Influence sulphate aerosols. Medical search. Frequent questions

Sulfate aerosols are tiny particles emitted from coal-burning power plants, industrial facilities and other sources, and can reflect incoming solar radiation, cooling parts of the atmosphere and counteracting the influence of global warming. (axios.com)
Atmospheric aerosols are microscopic particles, solid or liquid, suspended in a gas, (our atmosphere in this instance). (copernicus.eu)
External mixing of sea salt aerosol from a larger number fraction of organic, sulfate and amine-containing particles, together with low wind speeds (median 4.7 m s −1 ), suggests a role for secondary organic aerosol formation. (hal.science)
An aerosol is a collection of particles suspended in a gas . (academickids.com)
In contrast, continental convection injected particles and precursors directly into the TTL, yielding a population of neutralized, organic-rich aerosol. (nasa.gov)
A big eruption in the tropics cools much of the planet by throwing volcanic gases high into the atmosphere, where they change into microscopic particles known as aerosols and spread around the globe, reflecting incoming sunlight. (nasa.gov)
Additional water from the volcano speeds up the change of sulfur dioxide gas into sulfate aerosols and also helps the aerosol particles grow bigger more quickly. (nasa.gov)
The size of the aerosols is important because larger particles cause more warming than cooling. (nasa.gov)
Particles suspended in the atmosphere influence the Earth's albedo. (scienceprimer.com)
Human activity influences land use, vegetation cover, and the concentration of aerosols, soot particles and water vapor in the atmosphere. (scienceprimer.com)
Results suggest preferential sorption of the VOCs onto inorganic aerosol particles than onto organic aerosol particles. (aaqr.org)
35% onto inorganic aerosol particles, whereas the K p declined slowly onto organic aerosol particles. (aaqr.org)
Partitioning of the VOCs onto organic aerosol particles was less dependent on RH levels while partitioning onto inorganic aerosol particles was important only at low RH levels. (aaqr.org)
At lower RH, partitioning proceeded by adsorbing onto the aerosol particles. (aaqr.org)
For organic aerosol particles, partitioning may be dominated by adsorption at all RH levels. (aaqr.org)
At increasing RH levels, both VOCs partitioning onto in/organic aerosol particles exhibited similar behavior (exponential) consistent to those observed for 1,2-dichlorobenzene, therefore, insensitive to the polarity. (aaqr.org)
However, at a similar RH level, polarity affects the mass fraction of the VOCs that sorbed onto the aerosol particles. (aaqr.org)
The new study in Geophysical Research Letters , which publishes high-impact, short-format reports with immediate implications spanning all Earth and space sciences, highlights the influence of airborne particles, or aerosols, that block incoming sunlight. (agu.org)
Both the direct scattering of shortwavelength solar radiation and the modification of the shortwave reflective properties of clouds by sulfate aerosol particles increase planetary albedo, thereby exerting a cooling influence on the planet. (scienceopen.com)
These grids serve as a substrate for the adherence of collected aerosol particles. (lu.se)
The sorption of di-(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on laboratory generated ammonium sulfate particles and indoor air particles was investigated by passing the particles through a 1.2 L chamber equipped with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring. (lu.se)
A higher sorption of DEHP to indoor particles, with a higher organic mass fraction, was measured compared to laboratory generated ammonium sulfate particles. (lu.se)

What other emissions are contributing factors to climate change (e.g., aerosols, CO, black carbon soot), and what is their relative contribution to climate change? (nationalacademies.org)
Aerosols: are SO2 emissions reductions contributing to global warming? (copernicus.eu)
Research suggests that the reduction in emissions of pollutants in Europe, thanks to regulations, i--s leading to reduced amounts of aerosols in the atmosphere. (copernicus.eu)
Scientists such as the Met Office's Ben Booth have suggested for some time that anthropogenic aerosols, such as those resulting from industrial and shipping emissions, had been a key driver of climate variability in the North Atlantic. (copernicus.eu)
The main anthropogenic source of aerosols is emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, which emit a wide range of atmospheric pollutants including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and SO2. (copernicus.eu)
Sulphur dioxide emissions are the precursor of sulphate aerosol, which is a key player in Earth's energy balance. (copernicus.eu)
The influence of ozone precursor emissions from four world regions on. (nasa.gov)
Ozone (O3) precursor emissions influence regional and global climate and air quality through changes in tropospheric O3 and oxidants, which also influence methane (CH4) and sulfate aerosols (SO2À). (nasa.gov)
New technology now allows them to see how all the various gaseous emissions - including water in addition to sulfur dioxide - influence climate following a mega-eruption. (nasa.gov)
When emissions of aerosols dropped in the spring of 2020, more of the Sun's warmth reached the planet, especially in heavily industrialized nations like the United States and Russia that normally pump high amounts of aerosols into the atmosphere. (agu.org)
The effect was most pronounced in regions normally associated with substantial emissions of aerosols, with the warming reaching about 0.37 degrees Celsius (0.7 degrees Fahrenheit) over much of the United States and Russia. (agu.org)
The new study highlights the complex and often conflicting influences of different types of emissions from power plants, motor vehicles, industrial facilities, and other sources. (agu.org)
Gettelman emphasized that the long-term impact of the pandemic may be to slightly slow climate change because of reduced emissions of carbon dioxide, which lingers in the atmosphere for decades and has a more gradual influence on climate. (agu.org)
They ran simulations on both models, adjusting emissions of aerosols and incorporating actual meteorological conditions in 2020 such as winds. (agu.org)
The effect was mixed in the tropics and comparatively minor in much of the Southern Hemisphere, where aerosol emissions are not as pervasive. (agu.org)
The net climate impact of coal is also influenced by sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions, which give rise to sulfate aerosols that mask warming effects. (fupubheadlines.com)
To comprehensively analyze the interplay between natural gas and coal emissions, the study constructs scenarios that combine varying methane leakage rates from both sources with a spectrum of SO 2 emissions based on coal sulfur content, flue gas scrubber efficiency, and sulfate aerosol global warming potentials. (fupubheadlines.com)
Driven by explicit volcanic emissions of aerosol precursors and non-volcanic sources, we conduct ESM4.1 simulations from 1989 to 2014, with a focus on the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. (noaa.gov)
Natural sources of atmospheric vanadium include continental dust, marine aerosol, and volcanic emissions. (cdc.gov)
Aerosol emissions were estimated to deposit in the pulmonary region of e-cigarette user (4144%), which could have toxicological importance. (cdc.gov)
Aerosol emissions from stressed burning of five types of candles of different wax and wick compositions were studied. (lu.se)
Candle emissions from stressed burning were dominated by BC emissions, with minor contributions from inorganic and organic aerosol emissions. (lu.se)
The emissions of particle phase PAHs, BC, and organic aerosol showed strong correlations at the stressed burning of candles, and may be used as proxies for each other. (lu.se)

Source attribution of Arctic sulfate and its radiative forcing due to aerosol-radiation interactions (RFari) for 2010-2014 are quantified in this study using the Community Earth System Model equipped with an explicit sulfur source-tagging technique. (nasa.gov)
While aerosols have a direct cooling effect by filtering solar radiation, their effective contribution to global cooling , or warming when they are reduced, also referred to as negative or positive radiative forcing of aerosols, is still a matter of research, and not the easiest, due to the uncertainties of indirect effects such as sulphate aerosol impacts in cloud droplet formation. (copernicus.eu)
With a radiative transfer model that includes greenhouse gases and the aerosol direct effect, we find that regional NOx reductions produce global, annually averaged positive net RFs (0.2 Æ 0.6 to 1.7 Æ 2 mWm-2/Tg N yr-1), with some variation among models. (nasa.gov)
Although long considered to be of marginal importance to global climate change, tropospheric aerosol contributes substantially to radiative forcing, and anthropogenic sulfate aerosol in particular has imposed a major perturbation to this forcing. (scienceopen.com)

Aerosols, natural and anthropogenic, can affect the climate by changing the way radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere. (academickids.com)
Calculations of the effects of both natural and anthropogenic tropospheric sulfate aerosols indicate that the aerosol climate forcing is sufficiently large in a number of regions of the Northern Hemisphere to reduce significantly the positive forcing from increased greenhouse gases. (scienceopen.com)

The location of Mace Head makes it an ideal site for measuring marine biogenic gases, aerosol production and chemistry, and long-range transport of air pollution. (wikipedia.org)
There are many natural sources of atmospheric aerosols, such as desert dust, sea spray and salt from the oceans, biogenic aerosols from vegetation , wildfire smoke, or volcanoes to name a few. (copernicus.eu)
The methansulfonic acid (MSA)-to-sulfate ratio peaked near the surface (mean 0.10), indicating a contribution from ocean-derived biogenic sulfur. (hal.science)
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a biogenic source of sulfate aerosol that influences the climate system by reducing solar radiation and altering cloud properties. (climateextremes.org.au)

The model roughly reproduces the seasonal pattern of sulfate but has biases in simulating the magnitude of near-surface concentrations and vertical distribution. (nasa.gov)
Influence of dust and sulfate aerosols on ocean color spectra and chlorophyll-a concentrations derived from SeaWiFS off the U.S. East Coast. (ioccg.org)
1993. Chronic respiratory disease associated with long term ambient concentrations of sulfates and other air pollutauts. (cdc.gov)
Aerosol concentrations in C-GC agree with those in S-GC at low altitudes in the tropics but are over 100 % greater in the upper troposphere due to differences in the representation of convective scavenging. (copernicus.org)
Since the 19th century, concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulfate aerosol dust have increased significantly. (ucanr.edu)
Considering that we spend approximately 90% of our time indoors, it is important to gain increased understanding of indoor aerosol concentrations and properties. (lu.se)

1973. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide and sulfate: Distribution of concentration at urban and nonurban sites in United States. (cdc.gov)
The gas-phase sulfur oxidation chemistry in the model includes DMS oxidation by OH to form SO2 and MSA, DMS oxidation by nitrate radicals (NO3) to form SO2, and SO2 oxidation by OH to form sulfate. (harvard.edu)
Large stratovolcanoes, like Rinjani, can spew a complex mixture of sulfur dioxide, water, ash, and halogens that interact with one another and the atmospheric chemistry and influence global climate. (nasa.gov)
A two-year record of filter pack measurements illustrates the chemical climatology of nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, ammonia and major aerosol components (particulate nitrate, sulfate and ammonium) at a high alpine site (Mt. Sonnblick, 3106 m a.s.l. (sonnblick.net)
Annual averages (standard deviations are given in parenthesis) were 4(6) nmol m -3 for nitric acid, 8(11) nmol m -3 for ammonia, 6(14) nmol m -3 for sulfur dioxide, 4(9) nmol m -3 for particulate nitrate, 15(19) nmol m -3 for particulate sulfate and 23(35) nmol m -3 for particulate ammonium. (sonnblick.net)
Particulate ammonium and particulate sulfate are the predominant forms compared to gaseous ammonia and sulfur dioxide. (sonnblick.net)
Particulate sulfate amounted to 64% of total sulfur, particulate ammonium amounted to 66% of total reduced nitrogen. (sonnblick.net)
To quantify volcanic contributions to the stratospheric sulfur cycle and the resulting climate impact, we modified ESM4.1 to simulate stratospheric sulfate aerosols prognostically. (noaa.gov)
We evaluate our interactive representation of the stratospheric sulfur cycle against data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder, and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II. (noaa.gov)
Aerosol effects must be taken into account in evaluating anthropogenic influences on past, current, and projected future climate and in formulating policy regarding controls on emission of greenhouse gases and sulfur dioxide. (scienceopen.com)

Regional consequences of global warming depend critically on the potentially large cooling effect of another pollutant, known as aerosols. (ucar.edu)

These aerosols consisting of sulfates, soot, organic carbon and mineral dust are produced both naturally and by human activities. (ucar.edu)

Some aerosols occur naturally, originating from volcanoes , dust storms , forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. (academickids.com)
Although scientists have long been able to quantify the warming impacts of carbon dioxide, the climatic influence of various types of aerosols, including sulfates, nitrates, black carbon, and dust, has been more difficult to pin down. (agu.org)

Tropical dynamics and regional air sources played principal roles in dictating tropospheric aerosol properties. (nasa.gov)

The Mace Head station has numerous research aims and themes, such as monitoring climate change, atmospheric composition, aerosol-cloud interactions, air quality, atmosphere-ocean exchange and climate-ecosystem interactions. (wikipedia.org)
Aerosols loaded with sulfate result in low air quality, damage to ecosystems, and influences on climate change. (copernicus.org)
His early research on the climatic effects of combined changes in greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols contributed to the historic "discernible human influence" conclusion of the 1995 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (llnl.gov)
Modern climate models attempting to deal with the attribution of recent climate change need to include sulphate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century. (academickids.com)
One of the major challenges for projecting the extent of future climate change is estimating the extent to which society will continue to emit aerosols in the future, and the influence of the different types of aerosols on clouds and temperature. (agu.org)
Gettelman said the study will help scientists better understand the influence of various types of aerosols in different atmospheric conditions, helping to inform efforts to minimize climate change. (agu.org)
Although the research illustrates how aerosols counter the warming influence of greenhouse gases, he emphasized that emitting more of them into the lower atmosphere is not a viable strategy for slowing climate change. (agu.org)

Sulfate aerosols could originate from that directly emitted to the atmosphere and that produced by atmospheric physicochemical processes. (copernicus.org)
The mean RFari of anthropogenic sulfate offsets one third of the positive top of the atmosphere (TOA) RFari from black carbon. (nasa.gov)
Because of the large and still uncertain level of natural variability inherent in the climate record and the uncertainties in the time histories of the various forcing agents (and particularly aerosols), a causal linkage between the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the observed climate changes during the 20th century cannot be unequivocally established. (sepp.org)
However, linking SO2 reductions directly to the recent extreme marine heatwaves omits part of the complexity of using models to calculate sulphate aerosol interactions in the atmosphere or estimating the effective application of the IMO 2020 regulation, and, more generally, the complexity of climate and atmospheric chemistry. (copernicus.eu)
Aerosols, by scattering, reflecting or absorbing sunlight, reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the lower layers of our atmosphere. (copernicus.eu)
Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols-those made by human activities-currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. (academickids.com)
We describe the aerosol properties of the tropical atmosphere and use composition tracers to examine particle sources, the role of recent convection, and cirrus-forming potential in the TTL. (nasa.gov)
Atmospheric chemists have learned a great deal about the chemical reactions these gases and aerosols trigger in the atmosphere - and the climate consequences. (nasa.gov)
Stratospheric aerosols originate for the most part from volcanic eruptions and have a large influence on the Earth's atmosphere and climate. (bira.be)
Aerosols such as airborne sulfates strongly reflect shortwave radiation, so their presence in the atmosphere increases the Earth's overall albedo. (scienceprimer.com)
But you may not guess that pollution in the atmosphere, such as sulfate aerosols from burning coal and oil, also reflects a good amount of solar energy. (paloaltoonline.com)
CLEX researchers used multiple runs of a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model to investigate whether these distant influences played a role and, if so, the level of the contribution to the sea-ice decline. (climateextremes.org.au)

Based on Arctic climate sensitivity factors, about 0.19 K of the Arctic surface temperature cooling is attributed to anthropogenic sulfate, with 0.05 K of that from sources in East Asia, relative to preindustrial conditions. (nasa.gov)
Current climate forcing due to anthropogenic sulfate is estimated to be -1 to -2 watts per square meter, globally averaged. (scienceopen.com)
Anthropogenic sulfate aerosols contribute a globally averaged annual forcing of -0.3 watt per square meter as compared with +2.1 watts per square meter for greenhouse gases. (scienceopen.com)

The stratospheric aerosol layer that Mt. Pinatubo created was able to block substantial amounts of solar radiation from reaching Earth's surface, resulting in a heating of the stratosphere by 3.5°C, and a cooling of the troposphere of the northern hemisphere by 0.2 to 0.7°C . These may seem like small numbers, but in the atmospheric system, small changes have big consequences. (bira.be)

However, solar activity leveled off after 1940 and the net influence from sun and volcano since 1940 has been slight cooling. (skepticalscience.com)
To determine the cause of a sharp decrease in precipitation during the past 80 years, they used computer models to simulate the response of the monsoon to various factors, from greenhouse gases to solar variability and sulfate aerosols from coal plants. (axios.com)
More volcanism means more sulfate aerosols blocking out solar heat from penetrating into the ocean. (climatedepot.com)
New (2019) research suggests that the global cooling extinction events could have been triggered by a solar-astronomical influence. (climatedepot.com)
Generally, sulphate aerosols are considered to act as cloud condensation nuclei, favouring cloud formation, therefore reducing the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface. (copernicus.eu)

The indirect effect (via the aerosol acting as cloud condensation nuclei, CCN , and thereby modifying the cloud properties) is more uncertain but is believed to be a cooling. (academickids.com)

To calculate the human influence on climate, three forcings were considered: ozone, sulfate aerosols and man-made greenhouse gases. (skepticalscience.com)

The atmospheric component of the GFDL Earth System Model (ESM4.1) uses a bulk aerosol scheme and previously prescribed the distribution of aerosol optical properties in the stratosphere. (noaa.gov)
Resolution of such policy issues requires integrated research on the magnitude and geographical distribution of aerosol climate forcing and on the controlling chemical and physical processes. (scienceopen.com)

Sulfate is among the major components of atmospheric aerosols or fine particulate matters. (copernicus.org)

We show that the presence of NO x alone should not much affect the mass yields of secondary organic aerosols. (copernicus.org)
Highly oxygenated organic molecules are important contributors to secondary organic aerosol. (copernicus.org)
One important parameter is the ratio of hydroperoxy radicals to organic peroxy radicals (HO 2 /RO 2 ) and we show that higher HO 2 /RO 2 ratios lower the secondary organic aerosol yield. (copernicus.org)
Similarly, the organic aerosol (OA)-to-sulfate ratio increased towards the surface (mean 2.0). (hal.science)
The abundance of organic-rich aerosol may inhibit ice nucleation and formation of tropopause level cirrus. (nasa.gov)
Here, we report our measurement of the gas-particle partition coefficient ( K p ) for weakly polar (trichloroethylene, TCE) and moderately polar ( n -butanol, n -BuOH) VOCs under varying relative humidity (RH) levels onto organic and inorganic aerosols. (aaqr.org)

Production of total inorganic nitrate (gas-phase nitric acid and aerosol nitrate) in the model is computed from the ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon chemical mechanism. (harvard.edu)
Based on monthly averages summer to winter concentration ratios were 13, 7 and 10 for aerosol nitrate, sulfate and ammonium, and 3 and 5 for nitric acid and ammonia, respectively. (sonnblick.net)
Nitric acid was more abundant than aerosol nitrate and amounted to 61% of both compounds. (sonnblick.net)

On this page we provide information about the sulfate aerosol species in GEOS-Chem. (harvard.edu)
Aerosols are converted at each time step between the GEOS-Chem bulk representation and the size-resolved representation of CESM's Modal Aerosol Model (MAM4). (copernicus.org)

These studies yielded the most complete set of aerosol composition measurements to date throughout the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and tropical lower stratosphere. (nasa.gov)
In fact, volcanic eruptions, because of their violent power, are a very effective way of providing the necessary ingredients for the formation of aerosols in the stratosphere, a very stable and difficult layer to penetrate. (bira.be)

The levels of particulate matter reported in Qatar were in the upper range of ambient air pollutants reported internationally, and may influence the country's future lung cancer burden. (who.int)

Puff Bar, one of the latest designs of e-cigarettes, heats a mixture of liquid using a battery-powered coil at certain temperatures to emit aerosol. (cdc.gov)

The extra water vapour allowed the SO 2 to oxidise into sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) , and to form condensation nuclei for sulphate aerosols (fine droplets in suspension in the air) within weeks. (bira.be)

In respect to ammonium and sulfate aerosol samples are slightly acidic during most of the year. (sonnblick.net)

Late 20th Century warming after 1970 is mainly due to man-made influence primarily from greenhouse gases. (skepticalscience.com)
Therefore, the study finds that aerosol pollution, which has been worsening in Asia as coal use there continues to increase, likely has so far overwhelmed the influence of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. (axios.com)
While aerosols tend to brighten clouds and reflect heat from the Sun back into space, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have the opposite effect, trapping heat near the planet's surface and elevating temperatures. (agu.org)
The variations are more pronounced for aerosol components than for gases. (sonnblick.net)
Hydrogen is not directly a greenhouse gas, but its chemical reactions change the abundances of the greenhouse gases methane, ozone, and stratospheric water vapor, as well as aerosols. (noaa.gov)
The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing. (scienceopen.com)

Mace Head research and monitor the climate and atmospheric composition, focusing on aerosol-cloud interactions and mercury readings. (wikipedia.org)
We present vertically-resolved observations of aerosol composition during pristine summertime Arctic background conditions. (hal.science)
Aerosol composition was measured by the NOAA single-particle mass spectrometer (PALMS) aboard the NASA WB-57 high altitude aircraft platform during two Aura Validation Experiment (AVE) campaigns based in Costa Rica in 2004 and 2006. (nasa.gov)
There was a sharp change in aerosol chemical composition at about 12 km altitude coincident with a change in convective influence. (nasa.gov)
Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) was applied for real time measurements of the aerosol chemical composition and concentration throughout the measurements included in the thesis. (lu.se)

The VOCs preferentially sorbed onto inorganic aerosol. (aaqr.org)

Then the relationship between sulfate concentration and the SO 2 -OH reaction is analyzed statistically to investigate the sources of sulfate in aerosols. (copernicus.org)
Concentration ranges and meteorological data suggest that the high alpine site lies within the free troposphere during winter, whereas the influence of boundary layer air becomes more important during summer and a modified mixing layer is formed. (sonnblick.net)

Below this level, maritime convection lofted condensable material that generated acidic, sulfate-rich aerosol. (nasa.gov)

Aqueous-phase oxidation of SO2 by O3 and H2O2 in clouds to form sulfate is included using kinetic data from Jacob [1986] and assuming a pH of 4.5 for the oxidation by O3. (harvard.edu)
The sulfate aerosol produced by COS oxidation is estimated to be very small at the observed altitudes between East Asia and the Arctic in late winter. (elsevierpure.com)

The culprit, the study finds, is aerosol pollution from coal-fired power plants along with other sources. (axios.com)
If indeed aerosols are driving the monsoon precipitation trend, an interesting consequence of reduced production of electrical power from coal in China in the coming decades could be a reduction or reversal of the pattern of decreasing rainfall,' says study co-author Steven W. Leavit of the University of Arizona. (axios.com)
1986. Coal combustion aerosols and SO: An interdisciplinary analysis. (cdc.gov)

Seasonal variations of the contribution to Arctic sulfate burden from remote sources are strongly influenced by meteorology. (nasa.gov)
Deep continental convection, though sporadic and geographically localized, may strongly influence TTL aerosol properties on a global scale. (nasa.gov)

In contrast, at higher RH, the extremely low mass fraction of the VOCs, absorbed onto the aerosol particle's bulk by dissolving into the aqueous phase. (aaqr.org)

To reduce pollutants influencing and interfering with measurements taken at the site, Mace Head is strategically located approximately 88km West of Galway city. (wikipedia.org)

Many natural factors are known to contribute to these changes, although even the most sophisticated climate models and theories they are based on cannot predict the timing, scale (either up or down), or future impacts- much less the marginal contributions of various human influences. (fcpp.org)

Both MSA-to-sulfate and OA-to-sulfate ratios were significantly correlated with FLEXPART-WRF-predicted airmass residence time over open water, indicating marine influenced OA. (hal.science)

Climate models have since been improved to integrate atmospheric aerosols interactions. (copernicus.eu)

The precise value of an object's albedo varies over different wavelengths and is influenced by shape and angle of incidence. (scienceprimer.com)

Modeled dosimetry and calculated mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) were used to estimate regional, total respiratory deposition of the inhaled aerosol and exhaled fractions that could pose secondhand exposure risk. (cdc.gov)

Summer sulfate aerosol forcing in the Northern Hemisphere completely offsets the greenhouse forcing over the eastern United States and central Europe. (scienceopen.com)

Sulfate RFari efficiency calculations suggest that source regions with short transport pathways and meteorology favoring longer lifetimes are more efficient in influencing the Arctic sulfate RFari. (nasa.gov)
Our observations illustrate the importance of marine-influenced OA under Arctic background conditions, which are likely to change as the Arctic transitions to larger areas of open water. (hal.science)

The transport and partitioning of vanadium in water and soil is influenced by many factors including acidity of the water or soil and the presence of particulates. (cdc.gov)

To assess the key processes associated with volcanic aerosols, we performed a sensitivity analysis of sulfate burden from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption by varying injection heights, emission amount, and stratospheric sulfate's dry effective radius. (noaa.gov)
We find that the simulated stratospheric sulfate mass burden and aerosol optical depth in the model are sensitive to these parameters, especially volcanic SO2 injection height, and the optimal combination of parameters depends on the metric we evaluate. (noaa.gov)

The question of whether reduced aerosol loading contributes to global warming is not new to atmospheric scientists, but it has recently resurfaced with the extreme heatwaves across the North Atlantic and many areas of Europe. (copernicus.eu)

They found that the most plausible explanation is the uptick in aerosol pollution over this region. (axios.com)
It was later decided to include nitions of carcinogens were based on pollution, occupational exposure to a review of lifestyle factors that are the January 2013 list of agents classified carcinogenic compounds, and lifestyle known to influence cancer risk. (who.int)

There is debate whether the presence of nitrogen oxides reduces or increases secondary aerosol formation. (copernicus.org)
This is important as secondary aerosols have cooling effects in the climate system but also constitute a health risk in populated areas. (copernicus.org)

Anatomy14

Organisms10

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment45

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

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Particles22

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Radiative4

Natural and anthropogenic2

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Concentrations6

Sulfur10

Known as aerosols1

Soot1

Dust2

Tropospheric aerosol1

Climate change7

Atmosphere12

Anthropogenic sulfate3

Stratospheric aerosol1

Solar5

Cloud conden1

Forcings1

Distribution of aerosol2

Fine particulate1

Organic6

Nitric acid3

GEOS-Chem2

Stratosphere2

Particulate1

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Composition5

Inorganic1

Concentration2

Acidic1

Oxidation2

Coal3

Strongly2

Aqueous1

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Impacts1

Ratios1

Interactions1

Albedo1

Respiratory1

Offsets1

Arctic2

Acidity1

Burden2

Contributes1

Pollution2

Secondary2