (medscape.com)
  • People with close or prolonged unprotected contact (not wearing respiratory and eye protection) with infected birds or places that sick birds or their mucous, saliva, or feces have contaminated, might be at greater risk of bird flu virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
  • As is the case with all influenza viruses, there is the opportunity for changes in the virus that could affect transmission rates and increase or decrease the ability of the virus to cause respiratory illness. (cornell.edu)
  • While in the past CIV infections in and of themselves have not shown a significant mortality rate, CIV infections as well as other respiratory viruses compromise the normal defenses of the lung permitting secondary bacterial pneumonias. (cornell.edu)
  • In addition to the Influenza Virus Matrix PCR test that will detect any influenza variant currently circulating that may infect dogs or other species, the AHDC offers a more broadly diagnostic Canine Respiratory PCR Panel. (cornell.edu)
  • This panel includes canine adenovirus, canine distemper virus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine respiratory coronavirus, canine pneumovirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Mycoplasma cynos along with Influenza Virus Matrix PCR. (cornell.edu)
  • As with all respiratory viruses, it is critical to take samples for agent detection within a day or two of the onset of clinical signs which include runny nose, low grade fevers, and coughing. (cornell.edu)
  • 7 days should be tested for CIV by an antibody test as the virus itself is often undetectable in later stages of illness, as is true for most respiratory viral infections. (cornell.edu)
  • Samples from dogs with respiratory disease will be tested for both H3N8 and H3N2-specific antibodies. (cornell.edu)
  • Dr. Havers is a Medical Officer for the Influenza Prevention and Control Team within CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Swine Influenza, or Swine Flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease that originated with pigs and is caused by one of many strains of the Influenza A virus. (projectswole.com)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • The H3N2, which has been in wide circulation for the past two-three months, causes more hospitalisations than other subtypes, said ICMR scientists who keep a close watch on ailments caused by respiratory viruses through the Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratories network. (outlookindia.com)
  • Swine influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory disease of swine caused by type A influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • Before 1998, mainly H1N1 SI viruses (SIV) were isolated from swine in the U.S. Since then, antigenetically distinct reassortant H3N2 and H1N1 SIVs have been identified as causative agents of respiratory disease in pigs on U.S. farms. (usda.gov)
  • Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) are immunoassays that can identify the presence of influenza A and B viral nucleoprotein antigens in respiratory specimens, and display the result in a qualitative way (positive vs. negative) (1). (cdc.gov)
  • RIDTs can be useful to identify influenza virus infection as a cause of respiratory outbreaks in any setting, but especially in institutions (i.e., nursing homes, chronic care facilities, and hospitals), cruise ships, summer camps, schools, etc. (cdc.gov)
  • However, negative RIDT results do not exclude influenza virus infection as a cause of a respiratory outbreak because of the limited sensitivity of these tests. (cdc.gov)
  • Testing respiratory specimens from several persons with suspected influenza will increase the likelihood of detecting influenza virus infection if influenza virus is the cause of the outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • Public health authorities should be notified of any suspected institutional outbreak and respiratory specimens should be collected from ill persons (whether positive or negative by RIDT) and sent to a public health laboratory for more accurate influenza testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Time from illness onset to collection of respiratory specimens for testing o Testing specimens collected within 48-72 hours of illness onset (when influenza viral shedding is highest) is more likely to yield positive RIDT results. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical consultation rates for influenza-like illness (ILI) and/or acute respiratory infection (ARI) returned to pre-season or below baseline levels in most of the countries in the WHO European Region. (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza is the name of a very large and diverse family of viruses that infect the human respiratory tract. (onemedical.com)
  • 1 ] Influenza C is associated with mild cases of upper respiratory infection. (health.govt.nz)
  • Throat and nasal swab specimens were collected from outpatients (with influenza-like illness) and inpatients (with severe acute respiratory illness) and tested for influenza viruses using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (who.int)
  • Influenza is a contagious, acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • Overall, the percentages of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) were lower during the 2010--11 season than the 2009--10 pandemic influenza season. (cdc.gov)
  • So here we are with the economy in freefall as a highly contagious new virus is circulating that's killing quite a lot of people. (delphiforums.com)
  • Since influenza viruses are contagious and can be spread through contact with droplets from infected people, additional ways to limit the spread of this virus include washing hands, covering mouths when sneezing or coughing, and staying home when you feel sick. (usd.edu)
  • To date, over two thousand dogs have become sick with the highly contagious Canine Influenza virus and at least six have died. (craigrd.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control note, "It was first noted in the United States in September 1968 … The H3N2 virus continues to circulate worldwide as a seasonal influenza A virus. (delphiforums.com)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • One potential reason for the severe secondary bacterial infections associated with these H3N2 influenza viruses could be the specific proteins that are expressed by these viruses," said Huber, who earned his Ph.D. from the Medical College of Ohio in 2001. (usd.edu)
  • Risk factors for developing a more severe form of West Nile virus include conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV, organ transplants, and recent chemotherapy, age and pregnancy. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • An investigation of the outbreak facilitated by WHO emphasized the increased likelihood of severe health consequences of influenza outbreaks in poorly nourished populations lacking access to well equipped health services. (who.int)
  • Continued weekly surveillance of influenza among DOD populations is crucial to track increases in activity each season and the potential emergence of new and/or severe influenza subtypes. (health.mil)
  • H3N2 causes the majority of severe, clinically attended cases in high-risk elderly cohorts and the majority of overall deaths. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Influenza A (H1N1) virus has been associated with severe diseases and complications in neighbouring Caribbean territories. (thestkittsnevisobserver.com)
  • These involved allergic reactions including cases of anaphylactic (severe allergic) reactions, influenza-like symptoms and eye reactions. (europa.eu)
  • H3N2 is generally less severe than seasonal flu. (onemedical.com)
  • The symptoms of influenza are usually more severe than the symptoms of a common cold. (onemedical.com)
  • Hospitalization rates have also increased this season, and many have compared the overall seasonal hospitalization rate to that of the most recent severe influenza season, 2014-2015. (medscape.com)
  • According to a prospective cohort study, as many as 1 in 3 children seeking treatment in the ED for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the peak of flu season are at high risk of suffering severe complications. (medscape.com)
  • The results of this study indicate that the highest burden of severe influenza infection is borne by the younger age groups. (who.int)
  • Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). By reassortment, H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Victor Huber, Ph.D., assistant professor of Basic Biomedical Sciences at the University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, suspects that certain proteins on the surface of the virus are contributing to secondary bacterial infections, which are a leading cause of death after influenza infection. (usd.edu)
  • Non-structural (NS) 1 proteins from recombinant influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) and influenza A/Finland/554/09 (H1N1pdm09) viruses were purified and used in Western blot analysis to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. (plos.org)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Our immune response is triggered by the virus' hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins, shown in semi-transparent blue. (scitechdaily.com)
  • H3N2 viruses can infect birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The segmented genome allows influenza A viruses from different species to mix genes (reassortment) and create a new virus if influenza A viruses from two different species infect the same person or animal at the same time. (cdc.gov)
  • This virus is a genetic variant of the H3N8 equine influenza virus that gained the ability to infect dogs. (cornell.edu)
  • What's more worrisome is that some dogs who are exposed to the virus never actually develop symptoms but can still infect others. (craigrd.com)
  • The immunization also causes an infected dog to shed less virus that could infect other dogs. (craigrd.com)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Influenza A viruses that typically are endemic in one animal species sometimes can cause illness in another species. (cdc.gov)
  • If this new influenza A virus causes illness in people and is transmitted easily from person to person in a sustained manner, an influenza pandemic can occur. (cdc.gov)
  • The father had a nasopharyngeal swab positive for swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) virus and had direct swine exposure 6 days before illness onset. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Most of the country is experiencing high influenza-like illness activity and 800 more deaths were reported during the last week of 2019 alone, according to the most recent report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medscape.com)
  • The percentage of outpatient healthcare provider visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) rose from 5.1% to 6.9% during the week ending December 28 (week 52). (medscape.com)
  • Influenza-like illness activity was high in the District of Columbia, New York City, Puerto Rico, and 34 states (37 jurisdictions), compared with 28 jurisdictions during the previous week. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza viruses with reduced in vitro sensitivity have been shown to be transmissible and to cause typical influenza illness. (nih.gov)
  • Influenza-like-illness (ILI) is 4.3%, which is above the national baseline of 2.2% and the highest it has been so far this flu season, but is still substantially lower than the 7.5% peak recorded last season. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Influenza-like Illness (ILI) State Activity Indicator Map: The number of state experiencing high ILI activity increased from 23 states plus NYC last week to 24 states plus New York City. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The second is that while the outpatient volume of visits related to influenza-like illness (ILI) has really skyrocketed in emergency departments as well as outpatient clinics, most persons with influenza will have relatively mild disease that can be managed at home. (medscape.com)
  • 65 years, children aged 6-23 months, pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from pregnant women, and persons of any age with certain chronic influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the start of the year we have received laboratory confirmation for approximately three (3) cases of Influenza A (H1N1). (thestkittsnevisobserver.com)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • Another important message for providers is to know when to use oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) or other neuraminidase inhibitors for the management of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Positive samples were inoculated in MDCK cells and virus phenotypic susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) was assessed using fluorescent NA inhibition. (who.int)
  • Les échantillons positifs ont été inoculés à des cellules rénales canines Madin-Darby (MDCK) et le profil de sensibilité phénotypique des virus isolés aux INA a été évalué au moyen du test d'inhibition de la neuraminidase (NA) par fluorescence. (who.int)
  • Les deux virus de la grippe B ayant une sensibilité réduite à l'oseltamivir montrent l'importance d'une surveillance permanente de la sensibilité à l'inhibiteur de la neuraminidase. (who.int)
  • Amantadine inhibits the replication of influenza A virus isolates from each of the subtypes, i.e. (nih.gov)
  • It has very little or no activity against influenza B virus isolates. (nih.gov)
  • Sensitivity test results, expressed as the concentration of amantadine required to inhibit by 50% the growth of virus (ED 50 ) in tissue culture vary greatly (from 0.1 mcg/mL to 25 mcg/mL) depending upon the assay protocol used, size of virus inoculum, isolates of influenza A virus strains tested, and the cell type used. (nih.gov)
  • 112 national influenza centres in 83 countries and four WHO collaborating centres for reference and research on influenza.1 National centres transfer representative viral isolates to the collaborating centres for immediate strain identification. (who.int)
  • Of the 5861 influenza virus isolates reported to CDC, more than 99% were influenza A. Of the influenza A virus isolates subtyped, 81% were influenza A(H3N2), and 19% were influenza A(H1N1). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A(H1N1) viruses were isolated most frequently in the mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic regions and accounted for 30% and 52% of influenza A isolates, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Although influenza A(H1N1) viruses were isolated less frequently worldwide, Belgium and Japan reported that A(H1N1) viruses constituted the majority of isolates and were isolated from outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Evolutionary timelines derived from signatures of early human influenza isolates suggest that characteristic variants emerged rapidly, and remained remarkably stable through subsequent pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • Influenza A variants with reduced in vitro sensitivity to amantadine have been isolated from epidemic strains in areas where adamantane derivatives are being used. (nih.gov)
  • We will have our epidemic of influenza, of a type not very different from what we know already, with complications in the usual age groups', remarked Ian Watson, director of the College of General Practitioners' Epidemic Observation Unit in June 1957. (spiked-online.com)
  • Dr. Havers completed the epidemic intelligence service training in the influenza division at CDC and is board certified to practice internal medicine and infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses present a significant health challenge each year, as in the H3N2 epidemic of 2012-2013. (rcsb.org)
  • While the early start and higher intensity of the 2012/13 influenza A virus (IAV) epidemic was not unprecedented, it was the first IAV epidemic season since the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic where the H3N2 subtype predominated. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • We directly sequenced the genomes of 154 H3N2 clinical specimens collected throughout the epidemic to better understand the evolution of H3N2 strains and to inform the H3N2 vaccine selection process. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • this large epidemic was due to a known influenza virus that previously circulated in countries of northern hemisphere (the year before) and even in Antananarivo weeks before. (bvsalud.org)
  • A single variant of influenza has the ability to cause a public health threat. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • According to reports the H3N2 variant of the Influenza virus is reportedly responsible for the surge. (msrmh.com)
  • There's a brand-new strain of influenza called H3N2, a variant of a common subtype of influenza, and it's different from the viruses that typically cause seasonal flu. (onemedical.com)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • This report provides 1) an update on the number of reported cases of H3N2v infections from July 12 to August 9, 2012, in the United States, 2) an updated results interpretation for the CDC Flu Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) Dx Panel for A(H3N2)v for public health laboratories, and 3) an evaluation of rapid influenza diagnostic tests for the detection of H3N2v viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • More recently, H5N1 viruses from birds have caused sporadic infections in wild foxes in the U.S. and in other countries. (cdc.gov)
  • however, human infections can happen when enough virus gets into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth, or is inhaled. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza virus infection in dogs follows a similar pattern to infections in other species. (cornell.edu)
  • Our goal is to ultimately be able to use surveillance of influenza viruses to predict the severity of these secondary bacterial infections, which would allow us to more rapidly identify when these viruses are present. (usd.edu)
  • This latest Pharmaceutical and Healthcare disease pipeline guide West Nile Virus Infections - Pipeline Review, H2 2019, provides an overview of the West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) pipeline landscape. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • This Pharmaceutical and Healthcare latest pipeline guide West Nile Virus Infections - Pipeline Review, H2 2019, provides comprehensive information on the therapeutics under development for West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease), complete with analysis by stage of development, drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) pipeline guide also reviews of key players involved in therapeutic development for West Nile Virus Infections and features dormant and discontinued projects. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) pipeline guide helps in identifying and tracking emerging players in the market and their portfolios, enhances decision making capabilities and helps to create effective counter strategies to gain competitive advantage. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The pipeline guide provides a snapshot of the global therapeutic landscape of West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease). (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The pipeline guide reviews pipeline therapeutics for West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) by companies and universities/research institutes based on information derived from company and industry-specific sources. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The pipeline guide reviews key companies involved in West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) therapeutics and enlists all their major and minor projects. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The pipeline guide evaluates West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) therapeutics based on mechanism of action (MoA), drug target, route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Find and recognize significant and varied types of therapeutics under development for West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease). (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Then, in 2016, a team including Worobey and authors of the current study presented a paper in the journal Science showing that past exposure to the flu virus determines an individual's response to subsequent infections, a phenomenon called immunological imprinting. (scitechdaily.com)
  • MRNA-1083 is under clinical development by Moderna and currently in Phase III for Influenzavirus B Infections. (clinicalresearchinformer.com)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • Although the circulating H5N1 subtype has negligible potential for human-to-human transmission, there is a concern that it might acquire the necessary mutations for this capability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza B/Victoria viruses are most common among children aged 4 years and younger (48% of reported viruses) and those aged 5 to 24 years (59% of reported viruses). (medscape.com)
  • Of 27 deaths that have been reported this season, 18 were linked to influenza B viruses (five of these had the lineage determined and all five were B/Victoria viruses). (medscape.com)
  • Antigenic analysis demonstrated that viruses in the emerging subclade 3C.3 and subgroup 3C-2012/13 were not well inhibited by antisera generated against the 3C.1 vaccine strains used for the 2012/13 (A/Victoria/361/2011) or 2013/14 (A/Texas/50/2012) seasons. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • While at CDC Dr. Havers research interests have focused on the epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Positive RIDT results from one or more ill persons with suspected influenza can support decisions to promptly implement prevention and control measures for influenza outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • As the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to issue updated influenza activity data in its weekly field views, it's important for us as physicians to frame this information for our patients and families. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza vaccine remains our best means for prevention, and it's still not too late to get the influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • Consequently, many countries lack influenza prevention and control policies. (who.int)
  • Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) frequently are used for the diagnosis of influenza infection in clinical settings, and the recent outbreaks of H3N2v virus ( 2 , 3 ) have highlighted the need to evaluate commercially available, widely used RIDTs for their ability to detect H3N2v viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Testing Methods" and "Table 2: Characteristics of Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests" . (cdc.gov)
  • Veterinarians and pet owners should submit acute and convalescent serum samples and request Canine Influenza Virus HI H3N8 - (CIVHI). (cornell.edu)
  • 2 years, and persons of any age who have medical conditions that place them at increased risk for complications from influenza ( 2,5--7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Most deaths associated with influenza in industrialized countries are due to complications of underlying diseases in people with well defined risks, including age over 65 years, chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or renal disease, and immunosuppression. (who.int)
  • An annual flu vaccine is the best way to protect against influenza and its potentially serious complications. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • If you are at risk for complications of influenza (see below), or if your symptoms are clearly getting worse, call our office and ask to speak with someone on our medical staff for more advice. (onemedical.com)
  • Substantial proportions of characterised circulating virus subtypes or lineages differed antigenically from their respective northern hemisphere vaccine components. (flu.org.cn)
  • Testing for antibodies specific for influenza virus is generally done using the standard influenza virus test of hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (cornell.edu)
  • The ADHC at Cornell offers serologic assays that detect antibodies to the H3N2 virus and to the H3N8 virus. (cornell.edu)
  • Instead, paired serum samples from patients, who suffered from a laboratory confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection, showed high levels or diagnostic rises (96%) in H1N1pdm virus NS1-specific antibodies and very high cross-reactivity to H3N2 subtype influenza A virus NS1 protein. (plos.org)
  • F045-092 extends its recognition to divergent subtypes, including H1, H2 and H13, using the enhanced avidity of its IgG to overcome lower-affinity Fab binding, as observed with other antibodies that target the receptor-binding site. (rcsb.org)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, until 1998, only H1N1 viruses circulated widely in the U.S. pig population. (cdc.gov)
  • When shifts happen, most people have little or no immunity against the new virus. (cdc.gov)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • The result is the sudden appearance of a new virus strain to which populations may have no immunity and against which no existing vaccine may confer protection. (who.int)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • The reduction of heterosubtypic immunity correlated with reduced virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. (eur.nl)
  • c WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Australia. (who.int)
  • An analysis of 13,000 samples of influenza A/H3N2 virus that were collected across six continents from 2002 to 2007 by the WHO's Global Influenza Surveillance Network showed the newly emerging strains of H3N2 appeared in East and Southeast Asian countries about six to nine months earlier than anywhere else. (wikipedia.org)
  • Huber's USD lab receives funding from the National Institute of Health, and his work is performed in collaboration with the St. Jude Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance and South Dakota State University. (usd.edu)
  • Surveillance data about influenza disease inform the planning and strategy for efforts to reduce the future impact of influenza on the health and medical readiness of the Armed Forces. (health.mil)
  • The Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch conducts weekly surveillance of influenza activity among Department of Defense (DOD) populations each influenza season. (health.mil)
  • Ambulatory data for influenza-like illnesses (ILIs), influenza hospitalization data, and lab data for influenza-confirmed cases were used for the surveillance. (health.mil)
  • As such, it is important to conduct annual surveillance of each influenza season to identify the onset and patterns of activity, emergence of drifted or shifted subtypes, and severity of the season. (health.mil)
  • The Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch of the Defense Health Agency utilizes electronic sources of ambulatory medical encounters, hospitalizations, and laboratory data to conduct annual influenza surveillance among all Department of Defense (DOD) beneficiaries across the world. (health.mil)
  • Weekly reports are generated to provide near real-time influenza surveillance data for each of the DOD Combatant Commands. (health.mil)
  • Appropriate levels of influenza virus characterisations should be maintained until the season end and in future seasons, when surveillance is adapted to integrate SARS-CoV-2. (flu.org.cn)
  • For a description of influenza surveillance in the WHO European Region see below . (flutrackers.com)
  • Flu-Associated Hospitalizations: Since October 1, 2018, 5,791 laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations have been reported through the Influenza Hospitalization Network (FluSurv-NET), a population-based surveillance network for laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations covering approximately 9% of the U.S. This translates to a cumulative overall rate of 20.1 hospitalizations per 100,000 people in the United States. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • In collaboration with state and local health departments, CDC conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • This report summarizes surveillance for influenza in the United States and worldwide during the 1991-92 season and describes the composition of the 1992-93 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • B viruses with reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir show that ongoing NAI susceptibility surveillance is essential. (who.int)
  • We used influenza-associated SARI surveillance data for one year to estimate the numerator and hospital admission surveys to estimate the population denominator for each site. (who.int)
  • We present national estimates of influenza-associated SARI hospitalization rates for Cambodia based on sentinel surveillance data from three sites. (who.int)
  • Robust vital statistics and civil registration, well-functioning surveillance systems, hospital discharge databases and the expansion of influenza molecular testing have allowed more countries to complete influenza burden estimations. (who.int)
  • Since October 1, 2010, CDC has antigenically characterized 2,494 influenza viruses submitted by U.S. laboratories. (cdc.gov)
  • Total influenza vaccine effectiveness was low during this season in part because the A(H3N2) strain was antigenically drifted from the vaccine strain. (health.mil)
  • Because of the differences in the time dogs may shed virus, the quarantine of 7 days is recommended for dogs with H3N8 influenza, while a 21 day quarantine is recommended for dogs with H3N2 influenza. (cornell.edu)
  • The original influenza virus identified in 2004 and was typed as H3N8. (craigrd.com)
  • Dogs involved the most recent outbreak were originally thought to have H3N8, but testing identified a new subtype, H3N2. (craigrd.com)
  • The good news is that now there is now a vaccine for both H3N8 & H3N2 strains of canine influenza. (craigrd.com)
  • Her research includes studies on influenza vaccine effectiveness and preventing hospitalization, the use of influenza anti-viral medications in outpatient settings, and the impact of seasonal influenza on children with neurologic disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Her current primary research focuses on influenza anti-viral treatment as well as influenza vaccine effectiveness. (cdc.gov)
  • A quantitative relationship between the in vitro susceptibility of influenza A virus to amantadine and the clinical response to therapy has not been established in man. (nih.gov)
  • ABSTRACT We monitored phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility of influenza viruses circulating in Morocco during 2014-2015 to oseltamivir and zanamivir. (who.int)
  • Most commonly, Swine Flu is of the H1N1 Influenza subtype, although they can sometimes come from H1N2, H3N1, and H3N2. (projectswole.com)
  • Researchers first isolated the Swine Flu virus in a pig back in 1930. (projectswole.com)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • The new strain is now commonly known as "swine flu" or just "H3N2. (onemedical.com)
  • This is particularly important as the media attention around this year's influenza season has been particularly high, and many have compared this season to the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic in terms of the sheer volume of emergency department visits we are seeing. (medscape.com)
  • The child, whose infection with influenza A (H3N2) virus was confirmed several weeks later by serologic testing, did not have direct swine exposure, and most likely acquired infection from close contact with her father. (cdc.gov)
  • RIDTs that provide results on type of influenza virus (e.g. influenza A or B virus), do not provide information on influenza A virus subtype (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • WHO recommends annual immunization of at-risk persons as the best and most cost-effective strategy for reducing influenza-related morbidity and mortality. (who.int)
  • Influenza-virus-mediated disease can be associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly in younger children and older adults. (mdpi.com)
  • 2 Each influenza season is different because of antigenic drift in the circulating influenza subtypes, the degree of match between vaccine subtypes and circulating subtypes, and vaccine coverage of the population. (health.mil)
  • This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)
  • Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)
  • The Hong Kong Flu was a flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Asia, outbreaks of influenza A(H3N2) were reported in Japan, Korea, and the People's Republic of China. (cdc.gov)
  • Two classes of specific anti-influenza fever or temperature 38 °C and cough, Biosystems) with a single reverse tran- drugs have been developed to date: with onset of symptoms in the past 10 scription step at 50 °C for 30 minutes, the M2 ion channel blockers (adaman- days and requiring hospitalization ( 10 ). (who.int)
  • We estimated age-specific influenza-associated SARI hospitalization rates in three sentinel sites in Svay Rieng, Siem Reap and Kampong Cham provinces. (who.int)
  • A national influenza-associated SARI hospitalization rate was calculated using the pooled influenza-associated SARI hospitalizations for all sites as a numerator and the pooled catchment population of all sites as denominator. (who.int)
  • National influenza-associated SARI case counts were estimated by applying hospitalization rates to the national population. (who.int)
  • At the conclusion of today's session the participant will be able to describe the current status of influenza activity in the United States, discuss the circulating influenza strains seen this season and the implications for clinicians, discuss the use of influenza diagnostic tests and the role in clinical care and discuss anti-viral treatment implications for patients evaluation treatment and testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure of pigs to H3N2_D and H1N1_P virus was assessed by haemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), and a result of ≥1:40 was considered as indication of a positive exposure status for a specific strain. (ncsu.edu)
  • Five pediatric deaths associated with influenza occurred during weeks 50 and 51 and were reported to CDC during week 52, bringing the total to 27. (medscape.com)
  • Based on historical patterns, influenza pandemics can be expected to occur, on average, three to four times each century when new viral strains emerge by antigenic shift and are readily transmitted from person to person. (who.int)
  • Outbreaks of dog flu occur when the virus infects naïve dogs. (craigrd.com)
  • The EuroFlu bulletin describes and comments on influenza activity in the 53 Member States in the WHO European Region to provide information to public health specialists, clinicians and the public on the timing of the influenza season, the spread of influenza, the prevalence and characteristics of circulating viruses (type, subtype and lineage) and severity. (flutrackers.com)
  • Let us take all necessary precautions to prevent seasonal influenza flu. (thestkittsnevisobserver.com)
  • Preflucel is a vaccine used to prevent seasonal influenza (flu) in adults. (europa.eu)