Influenza a virus h1n2 subtype. Medical search. Frequent questions

The 2001-02 Influenza A(H1N2) Wisconsin strain appears to have resulted from the reassortment of the genes of the currently circulating influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
circulating A(H1N1) viruses and the neuraminidase protein is similar to that of the current A(H3N2) viruses, the seasonal flu vaccine should provide good protection against influenza virus as well as protection against the currently circulating seasonal A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B viruses. (wikipedia.org)
The hemagglutinin protein of the A(H1N2) virus was similar to that of the vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1). (cdc.gov)
Includes both the A (H1N1) and A (H1N2) influenza virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
Because the hemagglutinin proteins of the A (H1N2) viruses are similar to those of the currently circulating A (H1N1) viruses and the neuraminidase proteins are similar to those of the currently circulating A (H3N2) viruses, the 2002-03 influenza vaccine should provide protection against A (H1N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
Most commonly, Swine Flu is of the H1N1 Influenza subtype, although they can sometimes come from H1N2, H3N1, and H3N2. (projectswole.com)
IAV was isolated from air and oral fluids yielding a mixture of subtypes (H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2). (cdc.gov)
Mostly, this sickness is rooted into Influenza -A category and its subtypes - H1N1, H1N2, H2N3 and H3N2. (healthstatus.com)
The subtypes that infect pigs are H3N2, H1N1 and H1N2. (healthstatus.com)
Influenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish Flu. (indiatimes.com)
For this reason, they are described as H1N1, H1N2 etc. depending on the type of H or N antigens they express with metabolic synergy. (indiatimes.com)
Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza. (indiatimes.com)
Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza). (indiatimes.com)
The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. (vetres.org)
The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. (vetres.org)
In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. (vetres.org)
In April 2009, a new A(H1N1) influenza virus was identified containing a distinct combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine influenza lineages as well as from avian and human lineages [ 8 , 21 ], which rapidly reached pandemic proportions. (vetres.org)
Influenza viruses circulating in swine are closely related to the human H1N1 and H3N2 strains and reports of sporadic cross-species transfer of swine and avian influenza viruses to humans have been documented repeatedly during recent decades [ 18 ]. (vetres.org)
In virology, influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of Influenza A virus. (xopt.io)
For this reason, they are described as H1N1, H1N2 etc. (xopt.io)
BACKGROUND: Influenza A virus (IAV) is endemic in pigs globally and co-circulation of genetically and antigenically diverse virus lineages of subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 is a challenge for the development of effective vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
METHODS: This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a virosome-based influenza vaccine containing the surface glycoproteins of H1N1 pandemic, H1N2 and H3N2 in pigs. (bvsalud.org)
A recent study in the US enlightens that the main strain of virus circulating in the pigs were swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1, (tr) H3N2 and (tr) H1N2. (godigit.com)
As an answer to what H1N1 is, scientists and researchers explained that it is a new strain of virus originating from pigs but spreads from person to person. (godigit.com)
Methods: To address this gap, we sequenced and conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 69 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences from IAV-S isolates collected in swine in Mexico and Chile during 2010-2014, including the H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes. (consensus.app)
We also found evidence of repeated introductions of pandemic H1N1 viruses from humans into swine in Mexico and Chile since 2009, and incursions of H1 and H3 viruses from North American swine into Mexico. (consensus.app)
Swine influenza (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by a type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pig populations. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Presently there are four main influenza type A virus subtypes that have been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
The H1N1 swine flu viruses are antigenically very different from human H1N1 viruses and therefore, vaccines for human seasonal flu will not provide protection from Swine flu viruses. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
Among these are multiple H3 lineages that had been passed by humans to pigs, circulating undetected for about ten years, as well as the H1N1 subtype, which was predominant and likely derived from human origins dating back to the 2009 pandemic. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)
Based on the results of outpatient and hospital surveillance, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses continued to co-circulate in the Region, with very few influenza B detections having been reported during this season. (flutrackers.com)
Of the 1342 influenza A viruses that were subtyped during week 12/2014, 594 (44%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 748 (56%) A(H3N2) (Fig. 2a). (flutrackers.com)
Of the 25 143 influenza A viruses that have been subtyped, 14 835 (59%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 10 308 (41%) were A(H3N2). (flutrackers.com)
Virus ini (type A H1N1 virus) pertama kali di isolasi dari babi pada tahun 1930. (web.id)
Sampai saat ini sudah berhasil diisolasi sebanyak 4 sub-type A: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. (web.id)
H1N1 merupakan virus jebis baru yang baru saja ditemukan pada babi. (web.id)
Such a definition has been changed in 2009, in concomitance with the H1N1 influenza outbreak, and lost part of its severe meaning (see also Swine flu). (tellmeproject.eu)
Electron microscope beeʼiilkid, Tsʼííh honiigaah H1N1 influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)
A close reading of the Pennsylvania Department of Health weekly report shows a spike in H1N1 in Allegheny County, but since only a small fraction of the influenza A samples are sero-typed, the reported 46 cases (week 6) is small relative to the 373 influenza A cases. (proboards.com)
Fayette county only show 1 H1N1 cases, which is likely due to a lack of sero-typing, since Fayette is reporting 113 influenza A cases. (proboards.com)
An immunoinformatics study was conducted to determine the highly conserved antigenic epitope regions of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes in the humoral immunity and CD4+ and CD8+ T cellular immunity between 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) and seasonal H1N1 (sH1N1) viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
From biological studies using peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from human donors not previously exposed to the pandemic virus, pre-existing CD4+ T cells can elicit cross-reactive effector responses against the pandemic H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Scientists in China have discovered that roots of a plant used a century ago during the great Spanish influenza pandemic contains substances with powerful effects in laboratory experiments in killing the H1N1 swine flu virus that now threatens the world. (clinicalnews.org)
Chang and Wu identified a group of chemical compounds in extracts of the plant that showed greater potency against influenza A (H1N1) than a prescription antiviral drug available for the flu. (clinicalnews.org)
Overall, the present study has determined that sesquiterpene coumarins from F. assa-foetida may serve as promising lead components for new drug development against influenza A (H1N1) viral infection," the authors write. (clinicalnews.org)
From where did the 2009 'swine-origin' influenza A virus (H1N1) emerge? (biomedcentral.com)
The swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus that appeared in 2009 and was first found in human beings in Mexico, is a reassortant with at least three parents. (biomedcentral.com)
the NA gene is closest to H1N1 viruses isolated in Europe in 1991-1993, and the MP gene is closest to H3N2 viruses isolated in Asia in 1999-2000. (biomedcentral.com)
The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 flu pandemic (Spanish flu pandemic) (type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted from 1918 to 1919 (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza A was the dominant type, 81 per cent of which were subtype H1N1 and 19 per cent were subtype H3N2. (health.gov.au)
The influenza A (H1N1) analysed were all A/New Caledonia/20/99-like strains. (health.gov.au)
After the pandemic of 1918 the H1N1 virus circulated widely in the human population until 1957. (health.gov.au)
The Asian and Hong Kong pandemics in 1957 and 1968 introduced the H2N2 and H3N2 subtypes respectively, in each case replacing the previously circulating subtype of influenza A. There have been no major 'antigenic shifts' causing pandemics of influenza since 1968, however, the H1N1 subtype reappeared in the human population in 1977 and did not replace the H3N2 subtype. (health.gov.au)
Since 1977, influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and influenza B viruses have co-circulated and have been widespread globally, varying in frequency temporally and geographically. (health.gov.au)
At least 32 people have been infected in a flare-up of the H1N1 swine flu virus in Nicaragua over the last week, according to the health ministry. (blogspot.com)

The deadly H3N2 virus has raised its ugly head again and is on a killing spree, it has killed more than 120 people including two below 18 yrs of age till February 2018 that is in just a month of outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
H3N2 is strain of influenza A virus, the orthomyxoviridae family - these are simgle stranded segmented RNA-Virus and they have numerous subtypes which are named by numbers based on type of Heamagglutinin "H number" and "N number" for type of Neuraminidase. (atomictherapy.org)
Hong Kong Flu virus H3N2 is desendent of H2N2 through antigenic shift, a process in which genes from various subtypes make up a new virus sub type. (atomictherapy.org)
H2N2 is a subtype of the type influenzavirus A. H2N2 has mutated into various strains including the Asian flu strain (now extinct in the wild), H3N2, and various strains found in birds. (influenzavirusnet.com)

We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
She joined CDC in 1997 and worked in the National Vaccine Office on Adult Immunization and Pandemic Influenza Planning. (cdc.gov)
Ms. Budd first joined the Influenza Division in 1999 and managed the day-to-day functioning of the National Influenza Surveillance System and continued her pandemic influenza planning efforts. (cdc.gov)
The concern is that swine are a primary source of the pandemic influenza A viruses, serving as an intermediary in the emergency of virus threats, shuffling genes between avian, swine, and human hosts. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
Regional and international tools and frameworks have been implemented to address the threat of pandemic influenza and other emerging diseases. (who.int)
Another unusual feature of this pandemic was that it mostly killed young adults, with 99% of pandemic influenza deaths occurring in people under 65, and more than half in young adults 20 to 40 years old. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Both influenza B isolates were similar to the vaccine strain B/Hong Kong/330/2001. (cdc.gov)
This report updates the 2004 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. (cdc.gov)
and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
Virosomes are virus-like particles that mimic virus infection and have proven to be a successful vaccine platform against several animal and human viruses. (bvsalud.org)
RESULTS: A robust humoral and cellular immune response was induced against the three IAV subtypes in pigs after two vaccine doses. (bvsalud.org)
The influenza virosome vaccine elicited hemagglutinin-specific antibodies and virus-neutralizing activity. (bvsalud.org)
Dr. Campbell's current projects focus on studies of influenza antiviral treatment and antiviral effectiveness, vaccine effectiveness, pandemic preparedness and development of CDC clinical guidance related to treatment and prevention of seasonal and novel influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Dishjį́diʼ éí azee ąąh alʼįʼdiʼ jigáágo éí achʼąąʼ adáʼatsʼiʼ, azee éí "trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV)" wolyé. (wikipedia.org)
We contrast that suggestion with the possibility that laboratory errors involving the sharing of virus isolates and cultured cells, or perhaps vaccine production, may have been involved. (biomedcentral.com)
The first significant step towards preventing influenza was the development in 1944 of a killed-virus vaccine for influenza by Thomas Francis, Jr. This built on work by Australian Frank Macfarlane Burnet, who showed that the virus lost virulence when it was cultured in fertilized hen's eggs. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Application of this observation by Francis allowed his group of researchers at the University of Michigan to develop the first influenza vaccine, with support from the U.S. Army. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Asian Flu was of the H2N2 subtype (a notation that refers to the configuration of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the virus) of type A influenza, and an influenza vaccine was developed in 1957 to contain its outbreak. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has issued a task order under an existing contract to Chiron Corporation of Emeryville, CA, for the production of an investigational vaccine based on an H9N2 strain of avian influenza virus that has infected humans and has the potential to trigger a modern-day pandemic. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The Australian 2001 influenza vaccine represented a good match for the circulating viruses and 77 per cent of persons over 65 years in Australia were vaccinated in 2001. (health.gov.au)

[7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
Swine Influenza, or Swine Flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease that originated with pigs and is caused by one of many strains of the Influenza A virus. (projectswole.com)
some data implies that the pigs caught the virus from the humans back then. (healthstatus.com)
Between the years 1997 and 2002, 3 latest viral-strains of the influenza subtypes and five diverse genotypes were discovered as the primary reason for flu among pigs in North America. (healthstatus.com)
Researchers confirmed that the virus infesting these pigs was a blended structure of viral-strains from humans and birds. (healthstatus.com)
The most recent strains of influenza were noticed during the 2009 swine flu endemic in Mexico and some farm pigs in Alberta, Canada. (healthstatus.com)
Swine influenza is caused by those strains of influenza virus that usually infect pigs and are called swine influenza virus (SIV). (rjppd.org)
However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. (vetres.org)
The mortality of swine influenza virus (SIV) infected pigs is usually low, although morbidity may approach 100% [ 14 ]. (vetres.org)
Swine influenza or flu is a respiratory disorder observed in pigs caused by the type A influenza virus. (godigit.com)
Therefore when influenza viruses from different species infect pigs, the viruses can swap genes and new viruses that are a mix of swine, human and/or avian influenza viruses can emerge. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and from people to pigs. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. (astrozing.com)
The previously unnoticed strains include viruses that humans have passed to pigs, and some even include genes with originals as far as North America. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)
Among these, 72 pigs - or around 2 percent tested positive for influenza A virus. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)
Two seasonal viruses were also detected in pigs from Kandal, Phnom Penh, and Takeo provinces. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)
H1N2- currently endemic in pigs and humans. (atomictherapy.org)
Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human flu, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. (tellmeproject.eu)
The HA gene segment was part of the classical swine lineage with the virus infecting pigs around 1918 and subsequently circulated in classical swine viruses and triple reassortant swine viruses [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Six of the genes are closest in sequence to those of H1N2 'triple-reassortant' influenza viruses isolated from pigs in North America around 1999-2000. (biomedcentral.com)
The etiological cause of influenza, the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, was first discovered in pigs by Richard Shope in 1931. (influenzavirusnet.com)
At irregular intervals, there are more dramatic changes in the viral proteins, called 'antigenic shift', which are a result of either direct introduction of avian influenza viruses into the human population or a re-assortment between human and avian viruses which is believed to occur in intermediate hosts such as pigs. (health.gov.au)

citation needed] On February 6, 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva and the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) in the United Kingdom reported the identification influenza A(H1N2) virus from humans in the UK, Israel, and Egypt[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
H6 subtype avian influenza viruses are globally distributed and, in recent years, have been isolated with increasing frequency from both domestic and wild bird species as well as infected humans. (biomedcentral.com)
Normally the Swine flu virus does not infect humans. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
However, occasional transmissions of influenza A to humans can have a tremendous impact. (biomedcentral.com)
The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
Influenza is considered as one of the deadliest diseases of humans. (zovon.com)
Influenza D viruses infect cattle and are not known to cause any illness in humans. (zovon.com)
Following are known subtypes of Influenza A virus that can infect humans and are listed as per number of known pandemic human deaths. (atomictherapy.org)
H5N1- Avian Flu-Global influenza pandemic (mid-2000) - with fatality rate of 50% it becomes the most falat virus of all know Influenza virus that infect humans it also causes diarrhoea. (atomictherapy.org)
Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort. (tellmeproject.eu)
Do Bird Flu Viruses Infect Humans? (infectioncycle.com)
Bird flu viruses do not usually infect humans, but several cases of human infection with bird flu viruses have occurred since 1997. (infectioncycle.com)
There is no doubt there will be another pandemic…The number of people affected will go beyond billions because between 25 percent and 30 percent will fall ill…Pandemics occur when a completely new flu strain emerges for which humans have no immunity…An influenza pandemic will spare nobody. (infectioncycle.com)
When we talk about "human flu viruses" we are referring to those subtypes that occur widely in humans. (infectioncycle.com)
Flu A viruses are constantly changing, and they might adapt over time to infect and spread among humans. (infectioncycle.com)
1 They do not normally infect humans, though certain subtypes, such as avian influenza A(H5), A(H7) and A(H9) have caused sporadic human infections. (who.int)
7 In addition to A(H5N1), other novel zoonotic influenza viruses infecting humans have emerged, including A(H5N6), A(H7N9), A(H10N8), A(H6N1) and a novel A(H1N2) variant. (who.int)
This discovery was shortly followed by the isolation of the virus from humans by a group headed by Patrick Laidlaw at the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom in 1933. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Recent human infections with avian influenza virus revealed that H9N2 is the gene donor for H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that are infecting humans too. (influenzavirusnet.com)

During the flu-epidemic in 1918, this ailment was projected as a virus co-related to human influenza. (healthstatus.com)
Natural medicines have had an excellent track record in the treatment of influenza in general, but also pandemic outbreaks in particular, such as the Influenza Pandemic of 1918, which was responsible for the deaths of over 50 million people worldwide. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
The most severe influenza pandemic in recent history was the 1918 Spanish flu, which is estimated being responsible for the deaths of over 50 million people. (tellmeproject.eu)
The Spanish Influenza of 1918 or Great Influenza Pandemic was also started by a strain of bird influenza. (infectioncycle.com)
Indeed, symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue, cholera, or typhoid. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
Neuraminidase are a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which help to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in budding from the host cells. (indiatimes.com)
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 10 and neuraminidase 7. (umassmed.edu)
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is an important zoonotic pathogen [ 1 ] and can be classified into 16 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes and 9 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes based on the antigenicity of these two surface glycoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Dr. Angela Campbell will be - will discuss neuraminidase inhibitor medications (antivirals) that are approved only for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza. (cdc.gov)
These subtypes differ because of certain proteins on the surface of the flu A virus (hemagglutinin [HA] and neuraminidase [NA] proteins). (infectioncycle.com)
Influenza viruses are successful human pathogens because of their ability to vary their two external proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Mutations cause a gradual change in these proteins called 'antigenic drift', which results in annual epidemics of influenza. (health.gov.au)

The H5N8 subtype has caused multiple outbreaks in poultry in Europe over the past few winters. (mdpi.com)
Indirect transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine is poorly understood and information is lacking on levels of environmental exposure encountered by swine and people during outbreaks of IAV in swine barns. (cdc.gov)
Vaccines and antivirals will be crucial to the effort, but tracking and communications technologies could also play a key role in monitoring the virus, distributing accurate health information, and quelling outbreaks. (rjppd.org)
Our findings suggest that regular surveillance of wild birds, especially migratory birds, is important for providing early warning and control of avian influenza outbreaks. (biomedcentral.com)
The continuous outbreaks of avian influenza in recent decades have alarmed and increased focus on the role of wild birds, as major reservoirs, that maintain the persistence and variation of AIV, facilitating viral spread and disease occurrence. (biomedcentral.com)
Surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIVs) in wild birds for early warning, prevention, and control of viral outbreaks should be enhanced to reduce the risk of pathogen emergence from wildlife host reservoirs. (biomedcentral.com)
From late 2021 to 2022, the predominant HPAI H5 virus causing poultry outbreaks worldwide was the wild-bird adapted HPAI H5N1virus, according to WHOA (formally known as OIE [610 KB, 6 pages] ). (cdc.gov)
Some outbreaks are expected each year, like influenza, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and bronchiolitis. (tellmeproject.eu)
In poultry and wild birds, A(H5N1) and A(H5N6) subtypes were the most widely distributed, with outbreaks reported from 10 and eight countries and areas, respectively. (who.int)
Avian influenza viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds and cause occasional outbreaks in domestic poultry and other animal species. (who.int)
As of September 2017, outbreaks associated with A(H5N1) viruses in domestic poultry and wild birds have occurred in more than 60 countries, and sporadic human infections with A(H5N1) viruses have been reported in 16 countries. (who.int)
Influenza outbreaks usually occur during winter months in temperate climates (peaking between December and March in the Northern Hemisphere and June and September in the Southern Hemisphere), but may occur throughout the year in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)

MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus, which means it is a virus that is transmitted between animals and people. (xopt.io)
Considering intensified swine production and global trade, transmission and zoonotic risk of influenza A viruses has strengthened. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)
Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China) in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing human illness have been identified globally with the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region as a hotspot. (who.int)
Influenza virus is a very significant zoonotic pathogen. (biomedcentral.com)

Because the hemagglutinin protein of the virus is similar to that of the currently[when? (wikipedia.org)

Between December 1988 and March 1989, 19 influenza H1N2 virus isolates were identified in 6 cities in China, but the virus did not spread further. (wikipedia.org)
Evolutionary timelines derived from signatures of early human influenza isolates suggest that characteristic variants emerged rapidly, and remained remarkably stable through subsequent pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, the signatures of human-infecting H5N1 isolates suggest that this avian subtype has low pandemic potential at present, although it presents more human adaptation components than most avian subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
The HA and NA gene sequences of nine pH1N1 viruses isolated from Guangdong, China, were sequenced (GenBank accession numbers GU471691-GU471695 and GU562466- GU562469 for NA and CY120915-CY120924 and CY120952 for HA), and the global corresponding genes (59 isolates) were obtained from GenBank. (biomedcentral.com)
The sequences of these genes do not directly reveal the immediate source of the virus as the closest were from isolates collected more than a decade before the human pandemic started. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene sequences from isolates that bridge the time and phylogenetic gap between the new virus and its parents will distinguish between these possibilities, and we suggest where they should be sought. (biomedcentral.com)
Measures that might restore confidence include establishing a unified international administrative framework coordinating surveillance, research and commercial work with this virus, and maintaining a registry of all influenza isolates. (biomedcentral.com)
The influenza B isolates, which made up only 10 per cent of all isolates, were mainly B/Sichuan/379/99-like strains but 10 per cent of isolates were more closely related to B/Harbin/7/94-like viruses, which circulated in previous years. (health.gov.au)

During week 46 (November 10-16, 2002)*, 9 (1.3%) of the specimens tested by World Health Organization (WHO) and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) laboratories were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)
Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
This is consistent with the decline in the percentage of ILI and ARI sentinel specimens testing positive for influenza. (flutrackers.com)

During 2020, LPAI H9N2 virus infection in one child with moderate illness after possible indirect exposure to backyard poultry was reported from Hong Kong in February 2020. (cdc.gov)
Senegal reported a case of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in a child with mild illness after backyard poultry exposure that occurred in February 2019. (cdc.gov)
During 2020, China reported five cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in four children and one adult who experienced mild illness and were detected through ILI surveillance. (cdc.gov)
During 2021, 24 cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection were identified in China, including 19 mild cases in children, two mild cases in adults, and three severe cases requiring hospitalization in adults, including one death. (cdc.gov)
During January through April 2022, China reported four cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection, three in children and one in an adult, all with mild illness. (cdc.gov)
In March 2022, Cambodia reported a case of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in a young child who was hospitalized for one day. (cdc.gov)
Between November 2003 and September 2017, WHO received reports of 1838 human infections with avian influenza viruses A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H6N1), A(H7N9), A(H9N2) and A(H10N8) in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
H9N2 is the most common subtype of influenza viruses in Chinese chickens and thus causes great economic loss for the poultry industry, even under the long-term vaccination programs. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The crucial role of H9N2 viruses due to the wide host range, adaptation to both poultry and mammals and extensive gene reassortment. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The H9N2 influenza virus can be transmitted by air droplet, dust, feed, or water. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Over the years the H9N2 influenza strain caused illness in several children aged nine months to 5 years in Hong Kong with the latest occurring in December 2009. (influenzavirusnet.com)

The virus does not cause more severe illness than other influenza viruses, and no unusual increases in influenza activity have been associated with it. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza activity is defined as influenza-like illness and/or culture-confirmed influenza. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
[1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
During January through April 2022, China reported seven cases of HPAI H5N6 virus infection following poultry exposures, with severe or critical illness, including one death. (cdc.gov)
Generally the Swine flu virus will cause high levels of illness and low death rates and may circulate among swine throughout the year. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Clinical consultation rates for influenza-like illness (ILI) and/or acute respiratory infection (ARI) returned to pre-season or below baseline levels in most of the countries in the WHO European Region. (flutrackers.com)
Surveillance of influenza in Australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. (health.gov.au)
During these pandemics, a quarter or more of the global population may be affected within a short period and the rates of illness and death from influenza can increase dramatically. (health.gov.au)

The first human infection with low pathogenic avian influenza A H10N3 virus was reported in China in June 2021 49, 50 . (cdc.gov)
Also in April 2022, the first human infection with low pathogenic avian influenza A H3N8 virus was reported in China. (cdc.gov)
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
Via The Poultry Site : ' SOUTH KOREA : Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) of the H7N6 sub-type been found in ducks on a farm in th. (blogspot.com)

Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are characterized by a segmented viral genome consisting of eight single stranded RNA fragments of negative polarity encoding 10 proteins [ 27 ]. (vetres.org)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
In this study, the highly conserved antigenic epitopes sequences and the locations of HA and NA proteins, including B-cell epitopes, MHC I and MHC II epitopes between pH1N1 and sH1N1 viruses, based on immunoinformatics, were analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
There were compared with epitopes in the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) which contains experimentally identified epitopes in sH1N1 HA proteins, which may be helpful in design of common antigens of pH1N1 influenza and sH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
The greater the change in these proteins, the less likely it is that the virus will be recognised by immune cells primed by exposure to earlier infections or vaccines, and the greater the epidemic potential. (health.gov.au)

Characterization of viral load, viability and persistence of influenza A virus in air and on surfaces of swine production facilities. (cdc.gov)
Further characterization of the virus from the patient is planned. (who.int)

Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
At least 12 genetically distinct influenza A lineages circulate in Latin American swine herds, with human-to-swine transmission, spatial migration, and genomic reassortment contributing to this diversity. (consensus.app)
Results: Our analysis identified multiple IAV-S lineages that appear to have been circulating undetected in swine for decades, including four novel IAV-S lineages of human seasonal virus origin that have not been previously identified in any swine populations globally. (consensus.app)
The long-term evolution of different lineages has led to the establishment of genetically distinct viruses that have been continuously circulating in pig populations undetected for decades," said Duke-NUS's Professor Yvonne Su, a senior and corresponding author of the study. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)
Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be categorized into lineages and strains. (zovon.com)
The currently circulating Influenza B virus lineages are: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. (zovon.com)
Lancet notes virus has evolved from at least 4 origins and has 2 different lineages. (blogspot.com)

Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
In May 2021, HPAI H5N1 virus was detected in wild fox kits 51 at a rehabilitation center in the Netherlands, during an outbreak of HPAI in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
Though it didnt claim all those who were infected as the fatality index of epidemic by this virus is low 0.5% and falls in category 2 of pandemic severity index and also its seen that every subsequent outbreak is milder as it seems that people in affected region develops some immunity towards N2 at every outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
The first convincing record of an influenza pandemic was of an outbreak in 1580, which began in Russia and spread to Europe via Africa. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The " Asian Flu " was a category 2 flu pandemic outbreak of influenzavirus A that originated in China in early 1956 lasting until 1958. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
a herd size of minimum 800 sows to ensure enough gilts for sampling in each unit, freedom from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or PRRSV-stability (no clinical signs), presence of minimum one quarantine unit and purchase of gilts from an outside source. (biomedcentral.com)
Ms. Budd is an epidemiologist in the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch in the Influenza Division of CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (cdc.gov)
Dr. Campbell is a Medical Officer in the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch in the Influenza Division in CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (cdc.gov)
Influenza, commonly known as flu, refers to a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)
Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history, historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza is an acute, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection. (health.gov.au)
Influenza ('flu') and other respiratory viruses cause a considerable burden of disease each year. (edu.au)

The occurrence of pandemics is rare, and are different compared to regular seasonal epidemics of influenza. (tellmeproject.eu)
Influenza pandemics occur when human have no immunity against a particular influenza virus, in this case, containing both HA and NA genes that evolve to be efficiently transmitted from human-to-human. (biomedcentral.com)
It is important that the source of the new virus be found if we wish to avoid future pandemics rather than just trying to minimize the consequences after they have emerged. (biomedcentral.com)
Many discuss its genealogy deduced from its gene sequences, however it seems that we have no clearer evidence of its immediate origins than we have of the influenzas that caused past influenza pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza pandemics occur every 10 to 30 years. (health.gov.au)
Unpredictable influenza pandemics occur when bird or swine flu viruses 'cross over' into the human population, causing widespread and potentially severe infections. (edu.au)

Introduction: Further understanding of the genetic diversity and evolution of influenza A viruses circulating in swine (IAV-S) is important for the development of effective vaccines and our knowledge of pandemic threats. (consensus.app)

As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)
The results suggested that highly conserved antigenic epitope regions might act as the basis of common antigenic vaccines against pH1N1 and sH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)

Most of the infections were with A(H7N9) ( n = 1562, 85%) and A(H5N1) ( n = 238, 13%) viruses, and most ( n = 1583, 86%) were reported from December through April. (who.int)
From Lisa Schnirring at CIDRAP : ' A study designed to sift out some of the risk factors for H7N9 influenza in China found that expos. (blogspot.com)

Regional analyses of human infections with avian influenza subtypes revealed distinct epidemiologic patterns that varied across countries, age and time. (who.int)

Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
It is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of individuals infected with the influenza virus. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Infections may also occur by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
However, when we talk about "bird flu" viruses, we are referring to those flu A subtypes that continue to occur mainly in birds. (infectioncycle.com)

Many reports have examined the viruses in the context of poultry or several wild bird species, but there is less information regarding their presence in migratory birds. (biomedcentral.com)
At least 136 species have been discovered in 26 different families of wild birds and harbour 144 subtypes of influenza A virus [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
During 2020, reassortment (gene-swapping) between poultry and wild bird viruses led to the emergence of HPAI H5N1 with the NA viruses with an N1 NA from wild birds. (cdc.gov)
In January 2022, the first HPAI H5N1 virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) infection in wild birds in the United States since 2016 was reported by USDA/APHIS . (cdc.gov)
A(H5) subtypes continue to be detected in birds in Africa, Europe and Asia. (who.int)
The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
A new swine European H1N2 variant originating with birds was also discovered with North American genes in Cambodian hogs. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)
This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
Wild birds all over the world carry the viruses in their intestines, but usually do not get sick from them. (infectioncycle.com)
All subtypes of flu A viruses can be found in birds. (infectioncycle.com)
it is likely that some genetic parts of current human flu A viruses came from birds originally. (infectioncycle.com)
Infected birds shed flu virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. (infectioncycle.com)
The three parents of the virus may have been assembled in one place by natural means, such as by migrating birds, however the consistent link with pig viruses suggests that human activity was involved. (biomedcentral.com)

Because influenza seasons are unpredictable and often fluctuate in length and severity, the overall burden seasonal influenza varies from year to year. (cdc.gov)
In addition, the lineage of 169 influenza B viruses has been determined: 155 (92%) belonged to the B/Yamagata lineage (the lineage of the B virus recommended by WHO for inclusion in trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines) and 14 (8%) to the B/Victoria lineage. (flutrackers.com)

Such a system as the team at Duke-NUS is developing would improve animal health through selection of effective vaccines, and aid in human health by monitoring viruses with the potential for transmission. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)
What is the evidence that influenza vaccines are effective? (lpmhealthcare.com)

In January 2022, an HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection was reported in an asymptomatic 80-year-old man who raised ducks that became sick in England in late December 2021. (cdc.gov)
Regional and country-specific analyses are important as case fatality, demographic characteristics, seasonality and the clade or subclade of viruses have been observed to vary across regions. (who.int)

Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests were used to measure HA activity for different HA subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
There are 16 different HA subtypes and 9 different NA subtypes of flu A viruses. (infectioncycle.com)

Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
Domestic poultry and some mammals, particularly swine, are also hosts to a limited number of influenza A subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
The first influenza virus to be isolated was from poultry, when in 1901 the agent causing a disease called "fowl plague" was passed through Chamberland filters, which have pores that are too small for bacteria to pass through. (influenzavirusnet.com)
An article from Mizzima News : ' Chiang Mai : The avian influenza has been detected on a poultry farm in Sittwe in Arakan State, acco. (blogspot.com)

These wild bird-adapted HPAI H5N1 viruses were first identified in Europe during the fall of 2020 and spread across Europe and into Africa, the Middle East and Asia 24 . (cdc.gov)
In December 2021, detections of HPAI H5N1 virus were also reported in wild foxes in Estonia 54 . (cdc.gov)
In February, Peru reported HPAI H5N1 virus infections in sea lions following deaths of hundreds of sea lions that began in January. (cdc.gov)
In April 2022, the first human case of HPAI H5N1 virus was reported in the United States, though this detection may have been the result of contamination of the nasal passages with the virus rather than actual infection. (cdc.gov)
Current widespread concern over the potential threat of a human pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 avian influenza viruses highlights the medical, social, and economic value of tools that enable correct assessment of the potential for transmissibility of avian flu viruses amongst human hosts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the circulating H5N1 subtype has negligible potential for human-to-human transmission, there is a concern that it might acquire the necessary mutations for this capability. (biomedcentral.com)
The pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses gained larger recognition in 1997 when the first known human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China). (who.int)
6 Thereafter, the number of countries reporting human infections with A(H5N1) virus increased, especially between 2003 and 2008. (who.int)

At the conclusion of today's session participants will be able to describe the current status of influenza activity in the United States, explain the circulating influenza strains seen this season and implications for clinicians, discuss antiviral treatment of influenza and implications for patient evaluation, testing and treatment. (cdc.gov)
Membrane fusion events during enveloped virus entry have been associated with an innate antiviral response, but the mechanisms are unclear. (mdpi.com)

She rejoined the Influenza Division in 2016 and is again focusing on domestic influenza surveillance. (cdc.gov)
Routine and sustained surveillance is indispensable in identifying new viruses so that their transmission risk can be assessed," said Professor Patrick Tan, Senior Vice-Dean for Research at Duke-NUS. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)
For a description of influenza surveillance in the WHO European Region see below . (flutrackers.com)
This article published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 26, No 2, June 2002 contains the annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme for 2001. (health.gov.au)
In 2001, laboratory-confirmed influenza became a notifiable disease and was reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (health.gov.au)

Pig populations can also be infected by avian (bird) influenza and human influenza viruses in addition to their own swine influenza viruses. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Swine influenza, also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. (astrozing.com)

Some believe that the 1889 - 1890 Russian flu was caused by the influenzavirus A virus subtype H2N2, but the evidence is not conclusive. (influenzavirusnet.com)

The emergence of a new strain of influenza virus are responsible for a pandemic. (zovon.com)

Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains. (vetres.org)

Several subtypes of avian influenza viruses (H7N7 61, 63 , H4N5 62 , H4N6 60 , H3N3 60 and H10N7 59 ) have caused epidemics in seals. (cdc.gov)

Six states have reported laboratory-confirmed influenza. (cdc.gov)

It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
As immunity against influenza viruses involved not only B cell activation, but also T cell recognition and presentation, the T cell subgroups undoubtedly play an important role. (biomedcentral.com)
HLA, also known as human MHC, is classically divided MHC I, II, III with human immunity against influenza involving MHC I and MHC II alleles in influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
In the absence of immunity to these new viruses, there is rapid spread of influenza with dramatically increased rates of morbidity and mortality. (health.gov.au)

The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)

Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)

Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)

During week 46, WHO and NREVSS laboratories reported 701 specimens tested for influenza viruses, of which 9 (1.3%) were positive. (cdc.gov)
Since September 29, WHO and NREVSS laboratories have tested a total of 8,103 specimens for influenza viruses and 24 (0.3%) were positive. (cdc.gov)
During week 12/2014, both the total number of specimens tested for influenza and the influenza positivity rate decreased from those in previous weeks: 13 193 specimens from sentinel and non-sentinel sources were tested for influenza, 2398 (18%) of which were positive: 2212 (92%) influenza A and 186 (8%) influenza B (Fig. 1 and 2). (flutrackers.com)

There are four types of influenza viruses, namely, A, B, C and D. Human influenza viruses, A and B cause seasonal flu every year. (zovon.com)

CDC has antigenically characterized 3 influenza viruses submitted by U.S. laboratories since September 29: one influenza A (H1N2) virus and 2 influenza B viruses. (cdc.gov)

This article incorporates public domain material from 2001-02 Influenza Season Summary. (wikipedia.org)

Influenza Research Database Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information. (wikipedia.org)
Our study revealed the hidden and complex genomic landscape of swine flu virus evolution in South-East Asia, marking the region as a hotspot for virus diversity and risk of new virus emergence. (agriculturefertilizer.farm)

Anatomy17

Organisms98

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs40

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes45

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Named Groups1

Health Care13

Geographicals3

H1N164

H3N24

Pandemic influenza7

Vaccine16

Pigs24

Humans24

19185

Neuraminidase7

Outbreaks12

Zoonotic4

Hemagglutinin1

Isolates9

Positive for influenza3

H9N211

Illness12

Pathogenic4

Proteins7

Characterization2

Lineages7

Outbreak6

Respiratory10

Pandemics6

Circulating in swine1

Antigenic3

H7N92

Infections with avian1

Occur5

Birds13

Seasonal influenza2

Vaccines2

Clade2

Different HA subtypes2

Poultry5

H5N18

Antiviral2

Surveillance5

Swine influenza viruses2

H2N21

Strain of influenza virus1

Viral1

H7N71

Laboratory-confirmed influenza1

Immunity4

Strains include1

Vaccination2

Circulate1

Specimens3

Types of influenza1

Antigenically1

2001-021

Genomic2