Inferior rectus or inferior oblique muscles. Medical search. Frequent questions

Electromyographic studies demonstrate this synkinetic innervation by showing simultaneous contraction of the external pterygoid and levator muscle. (medscape.com)
Since jaw-winking ptosis is believed by most to be due to abnormal innervation of the levator muscle and not secondary to myopathic changes, it is not surprising that most histopathologic studies have revealed normal striated muscle. (medscape.com)
By the Sherrington law, increased innervation to any muscle (agonist) is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in innervation to its antagonists. (medscape.com)
By the Herring law, yoke muscles receive equal and simultaneous innervation. (medscape.com)
During the initial phase of voluntary eyelid closure, the eyes move in a three-dimensional direction that is consistent with a pulselike innervation of the inferior rectus muscle. (arvojournals.org)
These patients appear to have overacting inferior oblique muscles, but the deviation is thought to be due to anomalous innervation of the lateral rectus muscles in upgaze. (aao.org)
Muscles of Facial Expression are unique in that they migrate to their destinations about the scalp, neck, and mostly about the face from second pharyngeal arch mesenchyme and thus receive their motor innervation via the facial nerve (CN VII), the nerve of the second arch. (rxdentistry.net)
Considering the origin of these muscles, it is not surprising that they receive motor innervation from branches of the facial nerve (CN VII). (rxdentistry.net)
Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (bvsalud.org)
The condition is caused by aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus by fibers of the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (lookformedical.com)

Background Congenital superior oblique palsy is usually associated with a structural abnormality of the superior oblique tendon. (bmj.com)
There have been many reports of familial congenital superior oblique palsy. (bmj.com)
Methods Ophthalmological examination and orbital MRI were performed in three patients in a pedigree with familial superior oblique palsy. (bmj.com)
They showed typical signs of superior oblique palsy, including superior oblique underaction and overelevation in adduction on the affected side, torticollis in the early part of life, and positive head tilt testing. (bmj.com)
Conclusion Superior oblique hypoplasia confirmed with MRI was useful for clarifying the aetiology of familial superior oblique palsy. (bmj.com)
Ophthalmological examination and orbital MRI were performed in three patients (11 months, 7 years and 27 years of age, respectively) with familial superior oblique palsy in a pedigree ( figure 1 ). (bmj.com)
[ 5 ] Superior rectus palsy is found in 25% of cases, and double elevator palsy is found in another 25% of cases. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] In double elevator palsy, a deficiency in elevation of the globe occurs in all positions of gaze, secondary to an apparent weakness of the superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. (medscape.com)
One of the described techniques for management of oculomotor palsy has been medial transposition of the lateral rectus muscle which provides a good surgical alternative but often can result in undercorrection. (bmj.com)
Total oculomotor nerve palsy implies involvement of all muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve with pupillary involvement. (physio-pedia.com)
With a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. (bvsalud.org)
Diplopia worse with distance is more typical of sixth nerve palsy because of difficulty with divergence at distance of the eyes while diplopia worse at near is more suggestive of medial rectus palsy because of the need for convergence of the eyes at near. (eyewiki.org)
A 9-year-old boy with partial third nerve palsy underwent medial transposition of the left lateral rectus muscle and left inferior oblique myectomy. (nyu.edu)

The movements of the extraocular muscles take place under the influence of a system of extraocular muscle pulleys, soft tissue pulleys in the orbit. (wikipedia.org)
Four of the extraocular muscles have their origin in the back of the orbit in a fibrous ring called the common tendinous ring: the four recti muscles. (wikipedia.org)
The superior oblique muscle originates at the back of the orbit (a little closer to the medial rectus, though medial to it), getting rounder as it courses forward to a rigid, cartilaginous pulley, called the trochlea, on the upper, nasal wall of the orbit. (wikipedia.org)
The muscle becomes tendinous about 10mm before it passes through the pulley, turning sharply across the orbit, and inserts on the lateral, posterior part of the globe. (wikipedia.org)
Two pairs are rectus muscles running straight to the bony orbit of the skull orthogonal to each other (the superior rectus, the inferior rectus, the lateral rectus and the medial rectus muscles). (utah.edu)
The orbit is related (1) on its superior side to the anterior cranial fossa and usually to the frontal sinus, (2) laterally to the temporal fossa in (anterior) and to the middle cranial fossa (posterior), (3) on its inferior side to the maxillary sinus, and (4) medially to the ethmoidal and the anterior extent of the sphenoidal sinuses. (dartmouth.edu)
The margin of the orbit, readily palpable, is formed by the frontal, zygomatic, and maxillary bones (fig. 45-1 A). It may be considered in four parts: superior, lateral, inferior, and medial. (dartmouth.edu)
The fossa passes inferiorly through the floor of the orbit as the nasolacrimal canal, which transmits the nasolacrimal duct from the lacrimal sac to the inferior meatus of the nose (fig. 45-11 ). (dartmouth.edu)
In summary, the orbit communicates with the middle cranial fossa (via the optic canal and superior orbital fissure), the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae ( via the inferior orbital fissure), the inferior meatus of the nose (via the nasolacrimal canal), the nasal cavity (via the anterior ethmoidal foramen), and the face ( via supraorbital and infraorbital foramina). (dartmouth.edu)
It enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, and runs forwards in the infra-orbital groove and canal to the infra-orbital foramen, through which it emerges on the face, deep to the quadratus labii superioris. (co.ma)
Humans have six extraocular muscles , which origin in the back of the orbit and insert on the eyeball. (amblyoplay.com)
The extrinsic muscles of the eye come from the bones of the orbit and are movable due to broad tendons in the eye's tough outer surface. (innerbody.com)
It runs in the subarachnoid space and the cavernous sinus inside the skull, enters the back of the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, and innervates the lateral rectus muscle. (unboundmedicine.com)
The superior oblique muscle , or obliquus oculi superior , is a fusiform muscle originating in the upper, medial side of the orbit (i.e. from beside the nose) which abducts, depresses and internally rotates the eye. (en-academic.com)
It is a long, slender, motor nerve and supplies only one of the extraocular muscles of the eye and functions in the movement of the eyeball within the orbit. (brainmadesimple.com)
Here, it moves towards the lateral wall of the orbit and supplies the lateral rectus muscle. (brainmadesimple.com)

Each eyeball is held in position in the orbital cavity by various ligaments, muscles and fascial expansions that surround it (see Fig. 3). (utah.edu)
These muscles, named extraocular muscles rotate the eyeball in the orbits and allow the image to be focussed at all times on the fovea of central retina. (utah.edu)
Eye movements during blinks are associated with a co-contraction of most of the extraocular muscles, 3 4 5 6 7 which in turn leads to a retraction of the eyeball. (arvojournals.org)
Therefore, we hypothesized that a transient net force along the pulling direction of this muscle could explain why the initial movement of the eyeball is downward and nasalward. (arvojournals.org)
The superior branch supplies the superior rectus which elevates the eyeball, and the levator palpabrae superioris which raises the upper eyelid. (physio-pedia.com)
The inferior branch innervates the medial rectus which adducts the eyeball, the inferior rectus which depresses the eyeball and the inferior oblique which elevates, abducts and laterally rotates the eyeball. (physio-pedia.com)
Motor to lateral rectus muscle of Junction of pons and eyeball medulla oblongata. (co.ma)
It pierces the sclera 3 mm. (one-eighth of an inch), to the medial side of the posterior pole of the eyeball, and enters the orbital fat, through which it runs backwards and medially surrounded by the ocular muscles. (co.ma)
The extraocular muscles rotate the eyeball around vertical, horizontal and antero-posterior axes. (en-academic.com)
Extraocular muscles other than the medial rectus and lateral rectus have more than one action due to the angle they make with the optical axis of the eye while inserting into the eyeball. (en-academic.com)
instead, one eyeball may point forward, but the other is directed medially or laterally due to the impaired extraocular muscle tone exerted on the eyeball. (brainmadesimple.com)
Extraocular or extrinsic muscles of the eye are outside the eyeball. (brainmadesimple.com)
These muscles include four recti (lateral, medial, superior, and inferior) and two obliques (superior and inferior) and are involved in eyeball movements. (brainmadesimple.com)
As the name shows, the lateral rectus is a small straight muscle present on the lateral side of the eyeball in the orbital cavity. (brainmadesimple.com)

The functional status of the facial nerve is monitored by recording EMG of the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (entokey.com)
From an anatomical point of view, the eyelid consists primarily of skin, underlying soft tissue also called a subcutaneous tissue and a thin layer of muscle called the orbicularis oculi. (eyelidsbybrown.com)
It is also closely attached to the superficial muscles of facial expression (including the orbicularis muscle), pre-orbicularis fat and the malar fat pad. (eyeplastics.com)

An aberrant connection appears to exist between the motor branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) innervating the external pterygoid muscle and the fibers of the superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) that innervate the levator superioris muscle of the upper eyelid. (medscape.com)
The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle, which helps with eye movement, while the oculomotor nerve controls several eye muscles responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and focusing. (proprofs.com)
The oculomotor nerve divides into superior and inferior branches in the anterior part of the cavernous sinus. (physio-pedia.com)
The oculomotor nerve is the chief motor nerve to the ocular and extraocular muscles . (physio-pedia.com)
The oculomotor nerve has no direct function, but sympathetic fibres run with the oculomotor nerve to innervate the superior tarsal muscle (helps to raise the eyelid). (physio-pedia.com)
All the extraocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III) except the superior oblique and lateral rectus muscles, which are innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV) and abducent nerve (CN VI), respectively. (brainmadesimple.com)

We present a case of anterior plagiocephaly with vertical strabismus, overaction of the contralateral superior oblique muscle and an A pattern. (bvsalud.org)
We report a rare occurrence of contralateral superior oblique muscle overaction in an adult with anterior plagiocephaly. (bvsalud.org)
Patients with Y patterns (pseudo-overaction of the inferior oblique muscle) have normal ocular alignment in primary position and downgaze, but the eyes diverge in upgaze. (aao.org)
Pseudo inferior oblique overaction associated with Y and V patterns. (aao.org)

In one eye, in two antagonistic muscles, like the lateral and medial recti, contraction of one leads to inhibition of the other. (wikipedia.org)
There are two check ligaments (the lateral and medial check ligaments), which limit the movement of the lateral and medial rectus. (innerbody.com)

The best aid to understanding the pathogenesis and making the diagnosis of rectus sheath hematoma is knowledge of the relevant anatomy. (medscape.com)
Anatomy of the rectus sheath. (medscape.com)

This is done either directly or indirectly, as in the lateral rectus muscle, via the lacrimal artery, a main branch of the ophthalmic artery. (wikipedia.org)
The orbits (figs. 45-1 and 45-2 ) are two bony cavities occupied by the eyes and associated muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and much of the lacrimal apparatus. (dartmouth.edu)
The roof (frontal and sphenoid bones) presents the fossa for the lacrimal gland anterolaterally and the trochlear pit for the cartilaginous or bony pulley of the superior oblique muscle anteromedially. (dartmouth.edu)
They ascend, in the temporal fossa, between the temporal muscle and the squamous portion of the temporal bone, supplying the muscle and anastomosing with the temporal and lacrimal arteries, and, through the substance of the temporal bone, with the middle meningeal artery. (co.ma)
Whilst in the infra-orbital groove it gives branches to the inferior rectus and the inferior oblique muscles and the lacrimal gland. (co.ma)
The accessory structures of the eye include the extrinsic eye muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus. (nurseslabs.com)

Six of the extraocular muscles, the four recti muscles, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles, control movement of the eye and the other muscle, the levator palpebrae superioris, controls eyelid elevation. (wikipedia.org)
The orbital roof and levator palpebrae superioris muscle have been cut away and the orbital fat removed. (stanford.edu)

The extraocular muscles, or extrinsic ocular muscles, are the seven extrinsic muscles of the human eye. (wikipedia.org)
Extrinsic eye muscle . (nurseslabs.com)

The extraocular muscles are supplied mainly by branches of the ophthalmic artery. (wikipedia.org)
Branches of the infraorbital artery supply the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. (wikipedia.org)
It is the result of bleeding into the rectus sheath from damage to the superior or inferior epigastric arteries or their branches or from a direct tear of the rectus muscle. (medscape.com)
The combination of the loose attachment of the inferior epigastric artery with the stabilization of its perforating branches fixed to the muscle belly makes the artery prone to shearing stresses at branching sites during strong muscular contraction. (medscape.com)
Damage to any of its five branches could cause weakness of the muscles supplied by that particular branch. (eyeplastics.com)
The branches of the nerve then emerge on the anterior aspect of the parotid to lie on the masseter, thence to pass to the muscles of the face. (rxdentistry.net)
It passes upwards, on the medial side of the external pterygoid muscle, enters the middle fossa of the skull through the foramen ovale, supplies the semilunar ganglion and the dura mater, and terminates by anastomosing with branches of the middle meningeal and internal carotid arteries. (co.ma)
It anastomoses in the substance of the muscle with branches of the transverse facial and with the masseteric branches of the external maxillary artery. (co.ma)
c) Small pterygoid branches supply the internal and external pterygoid muscles. (co.ma)
It supplies the buccinator muscle, the skin and mucous membrane of the cheek, and anastomoses with the buccal branches of the external maxillary artery. (co.ma)
The inferior alveolar nerve (from CN V3) runs in the mandibular canal, giving off branches to the lower teeth and gingivae as it passes. (unboundmedicine.com)

rotates the eye upward and toward the midline, (2) inferior rectus, - rotates the eye downward and toward the midline, (3) medial rectus, - rotates the eye toward the midline, (4) lateral rectus, - rotates the eye away from the midline, (5) superior oblique, - rotates the eye downward and away from the midline, and (6) the inferior oblique - rotates the eye upward and away from the midline. (innerbody.com)

This posterior medial angle causes the eye to roll with contraction of either the superior rectus muscle or the inferior rectus muscle. (wikipedia.org)
The last muscle is the inferior oblique, which originates at the lower front of the nasal orbital wall, and passes under the LR to insert on the lateral, posterior part of the globe. (wikipedia.org)
This communication creates a natural dissection plane between the posterior rectus sheath and the bladder. (medscape.com)
It rises from the inguinal ligament to enter the posterior rectus sheath inferiorly. (medscape.com)
The inferior epigastric artery then ascends loosely between the rectus abdominis muscle and the posterior rectus sheath. (medscape.com)
The superior epigastric artery enters the sheath from behind the seventh costal cartilage and descends between the rectus abdominis muscle and the posterior rectus sheath. (medscape.com)
The posterior aspect of the lateral wall (zygomatic and sphenoid bones) is demarcated by the superior and inferior orbital fissures. (dartmouth.edu)
The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)

The primary (main) action of the superior oblique muscle is intorsion (internal rotation), the secondary action is depression (primarily in the adducted position) and the tertiary action is abduction (lateral rotation). (en-academic.com)
The main muscle for abduction is the lateral rectus, so although superior oblique contributes to a downwards and lateral eye movement, testing this motion would not be specific enough as inferior and lateral recti muscles would also be tested. (en-academic.com)

The actions of the six muscles responsible for eye movement depend on the position of the eye at the time of muscle contraction. (wikipedia.org)
The contraction or relaxation of these ligaments as a consequence of ciliary muscle actions, changes the shape of the lens, a process called accommodation that allows us to form a sharp image on the retina. (utah.edu)
Upon contraction, this arrangement and groupings of muscles about the orifices of the face convey movements about these orifices that we interpret as emotions. (rxdentistry.net)
2. Stimulation of the unilateral canal nerve Produced a marked contraction of a main contracting ocular muscle and simultaneous relaxation of an antagonistic muscle in both eyes. (kyobobook.co.kr)
Less potent contraction of an additional ocular muscle was observed and it appeared to augment the function of the main contracting muscle in the ipsilateral eye. (kyobobook.co.kr)
3. Stimulation of superior semicircular canal nerve caused a primary contraction of superior rectus, synergic contraction of superior oblique and relaxation of inferior rectus in ipsilateral eye. (kyobobook.co.kr)
Contraction of inferior oblique and relaxation of superior oblique were observed in the contralateral eye. (kyobobook.co.kr)
Contraction of lateral rectus and relaxation of medial rectus were observed in the contralateral eye. (kyobobook.co.kr)

Due to its unique path, the superior oblique, when activated, pulls the eye downward and laterally. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, the inferior oblique pulls the eye upward and laterally. (wikipedia.org)
This is particularly so as the inferior rectus acts most effectively when the eye is abducted (looking laterally). (scrubnotes.com)
a) The masseteric, a small branch which passes laterally, through the mandibular notch , to the deep surface of the masseter muscle. (co.ma)
This is because as the eye is abducted (looks laterally), the contribution made by superior oblique to depression of the eye decreases, as the inferior rectus muscle causes this movement more directly and powerfully. (en-academic.com)
Similarly, in addition to making the eye look down, inferior rectus would cause the eye to rotate about the long axis so the top of the eye moves slightly laterally (extorsion), if acting alone. (en-academic.com)

1. Direct stimulation of the superior or inferior oblique muscles Produced upward or downward movement of the eye turning toward medial side respectively. (kyobobook.co.kr)

Superior branch innervates the superior rectus and the levator palpabrae superioris. (physio-pedia.com)
Inferior branch innervates the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique. (physio-pedia.com)
e) The inferior alveolar is a branch of moderate size which passes downwards, between the spheno-mandibular ligament and the mandible, to the mandibular foramen. (co.ma)
It pierces the spheno-mandibular ligament, and descends in the mylo-hyoid groove, in company with the mylo-hyoid nerve, to the floor of the mouth, where it anastomoses, on the superficial surface of the mylo-hyoid muscle, with the submental branch of the external maxillary artery. (co.ma)
The mental terminal branch, which passes through the mental foramen, emerges beneath the quadratus labii inferioris, and anastomoses with its fellow of the opposite side, with the inferior labial, and with the submental arteries. (co.ma)
A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)

Three to four transverse tendinous inscriptions attach the rectus muscle to the enveloping fascia, usually above the arcuate line. (medscape.com)
Below the arcuate line, the aponeuroses remain intact anteriorly, but only the weak transversalis fascia and peritoneum separate the muscle mass from the abdominal viscera posteriorly. (medscape.com)
From a cosmetic surgeon's standpoint, your face is made up of the following components: skin, fat, superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS ), platysma muscle, Erb's point (containing important nerves), deep cervical fascia and the retaining ligaments of the face. (eyeplastics.com)
The SMAS is a thin layer of connective tissue that lies attached closely with the platysma muscle, frontalis muscle, galea and superficial temporal fascia. (eyeplastics.com)
The Deep Cervical Fascia is a connective tissue in the neck that covers and protects the muscles, nerves, blood vessels and glands of the face. (eyeplastics.com)
The 3 sides of the lower AO consisted of the inferior oblique muscle, lateral rectus muscle, and fascia between the inferior rectus muscle and lateral rectus muscle. (ewha.ac.kr)

The wink reflex consists of a momentary upper eyelid retraction or elevation to an equal or higher level than the normal fellow eyelid upon stimulation of the ipsilateral pterygoid muscle. (medscape.com)
Plagiocephaly has been reported to simulate ipsilateral superior oblique muscle paresis. (bvsalud.org)

It is accompanied by the inferior alveolar nerve, which lies in front of it. (co.ma)

Particular focus will be made on the use of triggered and free-running electromyography (EMG) of extraocular muscles for lesions around the cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure. (entokey.com)
The inferior orbital fissure communicates with the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and transmits the zygomatic nerve. (dartmouth.edu)

strabismus often increases in the field of action of a weak eye muscle. (medscape.com)
In this blog post, we will talk about the extraocular muscles in connection to the vision disorder called strabismus. (amblyoplay.com)
Strabismus and problems with extraocular muscles are frequently present whenever there are issues with an uneven development of the eyes. (amblyoplay.com)
The most common forms of strabismus are internal and external strabismus which are due to the paralysis of extraocular muscles, lateral rectus, and medial rectus muscles, respectively. (brainmadesimple.com)

We describe a modification of the existing technique of medial transposition of the split lateral rectus by force augmentation through the use of equatorial fixation sutures resulting in an improved outcome in primary gaze alignment. (bmj.com)

Inserted into the sclera are three pairs of muscles (6 muscles altogether). (utah.edu)
This is followed by placing non-absorbable sutures to fix each split belly of the transposed muscles to the sclera at the equator adjacent to the medial rectus such that the split muscles lie nearly parallel to the medial rectus till the equator before reflecting away. (bmj.com)
The 3 sides of the upper AO consisted of the superior oblique muscle before the trochlea, superior oblique tendon after the trochlea, and sclera. (ewha.ac.kr)

a) Is found between the optic nerve and the medial rectus * b) Contains sympathetic nerve that supplies the sphincter pupillae * c) Is a parasympathetic relay ganglion for fibers from the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus? (globalguideline.com)
Free running EMG continuously records the motor unit potentials (MUP) of the muscle fibers. (entokey.com)
This leads to recording of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) from the muscle fibers. (entokey.com)
The motor units of these eye muscles contain the smallest number of muscle fibers (5-10) of any muscle in the body. (innerbody.com)
These fibers provide motor impulses to one of the extraocular muscles, the superior oblique muscle. (brainmadesimple.com)

Erb's point lies vertically below the ear canal just behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle and represents the point of emergence of several nerves that provide sensation to the neck and lower face. (eyeplastics.com)
[1] The oculomotor nerves send somatic motor fibres to all extraocular muscles, except the superior oblique and lateral rectus. (physio-pedia.com)
The superior oblique and the lateral rectus are supplied by the trochlear and abducens nerves respectively. (physio-pedia.com)
Medially -lies the styloid process and its muscles separating the parotid from the internal jugular vein, internal carotid artery, last four cranial nerves and the lateral wall of the pharynx. (rxdentistry.net)
Binocular horizontal diplopia (images displaced horizontally) is usually due to disease of the medial or lateral rectus muscle, the neuromuscular junction, or the nerves supplying these muscles (e.g., cranial nerves III or VI). (eyewiki.org)
Vertical diplopia (images displaced vertically) can be due to involvement of extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junction (e.g., myasthenia gravis), or cranial nerves (e.g. (eyewiki.org)
the inferior alveolar nerves innervate the lower teeth and gingivae. (unboundmedicine.com)

It also innervates the ciliary muscles. (physio-pedia.com)
The ciliary muscles must contract to adjust for near vision, which causes the eye's crystalline lens, which is flexible, to be squashed. (retinalaser.com)

Moderate to severe hypoplasia of the superior oblique at the whole length including the tendon and belly was identified in all three affected family members. (bmj.com)

and there is no superior oblique muscle underaction. (aao.org)

It is the only extraocular muscle innervated by the trochlear nerve (the fourth cranial nerve). (en-academic.com)

This is a source of confusion on the subject as although clinical testing asks the patient to adduct and depress the eye, anatomically the muscle depresses and abducts it. (en-academic.com)

Inferior epigastric blood vessels shown. (utoronto.ca)

Rectus sheath hematoma (RSH) (see the image below) is an uncommon and often clinically misdiagnosed cause of abdominal pain. (medscape.com)
Emergency physicians and other clinicians should be familiar with rectus sheath hematoma, because it can mimic almost any abdominal condition. (medscape.com)
The immediate cause of the rupture may be external trauma to the abdominal wall, iatrogenic trauma from surgery, or excessively vigorous contractions of the rectus muscle. (medscape.com)
Muscles of the abdominal wall, superficial dissection. (utoronto.ca)

The rectus muscles are separated in the midline by the linea alba. (medscape.com)

The two obliques prevent the eye from rotating about its long axis (retina to pupil) when the superior and inferior rectus muscles contract. (en-academic.com)
For this reason, these two rectus muscles work in conjunction with the two obliques. (en-academic.com)

Yoke muscles are the primary muscles in each eye that accomplish a given version (eg, for right gaze, the right lateral rectus and left medial rectus muscles). (medscape.com)
Each extraocular muscle has a yoke muscle in the opposite eye to accomplish versions into each gaze position. (medscape.com)
This term also indicates the gaze position in which the effects of a muscle most easily are demonstrated. (medscape.com)
Based on the gaze-dependent pattern of trajectories, they concluded that the combined action of the inferior and superior recti muscles is sufficient to explain ocular rotation during short blinks. (arvojournals.org)
The worst position of gaze will typically represent the field of action of the paretic muscle. (eyewiki.org)
To direct our gaze wherever desired, and to be able to track the moving objects, human eyes are equipped with specialized muscles that move our two eyes jointly in our eye sockets. (amblyoplay.com)

The rectus sheath consists of the rectus abdominis muscles, an enveloping fascial sheath, and their blood supply via the epigastric arteries and veins. (medscape.com)
The arterial supply to the rectus sheath is derived from the superior and inferior epigastric arteries. (medscape.com)
The inferior epigastric artery originates from the external iliac artery. (medscape.com)
The superior and inferior epigastric arteries form rich anastomoses near the level of the umbilicus. (medscape.com)
Rectus sheath hematomas (RSHs) are generally caused either by rupture of one of the epigastric arteries or by a muscular tear with shearing of a small vessel. (medscape.com)

therefore, the optic nerve must cross through the retina en route to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
He developed optic nerve compression, which improved after a superior oblique tenotomy. (nyu.edu)

A colored circular muscle , the iris, which is beautifully pigmented giving us our eye's color (the central aperture of the iris is the pupil) (Fig. 1). (utah.edu)
This circular muscle controls the size of the pupil so that more or less light, depending on conditions, is allowed to enter the eye. (utah.edu)
It constricts the pupil (miosis) by innervating the smooth muscle (sphincter pupillae) near the pupil. (physio-pedia.com)

Thus, the superior oblique travels posteriorly for the last part of its path, going over the top of the eye. (wikipedia.org)

30 Hz) recorded from a muscle in response to mechanical or metabolic stimulation. (entokey.com)
6. Upon stimulation of individual canal nerve, the pattern of eye movement in rabbits is different from those of cats, however, the responses of the extraocular muscles appear to be similar in two species. (kyobobook.co.kr)

The four recti muscles attach directly to the front half of the eye (anterior to the eye's equator), and are named after their straight paths. (wikipedia.org)
Each rectus muscle receives blood from two anterior ciliary arteries, except for the lateral rectus muscle, which receives blood from only one. (wikipedia.org)

The infraorbital foramen, for the nerve and artery of the same name, is less than 1 cm inferior to the inferior margin. (dartmouth.edu)

Anatomy22

Organisms1

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes5

Health Care3

Innervation10

Palsy13

Orbit16

Eyeball14

Orbicularis3

Oculomotor nerve6

Overaction4

Lateral and medial2

Anatomy2

Lacrimal6

Levator palpebrae2

Extrinsic2

Branches11

Away from the midline1

Posterior8

Abduction2

Contraction8

Laterally6

Superior or inferior1

Branch6

Fascia6

Ipsilateral2

Alveolar nerve1

Orbital fissure2

Strabismus4

Medial transposition1

Sclera3

Fibers5

Nerves7

Ciliary muscles2

Tendon1

Underaction1

Trochlear nerve1

Depresses1

Blood vessels1

Abdominal4

Midline1

Obliques2

Gaze6

Epigastric5

Optic nerve2

Pupil3

Posteriorly1

Stimulation2

Anterior2

Infraorbital1