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InflorescenceFlowersMeristemFlowering TopsPlant StemsGene Expression Regulation, PlantArabidopsisGenes, PlantArabidopsis ProteinsCyperaceaeMADS Domain ProteinsPlant ProteinsPhilodendronIridaceaePlant ShootsOrchidaceaePollinationEuphorbiaAsteraceaePlant LeavesFagopyrumReproductionPollenPlants, Genetically ModifiedPlant StructuresOleaceaeMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningArecaceaeZea maysPhenotypePetuniaAraceaeIndoleacetic AcidsSorbusPlant Vascular BundleOvuleSeedsAngiospermsSaxifragaceaeDNA, PlantSagittariaAlismatidaeMutationRNA, PlantDipsacaceaeGravitropismMolecular Sequence DataRubiaceaePlant DevelopmentHypocotylAntelopesAGAMOUS Protein, ArabidopsisSetaria PlantArumTissue and Organ ProcurementOrgan TransplantationPlant EpidermisEcological and Environmental PhenomenaGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalPlant RootsBiological EvolutionAnagallisOrgan SpecificityDNA FootprintingPhloemSacrococcygeal RegionGibberellinsLycopersicon esculentumSperm MotilityOryza sativaPlant Physiological PhenomenaMangiferaTranscription FactorsFruitIn Situ HybridizationHostaSequence Homology, Amino AcidFicusHomeodomain ProteinsVitisAmorphophallusPlant Growth RegulatorsPlantsBase SequenceOrgan Size
Underlying inflorescence developmentHighly branchedMeristemMeristemsVegetative organsGenesReproductiveSISTER OF TM3BractsSpicateRacemoseAxillaryLeafBudsSolitarySolanumPreformationSpikeletMaizeShootsTuberArabidopsisPedicelJointlessDefectiveDevelopmentPollenPlantFlowersGeneticMutantsPathwayPlantsFemaleTomatoSTM3CropsMorphologyWhorlsYieldSpeciesFormationLeavesLongWild typeSmallAppearsMain
Underlying inflorescence development1
  • Our findings provide insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying inflorescence development in tomato. (nature.com)
Highly branched1
  • sltoe1 knockout mutants displayed highly branched inflorescences and defective floral organs. (bvsalud.org)
Meristem8
  • Distinguished from the raceme-type inflorescences of Arabidopsis and panicle-type inflorescences of rice, tomato has a cyme-type inflorescence lacking a main axis, which initiates from a sympodial inflorescence meristem (SIM). (nature.com)
  • A larger vegetative shoot apical meristem (SAM) often produces more branching inflorescences. (nature.com)
  • Further, 21 candidate genes within three potentially novel QTLs were identified, they were mainly involved in the regulation of phytohormone, cell division and proliferation, meristem development, plant or organ development, and carbohydrate transport. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we investigated a modulator of inflorescence branching in tomato , TARGET OF EAT1 (SlTOE1), an APETALA2 (AP2) family member found to be predominantly expressed in the floral meristem (FM) of tomato . (bvsalud.org)
  • The plant shoot meristem is established at the apical end of the embryo, and is responsible for generating all of the organs and lateral meristems found above ground. (biologists.com)
  • A functional shoot meristem is maintained through a tightly controlled balance between the proliferation of a group of stem cells residing in the center, and the differentiation of their peripheral and basal progeny cells for the formation of organ primordia and other differentiated tissues. (biologists.com)
  • The floral meristem emerges as a lateral outgrowth from the periphery of the inflorescence meristem. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Stage 1 is the formation of a bump at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem, stage 2 begin at when a border appears between the meristem and the developing flower. (ens-lyon.fr)
Meristems2
  • Flower meristems initiated during inflorescence development function similarly to shoot meristems, except for the transient nature of their stem-cell population. (biologists.com)
  • Whole inflorescences and individual flowers develop from extremely small meristems during the current flowering season. (qubs.ca)
Vegetative organs3
  • The article presents the results of research carried out by light microscopy of the anatomical structure of vegetative organs (leaf, root and stem) Lavandula officinalis Chaix of the family Lamiaceae introduced into the conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden of the Republic of Uzbekistan. (scirp.org)
  • In the epidermal, palisade and cortex parenchymal cells of the vegetative organs, yellow-orange essential (lavender) oil is noted. (scirp.org)
  • When growing homalomen, it should be borne in mind that poisonous substances are included in its vegetative organs. (viriar.com)
Genes8
  • While a few important genes for tomato inflorescence-branching development have been identified, the regulatory mechanism underlying inflorescence branching is still unclear. (nature.com)
  • A series of regulatory genes that have received much attention makes major contributions to inflorescence architecture in tomato by changing the inflorescence-branching pattern. (nature.com)
  • During phase transitions, flowering time genes are also important players in regulating inflorescence architecture in tomato. (nature.com)
  • In addition to these promotion-flowering genes, TERMINATING FLOWER ( TMF ) encodes an ALOG family protein and affects inflorescence organization in tomato. (nature.com)
  • This result is consistent with the previous finding that maize TCP genes represses the growth of axillary organs and enables the formation of female inflorescences (Chai et al. (grassius.org)
  • ChIP-seq was performed using antibodies against SEP3 in wild type and agamous ( ag-1 ) inflorescence tissues, resulting in 4282 and 2828 peaks (binding events) respectively, corresponding to 3475 and 2424 putative target genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Organ formation during flower development in Arabidopsis is regulated by only few genes, what can be summarized by the so-called 'ABC' model. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • These two genes are expressed very early and are in mutual repression with TERMINAL FLOWER 1 ( TFL1 ), a gene that maintains the inflorescence meristem's identity. (ens-lyon.fr)
Reproductive5
  • Its yellow flowers are either male or have both male and female reproductive organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • STM3 is expressed in both vegetative and reproductive meristematic tissues and in leaf primordia and leaves, indicative of its function in flowering time and inflorescence-branching development. (nature.com)
  • This little guy is the central reproductive organ of the orchid flower. (justaddiceorchids.com)
  • Here we investigate patterns of diversification in the African clade, time of transition from forest to more open habitat, and morphological traits associated with each habitat and evaluate if such transitions have led to modification of reproductive organs and mode of dispersal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Flowers contain both types of reproductive organs (perfect flowers). (date-cdi.ro)
SISTER OF TM32
  • Here, we confirmed that SISTER OF TM3 (STM3), a homolog of Arabidopsis SOC1, is a major positive regulatory factor of tomato inflorescence architecture by map-based cloning. (nature.com)
  • Tomato APETALA2 family member SlTOE1 regulates inflorescence branching by repressing SISTER OF TM3. (bvsalud.org)
Bracts4
  • All have persistent primary inflorescence bracts with a long tubular base, lacerate to varying degrees in the distal part, and they also show the following individual differences from C. temii. (palmweb.org)
  • south Vietnam) has paler rachis spines, larger and less bristly leaflets, and, in the male, a longer, flagelliform inflorescence with spiny primary bracts. (palmweb.org)
  • Differences in many details of the leaflets, spines and inflorescence bracts suggest that C. dongnaiensis will remain abundantly distinct from C. temii when better known. (palmweb.org)
  • In particular, the primary inflorescence bracts of C. temii are unusual in the genus since in the infructescences seen they have been almost entirely lost, leaving only a dry and tattered basal portion 0.5 - 2 cm long which is split almost to the base. (palmweb.org)
Spicate2
  • Most species are dioecious, with relatively small, typically monocotyledonous trimerous flowers in spicate or racemose (partial) inflorescences, with female plants usually containing up to six (usually) winged seeds in each inferior ovary. (biomedcentral.com)
  • south Laos) has different armature, regularly spaced leaflets and a very slender inflorescence with remote, almost spicate partial inflorescences and unusual, crowded, densely tomentose rachillae bearing flowers in apparently jumbled spirals. (palmweb.org)
Racemose1
Axillary2
  • Its axillary inflorescences have 2-4 flowers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pattern of tb1 expression and the morphology of tb1 mutant plants suggest that tb1 acts both to repress the growth of axillary organs and to enable the formation of female inflorescences. (grassius.org)
Leaf4
  • The responsiveness was partly constrained by organ preformation: in the second year variation of leaf number was considerably larger than in the first year of the treatments. (springer.com)
  • The hermaphrodite , five-fold and short-stalked flowers are single or few in stalked, zymous inflorescences that arise from the leaf axils and stand upright. (wikipedia.org)
  • The margins of these leaf-like organs have spoon-shaped bulbiliferous spurs that bear young plantlets (bulbils). (llifle.com)
  • The following parameters related with the crop development were analysed: plant height, number of leaves, stalk length, leaf area, dry matter accumulation in the various plant organs (stalk, leaf sheath, leab blade, male inflorescence and female inflorescence), and tot al dry matter accumulation. (usp.br)
Buds2
  • Buds have architecture identical to the original shoot and develop into lateral branches or may terminate by developing into a flower or inflorescence. (ncertmcq.com)
  • and B. marginata, with persistent flowers, Young Banksia inflorescence showing flower buds developing in pairs, Rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) feasting on B. integrifolia subsp. (date-cdi.ro)
Solitary1
  • Higher plants exhibit various inflorescence architectures progressing in complexity from a solitary flower to complex structures that contain multiple branches and flowers. (nature.com)
Solanum1
Preformation6
  • In this experiment we tested to what degree variation in tuber size and organ preformation constrain the responsiveness to environmental quality and whether responsiveness is modified by the availability of stored resources by exposing the spring geophyte Bunium bulbocastanum to different light and nutrient regimes. (springer.com)
  • The results indicate that a spring geophyte with organ preformation has only limited possibilities to respond to short-term fluctuations of the environment, as all leaves and the inflorescence are preformed in the previous growing season and resources stored in tubers are predominantly used for survival during dormancy and are not invested into plastic adjustments to environmental quality. (springer.com)
  • Geber MA, de Kroon H, Watson MA (1997a) Organ preformation in mayapple as a mechanism for historical effects on demography. (springer.com)
  • Geber MA, Watson MA, de Kroon H (1997b) Organ preformation, development and resource allocation in perennials. (springer.com)
  • Inouye DW (1986) Long-term preformation of leaves and inflorescences by a long-lived perennial monocarp, Frasera speciosa (Gentianaceae). (springer.com)
  • Although flower and inflorescence development has not been studied in fine detail, there are no indications of floral preformation. (qubs.ca)
Spikelet2
Maize1
  • In sorghum and maize, sterile florets evolve into transparent or feathery lemma-like organs. (foodonline.com)
Shoots1
  • The study shows that using specific propagation techniques, it may be possible to guide the architecture of the strawberry plants that can bear different number and distribution of shoots, inflorescences and stolons. (researchgate.net)
Tuber1
  • It comprises over 600 species, almost all of which have perennating organs (rhizome and/or tuber). (biomedcentral.com)
Arabidopsis1
  • Arabidopsis 35S:IDA lines constitutively overexpressing IDA exhibit earlier abscission of floral organs, showing that the abscission zones are responsive to IDA soon after the opening of the flowers. (or.jp)
Pedicel1
  • In addition, ectopic abscission was observed at the bases of the pedicel, branches of the inflorescence, and cauline leaves. (or.jp)
Jointless1
  • The jointless ( j ) mutant produces indeterminate inflorescences that revert to vegetative growth after the production of two or three flowers 16 , 17 . (nature.com)
Defective1
  • Loss of function mutations are defective in the process of ethylene independent floral organ abscission. (or.jp)
Development4
  • However, in agricultural production, seeds have always been under selective pressure from humans to be easily threshed, which has led to the development of various hull-like floral organs. (foodonline.com)
  • Simultaneous mutation of STM3 and TM3 partially restored the inflorescence branching of the sltoe1cr mutants, suggesting that SlTOE1 regulates inflorescence development, at least in part through an SlTOE1STM3/TM3 module. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, all floral organs (pistil, stamens, spurs, sepals) increase in size throughout floral development until the flowers fall apart (Griffin et al. (qubs.ca)
  • 2000). All this suggests that there is the potential for short-term dynamic allocation of resources within the inflorescence, and that perturbations of inflorescence and flower development may alter the sequential pattern of resource allocation. (qubs.ca)
Pollen2
  • These strobili show the general gross morphology of a gymnosperm (e.g. a seed fern) inflorescence with male organs consisting of pollen sacs on short stalks. (natura.museum)
  • There are four polliniums (bag-like organs that contain pollen). (blogspot.com)
Plant5
  • Branching pattern and organs topology were described in order to evaluate plant quality. (researchgate.net)
  • The 3 types of strawberries were grown also under SD and NI under day/night temperature regimes of 18°/14°, 22°/18°, 26°/22°, and 30°/26°C. With number of inflorescences and runners and total dry weight per plant, significant photoperiod × temperature × type interactions were found. (researchgate.net)
  • In a review published in Trends in Plant Science, researchers led by Prof. XIE Qi from the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences comprehensively synthesized and discussed the evolutionary process of cereal floral organ and the genetic and molecular networks regulating cereal threshability. (foodonline.com)
  • This forms a unique underground organ made from tissue of both the host plant that Balanophora then uses to eat. (popsci.com)
  • The female plant of C. dongnaiensis is unknown but its inflorescence seems most likely to resemble the male inflorescence which is slender, flagelliform and over 170 cm long with quite slender, lax rachillae over 10 cm long. (palmweb.org)
Flowers6
  • Flowers are collected in false whorls forming spike-shaped inflorescences. (scirp.org)
  • The structures that look like mushrooms are instead inflorescences , or a cluster of flowers intricately arranged on a stem. (popsci.com)
  • The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs)Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. (findmeacure.com)
  • Flowering plants often exhibit declining investment in gametes, seeds, and floral organs among sequentially blooming flowers within inflorescences. (qubs.ca)
  • A typical inflorescence consists of one 1° flower plus two or three 2°, and more rarely some 3° flowers. (qubs.ca)
  • The inflorescence is a terminal raceme with few or several flowers. (blogspot.com)
Genetic2
  • Functional responses to environmental variation do not only depend on the genetic potential of a species to express different trait values, but can also be limited by characteristics, such as the timing of organ (pre-) formation, aboveground longevity or the presence of a storage organ. (springer.com)
  • However, the genetic regulatory network of inflorescence architecture in tomato remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)
Mutants2
  • their double mutants showed more extensive inflorescence branching. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although the mutants have a normal appearing abscission zone, the floral organs do not abscisce. (or.jp)
Pathway1
  • Our findings uncover a pathway controlling tomato inflorescence branching and offer deeper insight into the functions of AP2 subfamily members. (bvsalud.org)
Plants1
Female2
  • Trichomes are tiny glandular organs found on female inflorescences. (cbxmedical.com)
  • There is, however, a slim possibility that it resembles the shorter, much more robust female inflorescence of C. temii. (palmweb.org)
Tomato1
  • Different tomato varieties require distinct inflorescence-branching structures to enhance productivity. (nature.com)
STM32
  • High expression levels of STM3 underlie the highly inflorescence-branching phenotype in ST024. (nature.com)
  • Mutation of FUL1 could partially restore inflorescence-branching phenotypes caused by high STM3 expression in ST024. (nature.com)
Crops3
  • Crops have been domesticated by humans for thousands of years and have undergone significant variation in their inflorescences, spikelets, florets, and other floral organs. (foodonline.com)
  • The researchers also found that crops have evolved diverse floral and hull-like organs, suggesting a balance struck between natural evolution and human selection. (foodonline.com)
  • Inflorescence architecture directly impacts yield potential in most crops. (bvsalud.org)
Morphology1
  • Because of the different relative growth rate, the relative position and morphology of these three organs were different in the late phase. (kib.ac.cn)
Whorls2
  • The flower is composed of four organ types separated in four different concentric circles called whorls. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • northern Indochina west to India) differs in its whorls of long, yellow petiole spines, leaflets usually longer than 60 cm, stiffly erect inflorescences, and larger and more strongly patterned ovoid fruit up to 3 cm long. (palmweb.org)
Yield2
  • However, the sclareol yield is very variable for reasons that are unknown but related to the different ability of clary sage inflorescences to accumulate sclareol during field production. (plos.org)
  • Selection for favorable inflorescence architecture to improve yield is one of the crucial targets in crop breeding. (nature.com)
Species1
  • Total valerenic acid derivatives content in different organs of these Iranian wild species ranged from 0.06-1.11% (D.W.). Present results showed that Iranian wild species of Valeriana and Centranthus DC. (scialert.net)
Formation1
  • At stage 3, sepal formation can be observed and at stage 6 the future organ can be distinguished. (ens-lyon.fr)
Leaves1
  • These organs give rise to herbaceous, usually twining stems bearing leaves with basal and apical petiolar pulvinii and campylodromous venation. (biomedcentral.com)
Long1
  • The long primary shoot of the inflorescence terminates in a single flower (the 1° flower). (qubs.ca)
Wild type1
  • As control, naked DNA from wild-type inflorescences was used. (nih.gov)
Small1
  • Finally, Calamus modestus T. Evans and T. P. Anh (central Vietnam) has leaflets up to 24 x 1 cm, short, stiffly erect inflorescences and small, ovoid fruits. (palmweb.org)
Appears2
Main1
  • The main storage organ is a thumb-sized rootstock. (qubs.ca)