Infectious viral defective interfering viral particles defective viruses. Medical search. Frequent questions

Defective particles and defective genomes have also been demonstrated to stimulate the host innate immune responses and their presence during a viral infection correlates with the strength of the antiviral response. (wikipedia.org)
In one example, scientists have used DIPs to create "protecting viruses", which attenuated the pathogenicity of an influenza A infection in mice, through inducing an interferon response, to a point that it was no longer lethal. (wikipedia.org)
Recent advances in culturing human stem cell-derived otic progenitor cells (OPCs) have allowed us herein to describe successful in vitro infection of OPCs with HCMV and ZIKV, and also to propose potential mechanisms by which each viral infection could affect hearing. (bvsalud.org)
The goal is for harmless TIPs to outnumber flu virus genetic elements so infected cells would generate relatively few infectious viruses and a bumper crop of "dud viruses" with TIP genes, rapidly diluting the harmful viruses and halting the infection, according to DARPA. (rutgers.edu)
Moreover, we are investigating how defective interfering particles (DIPs) can be generated in the absence of infectious virus and how DIPs inhibit influenza virus infection. (dpz.eu)
We are investigating which viral and host factors determine whether infection will result in severe disease. (dpz.eu)
This study from the laboratory of Prof. Reichl, Max-Planck-Institute Magdeburg, shows that genetically homogenous influenza A virus defective interfering particles (DIPs) produced in cell culture can inhibit influenza A virus infection in a rodent model. (dpz.eu)
Despite efforts made over past decades, there is no vaccine or treatment available for preventing and controlling the ASF virus (ASFV) infection, and there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies. (mdpi.com)
That is why there is no cure for the common cold a viral infection. (bio-asli.com)
The body recognizes a vaccine as a viral infection and mounts a feverish attack by producing its own antiviral compounds, called antibodies. (bio-asli.com)
Particularly the HIV virus attacks the cells of the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infection by any number of opportunistic organism. (bio-asli.com)
The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. (unt.edu)
Measles virus infection in rhesus macaques: altered immune responses and comparison of the virulence of six different strains. (unt.edu)
The most common manifestation of primary infection with EBV is acute infectious mononucleosis, which is a self-limiting clinical syndrome that most frequently affects adolescents and young adults. (medscape.com)
Chronic infection with viral hepatitis affects half a billion individuals worldwide and can lead to cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure. (wjgnet.com)
HCV has infected an estimated 3% of the world population in whom viral infection persists for more than two third of the cases, often resulting in life-threatening complications. (nih.gov)
One alternative strategy in HCV-vaccine or drug development comprises measuring viral entry, the first step in viral infection. (nih.gov)
The life cycle of retroviruses is arbitrarily divided into two distinct phases: the early phase refers to the steps of infection from cell binding to the integration of the viral cDNA into the cell genome, whereas the late phase begins with the expression of viral genes and continues through to the release and maturation of progeny virions (see Figure 1 for a schematic view of the retroviral life cycle). (biomedcentral.com)
2012). This is due to the establishment, early after primary infection, of a viral reservoir that is responsible for the persistence of low levels of plasma viremia in patients under suppressive ART (Chun et al. (europa.eu)
APOBEC3B drives PKR-mediated translation shutdown and protects stress granules in response to viral infection. (uci.edu)
Genotoxic stress and viral infection induce transient expression of APOBEC3A and pro-inflammatory genes through two distinct pathways. (uci.edu)
Several clinical observations point to an intricate crosstalk between iron (Fe) metabolism and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Importantly, these findings suggest oleandrin may have broad antiviral activity against enveloped viruses by reducing the incorporation of the envelope glycoprotein into mature particles, a stage of the infection cycle not targeted by modern HAART. (longdom.org)
Glycoprotein D is essential for virus penetration into permissive cells and thus is a major target for virus neutralizing antibodies during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
infection with ebola virus causes a severe disease accompanied by high mortality rates, and there are no licensed vaccines or therapies available for human use. (liverpool.ac.uk)
filovirus vaccine research efforts still need to determine the roles of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in protection from ebola virus infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Replication of picornaviruses occurs associated to cell endomembranes that are recruited during viral infection ( 25 ). (asm.org)
Chronic infections, particularly those which are primarily characterized by an asymptomatic intracellular life cycle, e.g., latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI), hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, present a unique premise to decipher the fine balance between protective host immune responses, immunopathology and full-fledged clinical disease. (frontiersin.org)

DARPA says it wants to harness TIPs - tiny virus-like entities with engineered genetic material that encodes defective viral proteins. (rutgers.edu)
In a cell infected with both a flu virus and a TIP, the cell makes copies of the TIP genome that compete for viral proteins. (rutgers.edu)
The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
A variety of extracellular stimuli including mitogens, cytokines, antigens, stress inducing agents, UV light and viral proteins initiate a signal transduction pathway that ultimately leads to NF-κB release and activation. (justia.com)
Bender C, Hall H, Huang J, Klimov A, Subbarao K. Characterization of the surface proteins of influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in 1997-1998. (unt.edu)
Much has been learned regarding nuclear entry, but the cellular proteins involved are still unknown and the exact role of each viral component remains controversial [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The vaccinia virus A56 protein was one of the earliest-described poxvirus proteins with an identifiable activity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The present article is based on the large amount of sequence data accumulated in these years and focuses on the viral nucleic acids and proteins and their function. (pdfroom.com)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
protective cytotoxic t-cell responses induced by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons expressing ebola virus proteins. (liverpool.ac.uk)
The viral particle is composed of a protein capsid that contains a positive-sense RNA molecule of about 8,500 nucleotides that is infectious and encodes a single polyprotein, which is processed in infected cells by cis - and trans -acting viral proteases ( 55 ) to yield different polypeptide precursors and the mature viral proteins ( 9 , 62 ). (asm.org)
The viral genome encodes four structural capsid proteins (VP1 to VP4) and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins, the leader Lb/ab protease, and proteins encoded in the P2 (2B and 2C) and P3 (3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D) regions ( 9 ). (asm.org)
NS proteins are involved in crucial aspects of the viral cycle and pathogenesis, such as rearrangements of intracellular membranes required for endomembrane recruitment and the lysis of host cells ( 1 , 12 , 14 , 18 , 73 ). (asm.org)

DIPs were first observed as early as the 1950s by Von Magnus and Schlesinger, both working with influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
DIPs can occur within nearly every class of both DNA and RNA viruses both in clinical and laboratory settings including poliovirus, SARS coronavirus, measles, alphaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)
We applied this method to influenza A virus (IAV), the cause of four pandemics since the start of the 20th century. (bvsalud.org)
An influenza virus. (rutgers.edu)
They're called TIPs and their task would be to infiltrate and outcompete influenza , HIV , Ebola and other viruses. (rutgers.edu)
For the first time in virology, Fabris and her team will use imaging tools with gold nanoparticles to monitor mutations in the influenza virus, with unprecedented sensitivity, when it enters cells. (rutgers.edu)
RNA viruses like influenza are coated by a protein-studded membrane envelope, Fabris noted. (rutgers.edu)
The focus is on discovering how the influenza virus mutates at the cellular, animal and population levels, said Fabris, who works in the School of Engineering . (rutgers.edu)
Ideally, the TIPs will be introduced into influenza virus populations and compete for protein, so the virus will starve and not be able to reproduce," she said. (rutgers.edu)
Her role will be to provide imaging and quantification methods to study, in cells and eventually animals, which parts of the influenza virus genome have mutated and to what degree. (rutgers.edu)
Influenza viruses pose a global health threat, particularly to infants and the elderly. (dpz.eu)
Hein et al, Cell culture-based production and in vivo characterization of purely clonal defective interfering influenza virus particles. (dpz.eu)
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine contains Substantial and Unexpected Amounts of Defective Viral Genomic RNA. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
Influenza virus continues to be a major public health concern, causing both annual epidemics and occasional pandemics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Although antiviral drugs such as Oseltamivir are available to control the spread of the virus their effectiveness is limited in treating patients with influenza ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND INJURIES I. INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES (001-139) Includes: diseases generally recognized as communicable or transmissible as well as a few diseases of unknown but possibly infectious origin Excludes: acute respiratory infections (460-466) influenza (487. (cdc.gov)

Defective interfering particles (DIPs), also known as defective interfering viruses, are spontaneously generated virus mutants in which a critical portion of the particle's genome has been lost due to defective replication or non-homologous recombination. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanism of their formation is presumed to be as a result of template-switching during replication of the viral genome, although non-replicative mechanisms involving direct ligation of genomic RNA fragments have also been proposed. (wikipedia.org)
DI genomes typically retain the termini sequences needed for recognition by viral polymerases, and sequences for packaging of their genome into new particles, but little else. (wikipedia.org)
In another example, the size of several DI-DNA plant virus genomes varied from one tenth of the size of the original genome to one half. (wikipedia.org)
large deletions of genomic data allow rapid replication of the defective genome. (wikipedia.org)
In SARS-CoV-2, synthetic DIPs made by removing 90% of the genome replicate three times faster than the virus. (wikipedia.org)
Genome condensation and packaging are essential processes in the life cycle of viruses. (mdpi.com)
We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
Retroviral particles must bind specifically to their target cells, cross the plasma membrane, reverse-transcribe their RNA genome, while uncoating the cores, find their way to the nuclear membrane and penetrate into the nucleus to finally dock and integrate into the cellular genome. (biomedcentral.com)
FVP-RTP is able to bind to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and integrate into the viral RNA chain, causing a significant mutagenic effect through GA and СU transitions in the viral RNA genome. (crie.ru)
In comparison, the smallest viruses have a genome size of about 4,000 nucleotides. (biologydiscussion.com)
Further, the 'viral genome' was derived in silico, which means no actual virus was physically lysed & analyzed, let alone proven to exist. (linode.com)
RNA wasn't physically extracted by whole lysed virions, but instead, as the authors state: 'We extracted RNA for whole genome sequencing of the viral isolate. (linode.com)
They always use a 'culture', use a specific cell line, apply the same chemical assault to the culture in order to induce a CPE, take an EM photo of the culture soup with no isolation of particles, and then apply a non-purified sample of this soup to a computer-based program that reconstructs a fictitious genome. (linode.com)
Virologists are trained and told to follow a specific procedure in 'isolating' & 'sequencing' viruses because both the virus & the viral genome don't exist in nature. (linode.com)
The viral genome is always generated in silico through the computational reconstruction of a larger gene out of millions of short gene fragments of unknown origins. (linode.com)

Volume VIII, Pediatric Infectious Diseases. (unt.edu)
Infectious Diseases. (unt.edu)
They have complementary skills in the fields of molecular and cellular virology, immunology, and physiopathology of infectious diseases. (europa.eu)
Infectious respiratory diseases are transmitted to non-infected subjects when an infected person expels pathogenic microorganisms to the surrounding environment when coughing or sneezing. (biomedcentral.com)
Infectious respiratory diseases are a prime cause of morbidity, mortality and health system utilization worldwide, but have a greater impact on the developing and least developed countries. (biomedcentral.com)
Viruses and bacteria cause most of the infectious respiratory diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Children, the elderly, and those with defective immune systems or with underlying chronic diseases are at highest risk of being affected by airborne infectious diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
SARS has also confirmed that infectious diseases can cause great disruptions in all sectors - economic, educational, recreational, familial - and can bring health care systems to near collapse. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccination is the main strategy to control outbreaks of a number of infectious diseases including the flu pandemic, but the WHO states that other advance control measures will definitively be required since vaccines take time to become available [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The following points highlight the three main viral agents that cause various diseases. (biologydiscussion.com)
The increasing prevalence of infectious diseases, the growing demand for gene therapy, and the rising investments in research and development activities are some of the key factors driving the growth of the market. (inventiv.org)
In conclusion, the market for methods, compositions, and methods for creating an adenovirus virus vector for multiple vaccinations is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases, the growing demand for gene therapy, and the rising investments in research and development activities. (inventiv.org)
Treatment resistance for infectious diseases is growing quickly, and chemotherapeutic toxicity in cancer means that vaccines must be made right away to save humanity. (researchgate.net)
This can help fight infectious diseases and cancers. (researchgate.net)
So, this review highlights the various types of NPs used in the techniques that have worked in the new paradigm in viral vaccinology for infectious diseases. (researchgate.net)
certain localized infections Note: Categories for "late effects" of infectious and parasitic diseases are to be found at 137. (cdc.gov)

The last decade has been marked by two eminent discoveries that have changed our perception of the virology field: The discovery of giant viruses and a distinct new class of viral agents that parasitize their viral factories, the virophages. (mdpi.com)

They are spontaneously produced by error-prone viral replication, something particularly prevalent in RNA viruses over DNA viruses due to the enzyme used (replicase, or RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
Arias A, Agudo R, Ferrer-Orta C, Pérez-Luque R, Airaksinen A, Brocchi E, Domingo E, Verdaguer N, Escarmis C (2005) Mutant viral polymerase in the transition of virus to error catastrophe identifies a critical site for RNA binding. (springer.com)
Blydt-Hansen T, Subbarao K, Quennec P, McDonald J. Recovery of respiratory syncytial virus from stethoscopes by conventional culture and polymerase chain reaction. (unt.edu)
In addition, viral resistance to newly developed drugs -- targeting viral protease or RNA polymerase -- has been described, but no vaccine is yet available. (nih.gov)
these are inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). (crie.ru)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF1 protein (pORF1) contains methyltransferase (MetT), papain-like cysteine protease (PCP), RNA helicase (Hel) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are naturally occurring viral like particles that have truncated/shortened genomes. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
On the contrary, current evidence indicates that mutant spectra contribute to viral pathogenesis, can modulate the expression of phenotypic traits by subpopulations of viruses, can include memory genomes that reflect the past evolutionary history of the viral lineage, and, furthermore, can participate in viral extinction through lethal mutagenesis. (springer.com)
Arias A, Ruiz-Jarabo CM, Escarmis C, Domingo E (2004) Fitness increase of memory genomes in a viral quasispecies. (springer.com)
For many purposes it is important to analyze phylogenetically the relationship among different genomes from the same mutant spectrum of a viral quasispecies. (biomedcentral.com)
we reviewed published reports on 254-nm uv inactivation and tabulated the sensitivities of a wide variety of viruses, including those with double-stranded dna, single-stranded dna, double-stranded rna, or single-stranded rna genomes. (liverpool.ac.uk)

For SARS-CoV-2, the first synthetic DIPs were made in 2020 and the interference effect was used to generate therapeutic interfering particles (TIPs) that reduced pathogenesis and protected hamsters from serious disease. (wikipedia.org)
DIPs have been shown to play a role in pathogenesis of certain viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogenesis of rabies in dogs inoculated with an Ethiopian rabies virus strain. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The viral envelope glycoprotein D from bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and -5), two important pathogens of cattle, is a major component of the virion and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses. (biomedcentral.com)

We previously developed a virus-like replicon particle (VRP) vaccine that provides complete protection against homologous and heterologous lethal CCHFV challenge in mice after a single dose. (cdc.gov)
OVO Biomanufacturing are the world leading experts in providing technical solutions to solve the effects of defective interfering particles for viral vaccine manufacturers. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
OVO's novel technology platform offers multi-fold yield improvements by reducing the generation and effect of these particles during all stages of vaccine manufacture. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
How do DIPs impact viral vaccine manufacture? (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
Both live attenuated and inactivated viral vaccine manufacture rely on growing virus to produce the key immunogenic components used in their vaccines. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
As DIPs are generated and replicate during viral growth, failure to effectively manage this undesirable by-product can lead to a significant reduction in the final yield on the immunogenic component used for the vaccine. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
Our platform is designed to be used by the manufacturer independently on site anytime the virus is grown, from generating seed stocks through to producing the final vaccine. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
During the manufacturing process, virus is grown over multiple stages for optimisation and upscale before being used for vaccine batch manufacture. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
Chumakov KM, Powers LB, Noonan KE, Roninson IB, Levenbook IS (1991) Correlation between amount of virus with altered nucleotide sequence and the monkey test for acceptability of oral poliovirus vaccine. (springer.com)
Measles inclusion body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus. (unt.edu)
For instance, Vaxart Inc. is developing an oral adenovirus vector-based vaccine for COVID-19 that can provide long-lasting immunity against the virus. (inventiv.org)
The vaccine is designed to express the spike protein of the virus, which can stimulate the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies. (inventiv.org)
Another company, GenVec Inc., is developing an adenovirus vector-based vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease. (inventiv.org)
The vaccine is designed to express the glycoprotein of the virus, which can elicit a strong immune response against the virus. (inventiv.org)
In view of its role in the induction of protective immunity, gD has been tested in new vaccine development strategies against both viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Subunit, DNA and vectored vaccine candidates have been developed using this glycoprotein as the primary antigen, demonstrating that gD has the capacity to induce robust virus neutralizing antibodies and strong cell-mediated immune responses, as well as protection from clinical symptoms, in target species. (biomedcentral.com)
This optimism is built on recently published studies demonstrating the efficacy of mRNA vaccines in combatting several types of cancer and infectious pathogens where conventional vaccine platforms may fail to induce protective immune responses. (researchgate.net)

During viral infections, the complex and dynamic distributions of variants, termed viral quasispecies, play a key role in the adaptability of viruses to changing environments and the fate of the population as a whole. (springer.com)
RNA viruses replicate as mutant distributions termed viral quasispecies. (biomedcentral.com)

Our goal is to reduce the aerosolizability of respiratory secretions while interfering only minimally with normal mucus clearance using agents capable of increasing crosslinking in the mucin glycoprotein network. (biomedcentral.com)
At present, there are no antiretroviral drugs that inhibit incorporation of the envelope glycoprotein into newlysynthesized virus particles. (longdom.org)
The botanical glycoside, oleandrin, derived from extracts of Nerium oleander , has previously been shown to reduce the levels of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein on human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) particles and inhibit HIV-1 infectivity in vitro . (longdom.org)
The botanical glycoside, oleandrin, and an extract of Nerium oleander have been shown to prevent the incorporation of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 into mature virus particles and inhibit viral infectivity in vitro [ 1 ]. (longdom.org)
DIVA vaccines include genetically engineered gene-deleted viruses, for example gE − virus, and subunit or vectored vaccines based on a viral envelope glycoprotein such as gD. (biomedcentral.com)
learn more The cell surface receptors CD4 and CCR5 bind CCR5-tropic HIV Envelope (Env) glycoprotein during virus attachment. (egfr-signaling.com)

LCMV is related to the highly pathogenic Lassa virus, circulates globally and is responsible for outbreaks of lethal hepatitis in marmoset colonies. (dpz.eu)
An early study documented that complexity of the coronavirus murine hepatitis virus quasispecies influenced the pathogenic potential of this virus for mice [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic variability of hepatitis E virus within and between three epidemics in India. (unt.edu)
Our earlier study has demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated cholesterol plays a key role in virus infectivity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Most experimental data have been obtained from studies of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and infectious bronchitis virus of chickens (IBV). (pdfroom.com)

In addition, a variety of defective RNAs derived from dsRNA1 appear after virion transfection. (elsevierpure.com)
These sub-viral RNAs were shown to interfere with RnPV6 replication, at least for that of cognate segment dsRNA1. (elsevierpure.com)
Presence of these sub-viral elements resulted in reduced symptom expression by RnPV6, suggesting their nature as defective-interfering RNAs. (elsevierpure.com)
Enterovirus-Cardiomyocyte Interactions: Impact of Terminally Deleted Genomic RNAs on Viral and Host Functions. (uci.edu)
On the other hand, 3AB presumably anchors 3B in intracellular membranes originated de novo during the early steps of RNA replication, where uridylylated 3B primes the synthesis of nascent viral RNAs ( 2 , 37 , 68 , 69 ). (asm.org)

Uganda experienced five Ebola disease outbreaks caused by Bundibugyo virus (n = 1) and Sudan virus (SUDV) (n = 4) from 2000 to 2021. (cdc.gov)

Soon, Rutgers' Laura Fabris will play a key role in a project aimed at designing TIPs - therapeutic interfering particles to defuse the flu. (rutgers.edu)

DIPs are derived from and associated with their parent virus, and particles are classed as DIPs if they are rendered non-infectious due to at least one essential gene of the virus being lost or severely damaged as a result of the defection. (wikipedia.org)
However, direct evidence for DIPs was only found in the 1960s by Hackett who noticed presence of 'stumpy' particles of vesicular stomatitis virus in electron micrographs and the formalization of DIPs terminology was in 1970 by Huang and Baltimore. (wikipedia.org)
During the coinfection of a host cell, a critical ratio will eventually be reached in which more viral factors are being used to produce the non-infectious DIPs than infectious particles. (wikipedia.org)
What are defective interfering particles (DIPs)? (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
This leads to the cell producing more DIPs than infectious virus. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
When looking at the total cellular population, the overall levels of virus produced proportionally decrease with the increase in concentration of DIPs. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
DIPs spontaneously generate and replicate anytime a virus replicates. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
DIPs are produced as a by-product by all viruses. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
Due to similarities in the physical characteristics of DIPs and infectious viruses, it is not possible to physically separate these DIPs from virus. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
This is due to the DIPs increasing in concentration during growth of the virus, resulting in an overall reduction in the total levels of viral particles. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
Improper management of DIPs in viral vaccines can lead to 10-fold or higher reductions in yield. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)

Molecular cloning and characterization of a Sendai virus internal deletion defective RNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Arias A, Lázaro E, Escarmís C, Domingo E (2001) Molecular intermediates of fitness gain of an RNA virus: characterization of a mutant spectrum by biological and molecular cloning. (springer.com)

Elucidating these mechanisms and identifying which cellular factors are exploited by the retroviruses and which hinder their life cycle, will certainly lead to the discovery of new ways to inhibit viral replication and to improve retroviral vectors for gene transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
The treatment of HTLV-1+ lymphoma T-cells with either oleandrin or a N. oleander extract did not significantly inhibit viral replication or the release of p19Gag-containing particles into the culture supernatants. (longdom.org)

One study demonstrates the relationship between a pathogen and its defective variant, showing how regulation of DI production allowed the virus to attenuate its own infectious replication, decreasing viral load and thus enhance its parasitic efficiency by preventing the host from dying too fast. (wikipedia.org)
It was declared this constitutes evidence of a new viral pathogen '2019-nCoV', later to be renamed SARS-CoV-2. (linode.com)
BoHV-1 is a pathogen of cattle associated with two major syndromes, called infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

IMPORTANCE: Congenital virus infections inflict substantial morbidity and devastating disease in neonates worldwide, and hearing loss is a common outcome. (bvsalud.org)
Emerging viruses that are transmitted from animals to humans may cause severe disease. (dpz.eu)
We are investigating how emerging viruses interact with host cells and cause disease. (dpz.eu)
The transmission of herpes B virus from macaques to humans as well as transmission of related viruses among non-human primates can cause serve disease. (dpz.eu)
If people with symptoms are 100 times more infectious than people without symptoms, then that is for all practical intents and purposes the same as if people without symptoms are not infectious, because it means that it should be enough to contain only those with symptoms in order to effectively stop the spread of the disease. (sebastianrushworth.com)
If on the other hand they're only slightly more infectious, then efforts to contain the disease by quarantining only those with symptoms are unlikely to be successful. (sebastianrushworth.com)
On the face of it, this would suggest that people with symptomatic disease are roughly three times more infectious than those with asymptomatic disease. (sebastianrushworth.com)
On 20 September 2022, Uganda declared a fifth Sudan virus disease outbreak in the Mubende district, resulting in 142 confirmed and 22 probable cases by the end of the outbreak declaration on 11 January 2023. (cdc.gov)
Here, the 2022 Sudan virus disease (SVD) outbreak in Mubende District, Uganda, is summarized, and the genetic relatedness of the new variant is evaluated. (cdc.gov)
The recent incursions of African swine fever (ASF), a severe, highly contagious, transboundary viral disease that affects members of the Suidae family, in Europe and China have had a catastrophic impact on trade and pig production, with serious implications for global food security. (mdpi.com)
Airaksinen A, Pariente N, Menendez-Arias L, Domingo E (2003) Curing of foot-and-mouth disease virus from persistently infected cellsby ribavirin involves enhanced mutagenesis. (springer.com)
Borrego B, Novella IS, Giralt E, Andreu D, Domingo E (1993) Distinct repertoire of antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the presence or absence of immune selection. (springer.com)
The most effective weapons against viruses are vaccines, but tese are used to prevent disease, not treat it. (bio-asli.com)
Here we apply for the first time phylogenetic methods and Partition Analysis of Quasispecies (PAQ) to monitor genetic distances and intra-population structures of mutant spectra of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) quasispecies subjected to mutagenesis by base and nucleoside analogues. (biomedcentral.com)
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious viral disease of swine, including wild (feral) and domestic pigs [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It has been suggested that viroids might interfere with the gene regulation of the susceptible hosts which leads to the expression of the disease symptoms. (biologydiscussion.com)
Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
Newcastle disease virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural protein 3A plays important roles in virus replication, virulence, and host range. (asm.org)
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototypic member of the aphthovirus genus within the family Picornaviridae ( 5 , 24 , 52 ) and the etiological agent of a devastating disease of livestock ( 34 ). (asm.org)
Early in 1949, as a result of studies during the previous year, the author published reports implicating DDT preparations in the syndrome widely attributed to a "virus-X" in man, in "X-disease" in cattle and in often fatal syndromes in dogs and cats. (greenmedinfo.com)

Charpentier C, Dwyer DE, Mammano F, Lecossier D, Clavel F, Hance AJ (2004) Role of minority populations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the evolution of viral resistance to protease inhibitors. (springer.com)

OVO's platform can be used to manage defective interfering particles for both established and developing live attenuated and inactivated viral vaccines. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
The levels present in these vaccines suggests that the viral yield is being substantially reduced for these manufatcurers. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
Our platform can be applied to live attenuated, inactivated and some live viral vector vaccines. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)
Vaccines used dead or weakened viruses that are injected into the body. (bio-asli.com)
Viruses are continually mutating and new strains emerging, so vaccines for most of them aren t available. (bio-asli.com)
The difficulty in developing HCV vaccines is largely due to the broad sequence-diversity displayed by HCV, the frequent occurrence of viral mutations within immunogenic epitopes in vivo, and the lack of proper standard/definition for viral neutralization. (nih.gov)
Virus neutralization test (VNT) is widely used for serological survey of classical swine fever (CSF) and efficacy evaluation of CSF vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Virus neutralization test (VNT) is considered as the gold standard for serological monitoring and efficacy evaluation of CSF vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Her chief research interest is the development of viral-vectored vaccines that work by inducing strong and protective T and B cell responses. (isv-online.org)

Viruses correlated with congenital hearing loss include human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), which causes congenital Zika syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
We infected OPCs with two viruses associated with congenital hearing loss: human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a DNA virus, or Zika virus (ZIKV), an RNA virus. (bvsalud.org)
Immunological recognition of commensal microbes, such as bacterial species resident in the gut or lung as well as dormant viral species, i.e., cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in combination with a balanced immune regulation, is central to achieve immune-protection. (frontiersin.org)

The molecular events and evolutionary forces underlying lethal mutagenesis of virus (or virus extinction through an excess of mutations) are not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
We also provide evidence that virion-associated cholesterol contributes to the interaction between HCV particles and apolipoprotein E. The molecular basis for the effects of different sterols on HCV infectivity is discussed. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Substitution of Val 113 in Sendai virus (SeV) M protein generates non-functional polypeptides, characterized by their exclusion from virus particles and by their ability to interfere with virus particle production. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Analysis of the Sendai virus M gene and protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Sendai virus M protein is found in two distinct isoforms defined by monoclonal antibodies. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Aggregation of VSV M protein is reversible and mediated by nucleation sites: implications for viral assembly. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In addition, since the gene encoding the A56 protein is non-essential, it can be used as an insertion point for foreign genes and has been deleted in some viruses that are in clinical development as oncolytic agents. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This antibody was raised against Dengue virus 2 Envelope protein, which may cross react with Envelope protein of Dengue virus 3 but does not recignize with Envelope protein of JEV. (genetex.com)
Dengue virus Envelope protein antibody detects Dengue virus Envelope protein protein at cytoplasm by immunohistochemical analysis. (genetex.com)
Green: Dengue virus Envelope protein stained by Dengue virus Envelope protein antibody (GTX127277) diluted at 1:1000. (genetex.com)
Non-infected (-) and infected (+) BHK-21 whole cell extracts (5 μg) were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with Dengue virus Envelope protein antibody (GTX127277) diluted at 1:25000. (genetex.com)

We investigated dengue virus (DENV) and asymptomatic DENV infections in rural villages of Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia, during 2012 and 2013. (cdc.gov)
It has been difficult to study viral infections of the human hearing apparatus because it is embedded in the temporal bone of the skull. (bvsalud.org)
This paper is important for demonstrating that inner ear virus infections can be modeled in vitro using OPCs. (bvsalud.org)
Finally, we are offering diagnostics for many other viral infections of non-human primates, including a chip-based antibody detection system useful for screening of non-human primate colonies. (dpz.eu)
The only real protection against viral infections is our body s own natural defenses. (bio-asli.com)
Because they is no cure for viral infections, they can become deadly, especially individuals with depressed immunity. (bio-asli.com)
The search for the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis was unsuccessful for many years, partly because researchers did not appreciate that most primary infections are asymptomatic and that most adults are seropositive. (medscape.com)
the status of current laboratory diagnostics for ebola and marburg virus infections is discussed in terms of the assays available and their interpretation. (liverpool.ac.uk)

To adapt this system as a single assay to study HCV-LP entry, HCV non-structural genes were replaced with a heterologous gene that upon viral-entry triggers firefly luciferase and EGFP expressions in target as well as non-permissive cells. (nih.gov)
DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)

The market for methods, compositions, and methods for creating an adenovirus virus vector for multiple vaccinations is rapidly growing. (inventiv.org)
Methods to generate immune responses using the adenovirus Vectors are provided that allow multiple vaccinations with one adenovirus virus vector, and vaccinations of individuals with preexisting immunity. (inventiv.org)
Preexisting immunity can interfere with the effectiveness of adenovirus vector vaccinations. (inventiv.org)

It is becoming clear that vectors based upon adeno-associated virus (AAV) are the vectors of choice for certain gene therapy applications such as muscle delivery. (justia.com)
In other words, alleged viral RNA was neither confirmed to be of viral origin, nor was it isolated & purified - but was a mix of millions of gene fragments from unknown origins - and sequencing was performed entirely in silico without confirmation of the presence of a virus. (linode.com)
Deletion of the A56R gene results in varying effects on vaccinia virus virulence. (microbiologyresearch.org)

In other words, defective and non-defective viruses replicate simultaneously, but when defective particles increase, the amount of replicated non-defective virus is decreased. (wikipedia.org)
TIPs, like viruses, can enter cells, but they don't replicate unless the cells are also infected with the virus. (rutgers.edu)
These particles, when co-infected in a cell with a virus, highjack the viral replicative machinery and out replicate the infectious virus. (ovobiomanufacturing.com)

The graph below demonstrates the antibody response to Epstein-Barr virus. (medscape.com)
Antibody response to Epstein-Barr virus. (medscape.com)
We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPol A dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (nature.com)

Taking advantage of infectivity as virions, RnPV6 was introduced into a model filamentous fungal host, chestnut blight fungus to investigate virus/host interactions. (elsevierpure.com)
We therefore tested whether oleandrin or an extract from N. oleander could also inhibit the infectivity of the human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) -a related enveloped retrovirus and emerging tropical infectious agent. (longdom.org)
However, the collected virus particles from treated cells exhibited reduced infectivity on primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (huPBMCs). (longdom.org)

In addition to LCMV and Ebola virus we are also investigating MERS coronavirus. (dpz.eu)
in the past decade the zaire strain of ebola virus (zebov) has emerged repeatedly into human populations in central africa and caused massive die-offs of gorillas and chimpanzees. (liverpool.ac.uk)
human recombinant antibodies to ebola virus: preparation and characteristics]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
human recombinant antibodies against a purified ebola virus (ev) lysate were selected from a combinatorial library of scfv-antibodies using the phage display technique. (liverpool.ac.uk)
ebola virus circulation in africa: a balance between clinical expression and epidemiological silence. (liverpool.ac.uk)
nearly thirty years after the first epidemics, ebola virus (ebov) remains hardly described, its transmission unclear and its reservoir elusive. (liverpool.ac.uk)
soon after the ebola fever outbreak and virus discovery in 1976 and in order to investigate the distribution of ebov in central africa, several countries including a range of ecological zones were investigated in the early 1980s, using extensive survey: central african republic (car), cameroon, chad, congo, gabon and equatorial guinea. (liverpool.ac.uk)

This study is among the first to show that SARS-CoV-2 can acquire mutations that allow immune evasion and may promote viral spread in populations with a high percentage of convalescent individuals. (dpz.eu)
Therefore, there is a need to develop methods to describe the relationship among components of mutant spectra in viral populations. (biomedcentral.com)

Phylogenetic and PAQ analysis provide adequate procedures to describe the evolution of viral sequences subjected to lethal mutagenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

It also seeks to determine whether TIPs, through spontaneous mutations, can keep up with new tricks that viruses may develop while evolving. (rutgers.edu)
One goal is to predict whether TIPs will keep up with flu virus mutations. (rutgers.edu)

The effects on the innate and acquired immune responses and the mechanisms by which mycotoxins, stress, and infectious agents cause immunosuppression are discussed. (imperial.ac.uk)

However, in some viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the effect of competitive inhibition by interfering particles reduces viral-mediated innate immune responses and inflammation producing a therapeutic effect. (wikipedia.org)
Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)

EBV is a double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope and is a member of the gammaherpes virus family (HHV-4). (medscape.com)
Such measurements are limited by the available screening systems, in that, HCV pseudo-typed retroviral particles have a different envelope conformation and contain foreign components that are likely to interfere with the measured HCV entry. (nih.gov)

Infectious transcripts and cDNA clones of RNA viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The quantifications provide evidence that extinction does not imply unusual increases of intrapopulation complexity, in support of the lethal defection model of virus extinction. (biomedcentral.com)
3) Permanent application of high therapeutic doses of FPV under the strict medical control to enhance the lethal mutagenic effect on an infectious virus in the recipient organism to prevent the multiplication of its mutant forms. (crie.ru)

Antibiotics are only useful against bacteria, not viruses. (bio-asli.com)
Harmful particles and bacteria trapped in this mucus layer are moved up to the throat and coughed out or swallowed. (msdmanuals.com)

The size of the genomic deletion event can vary greatly, with one such example in a DIP derived from rabies virus exhibiting a 6.1 kb deletion. (wikipedia.org)
DIP generation is regulated within viruses: the Coronavirus SL-III cis-acting replication element (shown in the image) is a higher-order genomic structure implicated in the mediation of DIP production in bovine coronavirus, with apparent homologs detected in other coronavirus groups. (wikipedia.org)
Most phylogenetic relationships among RNA viruses have been established using the consensus (or population) genomic sequences that represent a weighted average of multiple, closely related sequences present at each time point, in each virus sample obtained for analysis [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

During the long journey from the cell surface to the nucleus, retroviruses will face multiple obstacles, since in addition to finding a path through the cytoplasm to the nucleus they have to cross two main barriers, the plasma and nuclear membranes, whilst at the same time avoiding or counteracting cellular defences that can interfere with many of these steps. (biomedcentral.com)
HIV persistence may arise from ongoing residual virus replication and/or from latently-infected cells defined as the cellular reservoir in which long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring an integrated but transcriptionally silent provirus represent the largest pool in the blood (Chomont et al. (europa.eu)
LXGG sequence is recognized by viral and cellular deubiquitinating enzymes. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Outbreaks frequently occur abroad but the responsible viruses might be imported into Germany due to infected travelers. (dpz.eu)
This methodology should be used to better integrate discrete epidemiological and sequence data for future viral outbreaks. (cdc.gov)

Intramembrane structural differentiation in Sendai virus maturation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This review highlights the structural and functional characteristics of BoHV-1, BoHV-5 and where appropriate, Human herpesvirus gD, as well as its role in viral entry and interactions with host cell receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, while Q44R led to recovery of viruses that maintained the mutation, Q44D resulted in selection of infective viruses with substitution D44E with acidic charge but with structural features similar to those of the parental virus, suggesting that Q44 is involved in functions other than 3A dimerization. (asm.org)

[ 5 ] Subsequently, a large prospective study of students at Yale University firmly established EBV as the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis. (medscape.com)
The etiologic agent of CSF, classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is one member of the genus Pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

As expected, the liposomal virus rendered it immunogenic and harder to fight [86,129]. (researchgate.net)

Sample: BHK-21 cells mock (left) and infected with Dengue virus (right) FFPE Cell Pellet Block. (genetex.com)
Sample: Paraffin-embedded BHK-21 infected with dengue virus. (genetex.com)
Samples: BHK-21 cells mock (left) and infected with Dengue virus 2 (right) were fixed in MeOH. (genetex.com)

Besides the virus inhibiting effect, the increased synthesis of mutant virions under the action of FPV possess a threat of the emergence of novel threatening viral strains with high pathogenicity for humans and animals and acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic compound. (crie.ru)
1) Synthesis of new FPV modifications lacking the ability to integrate into the synthesized viral RNA molecule. (crie.ru)

Also, mutant spectra are the target on which selection and random drift act to shape the long-term evolution of viruses. (springer.com)

The persistence of HIV in treated patients results from the establishment of a viral reservoir insensitive to ART and poorly visible to the immune system. (europa.eu)
Unlike HIV-1, extracellular HTLV-1 particles are poorly infectious and viral transmission typically occurs via direct intercellular interactions across a virological synapse. (longdom.org)

Further, no demonstration of physical isolation of viral particles or of viral RNA, nor of sequencing from lysed whole virions was shown. (linode.com)

Briones C, Domingo E, Molina-París C (2003) Memory in retroviral quasispecies: experimental evidence and theoretical model for human immunodeficiency virus. (springer.com)
The surge in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) research in order to identify new therapeutic targets has led to a better understanding of the retroviral life cycle. (biomedcentral.com)

Further, in particular embodiments, the chimeric virus has a different immunological profile than one or both of the parent viruses (i.e., is only weakly or not at all recognized by neutralizing antisera or antibodies against the parent virus), thereby allowing for administration to subjects that have antibodies directed against the parent virus or repeat administration following administration of another serotype. (justia.com)

Before we can understand how to make these therapeutic particles, we need to understand how viral mutation works," said Fabris, an associate professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering . (rutgers.edu)

Additional representatives of the family reviewed in this article are the human (HCV) and bovine (BCV) coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), haemagglutinating encephalitis virus (HEV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). (pdfroom.com)

Computer predictions of its secondary structure have led to a model in which approximately 10~ of the N-terminal part of the molecule is exposed on the outer surface of the virus membrane (see references above and Rottier et al. (pdfroom.com)

In 1920, Sprunt and associates applied the name infectious mononucleosis to cases of spontaneously resolving acute leukemia associated with blast-like cells in the blood. (medscape.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms56

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Infection29

Proteins14

Influenza19

Genome17

Diseases16

Virology1

Polymerase6

Genomes5

Pathogenesis4

Vaccine17

Termed viral quasispecies2

Glycoprotein6

Hepatitis5

RNAs5

20211

Therapeutic interferi1

DIPs11

Characterization2

Inhibit viral2

Pathogen3

Disease22

Protease1

Vaccines9

Cytomegalovirus3

Molecular2

Protein9

Infections8

Genes2

Adenovirus3

Gene3

Replicate3

Antibody3

Infectivity3

Ebola7

Populations2

Evolution of viral1

Mutations2

Mechanisms1

Immune responses2

Envelope2

CDNA1

Lethal2

Bacteria2

Genomic3

Cellular3

Outbreaks2

Structural3

Etiologic agent2

Immunogenic1

Dengue virus3

Synthesis2

Mutant spectra1

Poorly2

Virions1

Retroviral2

Antibodies1

Mutation1

Gastroenteritis1

Molecule1

Spontaneously1