• Fevers, chills, and allergic reactions are not uncommon with granulocyte transfusions. (medscape.com)
  • Resistance of the body to infection: I. leukocytes, granulocytes, the monocyte-macrophage system, and inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Infection and inflammation can augment local Na + abundance. (frontiersin.org)
  • High salt diets ( 1 , 2 ), renal impairment ( 3 - 6 ), inflammation, and infection ( 7 - 11 ) can induce Na + accumulation in skin tissues that can be simulated by addition of approximately 40 mM NaCl to standard cell culture media (= high salt condition, HS) ( 2 , 8 , 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The second major area of emphasis is the study of lung injury resulting from immune-mediated inflammation in response to infection with P. carinii. (rochester.edu)
  • Perinatal infection and inflammation have been implicated in the causal pathway of neonatal preterm brain injury and deviations from normal neurodevelopmental patterns. (bmj.com)
  • Eicosanoids are bioactive metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with key roles in infection and inflammation 8 . (nature.com)
  • Resident and recruited macrophages in the lung produce high levels of cysteinyl LTs (cysLTs) and leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ), thereby promoting granulocyte infiltration, airway inflammation and tissue remodeling 8 . (nature.com)
  • The term 'cytokine storm' entered the popular lexicon with previous influenza virus pandemics but has become even more mainstream because of the severe inflammation that can accompany SARS-CoV-2 infection 1 . (nature.com)
  • This Special Issue is a collection of selected papers from the 3rd European Congress on Imaging Infection and Inflammation ( www.nuclearmedicinediscovery.org/events.asp ). (mdpi.com)
  • Blood indicators including ALT, AST, WBC, CRP and IL-6 indicated that both liver injury and systemic inflammation worsened as the infection progressed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study revealed that acute inflammatory injury was rapidly triggered by initial infection by C. sinensis juveniles in the host, accompanied by the enrichment of detoxification, inflammation, fibrosis, tumor and metabolism-related pathways in the liver, which provides a new perspective for the early intervention and therapy of clonorchiasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While in the case of acute injury or infection, inflammation is a beneficial response, required to clear pathogens or toxins and to initiate wound healing. (cdc.gov)
  • Char- recipients indicated that up to 80% of Before hospitalization, the child acterisation of Leishmania donovani patients harboring these PyVs are co- had had several pulmonary infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 50 patients with surgical site infections and 50 control individuals. (jsurgmed.com)
  • In this review, results from published randomized controlled trials that have evaluated the potential role for GM-CSF in the management of patients with HIV infection will be summarized (see Table in Additional file: 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dermatophytosis is one of the most common human infections affecting both immunocompetent individuals and immunocompromised patients, in whom the disease is more aggressive and can reach deep tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • Fifty-six sites with suspected bone or joint infection were examined with 99m Tc-WBC and infecton scans in 51 patients. (snmjournals.org)
  • Infecton results for vertebral infections were the most notable findings in this study, despite the limited number of patients with this condition. (snmjournals.org)
  • Ig replacement therapy has significantly decreased the frequency of life-threatening infections in patients with X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-immunoglobulin M (XHIGM). (medscape.com)
  • In this randomized, double-blind, multicenter study, patients treated with Gamunex (purified using caprylate treatment and chromatography) had a significantly lower number of infections compared with the group treated with Gamimune N (solvent-detergent treated) from the same company. (medscape.com)
  • For most patients, a dose of 400-600 mg/kg every 3-4 weeks suffices to reduce the frequency of infection. (medscape.com)
  • These reactions tend to occur more frequently in patients with severe hypogammaglobulinemia, particularly at the initiation of treatment, and in patients with intercurrent infections or bronchiectasis. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection leaves an inflammatory imprint in the monocyte/ macrophage compartment that drives aberrant macrophage effector functions and eicosanoid metabolism, resulting in long-term immune aberrations in patients recovering from mild COVID-19. (nature.com)
  • Patients with a history of serious allergic reaction to human granulocyte colony-stimulating factors such as pegfilgrastim products or filgrastim products. (drugs.com)
  • Relevance of the processed blood volume per granulocyte and monocyte apheresis session to its clinical efficacy in patients with ulcerative colitis. (nih.gov)
  • Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a report on six cases with high plasma viremia. (nih.gov)
  • Demonstration of low-regulatory CD25High+CD4+ and high-pro-inflammatory CD28-CD4+ T-Cell subsets in patients with ulcerative colitis: modified by selective granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis. (nih.gov)
  • Five case-patients had serologic evidence of E. chaffeensis infection (titer greater than or equal to 64) but all had at least a 10-fold greater titer to E. equi. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with AIDS can develop severe and even fatal herpesvirus infections. (britannica.com)
  • Some patients experience painful mouth ulcers, gum infections, ear infections, periodontal disease or disease of the tissues surrounding the teeth and infections of the urinary tract, colon, rectum or reproductive tract. (ucsfbenioffchildrens.org)
  • Pegfilgrastim is used to reduce the risk of infection in some cancer patients and to increase your chances of surviving after exposure to high doses of radiation that affect your ability to make blood cells. (drugs.com)
  • Biosimilar versions of this medication including Fulphila, Fylnetra, Nyvepria, Stimufend, Udenyca and Ziextenzo, are only approved for decreasing the risk of infection in patients with non-myeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive anti-cancer drugs. (drugs.com)
  • A shortage of white blood cells makes patients more susceptible to infection. (eurekalert.org)
  • Patients have recurent bacterial infections, localised to skin and mucosal surfaces with no pus formation, omphalitis with delayed separation of the umbilical cord. (lu.se)
  • Some other current infection-localizing radiopharmaceuticals, including polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, also localize in inflammatory areas but do not have a significant advantage over WBC scanning in terms of specificity for bacterial infection ( 3 , 4 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • impetigo is a common bacterial infection of children's skin but is rarer in adults, and acne is a common infection of the skin of adolescents but is uncommon in childhood or in older adults. (britannica.com)
  • Decreased resistance to bacterial infection and granulocyte defects in IAP-deficient mice. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • So, it's a bacteria, and it's a bacterial infection that targets the white blood cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Overview of Rickettsial Infections Rickettsial infections and related infections (such as anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and Q fever) are caused by an unusual type of bacteria that can live only inside the cells of another organism. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The most common organisms responsible for oral infection include viruses, fungi and yeast, and bacteria. (medscape.com)
  • Both infect cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and cause lifelong infections. (mdpi.com)
  • Conclusion: PLCR and %IG can be used as easy, reliable, cost-effective, and fast biomarkers for the detection and evaluation of severity in wound infection. (jsurgmed.com)
  • Fraction of immature granulocytes reflects severity but not mortality in sepsis. (jsurgmed.com)
  • Immature Granulocyte count (IMG) is used in the assessment of various infections or sepsis and its severity 1,2 , inflammatory conditions like Pancreatis 3 , Appendicitis 4 , Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 5 , different diseases of bone marrow, transplant engraftment or growth factor therapy or hematopoietic neoplasms. (horiba.com)
  • Infection by VMV and CAEV can lead to Visna/Maedi (VM) and Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE) respectively, slow progressive inflammatory diseases primarily affecting the lungs, nervous system, joints and mammary glands. (mdpi.com)
  • Here we report that MDM from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with mild disease show an inflammatory transcriptional and metabolic imprint that lasts for at least 5 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. (nature.com)
  • By studying transcriptome- and lipid mediator profiles in MDM of convalescent SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with previous mild disease, we show that inflammatory gene expression and eicosanoid profiles as well as altered responsiveness to inflammatory cues are maintained at 3-5 months post infection as well as throughout macrophage differentiation. (nature.com)
  • Pro-inflammatory 5-LOX metabolites were selectively increased in post COVID-19 MDM, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection drives a pro-inflammatory eicosanoid reprogramming that contributes to long-term alterations in innate immune cell function. (nature.com)
  • Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs) are immune cells that fight infection, neoplasms and other inflammatory conditions, and mediate allergic responses. (loinc.org)
  • Histopathological analysis revealed that liver injury, characterized by collagen deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration, occurred as early as 24 h of infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many conditions can cause oral erythema, including localized trauma, infection, contact allergy, cancer, and other causes of inflammatory changes, as well as systemic diseases such as those that produce vesiculoerosive lesions or oral ulceration. (medscape.com)
  • Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. (avhandlingar.se)
  • A hyperinflammatory 'cytokine storm' state termed macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), culminating from a complex interplay of genetics, immunodeficiency, infectious triggers and dominant innate immune effector responses, can develop across disparate entities including systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and its counterpart adult-onset Still disease (AOSD), connective tissue diseases, sepsis, infection, cancers and cancer immunotherapy. (nature.com)
  • Immature granulocytes (IGs) encompass immature cells of granulocytic lineages, including metamyelocytes, myelocytes, and promyelocytes, which are easily recognized morphologically and are reported by automated analyzer as IG altogether. (medscape.com)
  • High Side Scatter is measured for granulocytes, and fluorescence is higher for immature cells having more residual RNA. (horiba.com)
  • These events are described in detail in the article immune system , but they can be summarized as follows: special types of white blood cells called polymorphonuclear leukocytes or granulocytes , which are normally manufactured in the bone marrow and which circulate in the blood, move to the site of the infection. (britannica.com)
  • Prompt antibiotic therapy initiated early in case of acute infection. (lu.se)
  • Leukocyte, granulocyte, and 3. (cdc.gov)
  • Both elevated and low leukocyte counts can be markers of infection and malignancy, and low leukocyte counts are associated with a variety of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, depending on the WBC type(s) that are out of range. (loinc.org)
  • Leukocyte counts of 12,000 to 20,000 per cubic millimetre during infections are not unusual. (britannica.com)
  • An important concept in the evaluation of data regarding transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections (TTBIs) is the definition of a case. (medscape.com)
  • Please read entire monograph if you are considering granulocyte transfusion. (medscape.com)
  • Decision to transfuse granulocytes should be made in consultation with the transfusion medicine physician because of a lack of established efficacy in randomized controlled trials and the coordination required to provide granulocytes as they must be collected the day of transfusion. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital neutrophil defects (i.e., chronic granulomatous disease) and documented refractory bacterial or fungal infection failing to respond to appropriate antimicrobial therapy for more than 24 to 48 hours may be considered for granulocyte transfusion. (medscape.com)
  • Granulocyte transfusion is a supportive adjuvant therapy to manage infections uncontrolled by standard medical therapy and thus should not be used as first line treatment or as the sole treatment of infection. (medscape.com)
  • Granulocyte transfusion is restricted to life-threatening situations when all other measures have failed. (lu.se)
  • Granulocytes are cells in the innate immune system characterized by the presence of specific granules in their cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • The innate immune system also includes physical barriers to infection such as the skin, mucus, bile and stomach acid. (malaghan.org.nz)
  • Potential benefits of immune-based therapies include: 1) the improvement of HIV-specific immunity to enhance control of viral replication, 2) the improvement of other aspects of host immunity in order to prevent or delay the development of opportunistic infections and 3) the potential to purge virus from cellular reservoirs which are sustained despite the effects of potent antiretroviral therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4) Opportunistic infections. (rochester.edu)
  • Serum and airway prostanoid- and LT levels are increased in severe COVID-19 10 , 11 , suggesting a role for eicosanoids in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. (nature.com)
  • If untreated, children may lose their teeth or develop severe gum infections. (ucsfbenioffchildrens.org)
  • Symptoms of both infections are more severe in people with a weakened immune system (due to a disorder such as HIV infection or to drugs such as corticosteroids). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) emerges as the 11th global pandemic disease, showing the highest infectivity and lowest infection fatality rate. (bvsalud.org)
  • The new guidelines are designed to reduce the incidence of pneumonia and other severe, acute lower respira- tory tract infections in acute-care hospitals and in other health-care settings (e.g., ambulatory and long-term care institu- tions) and other facilities where health care is provided. (cdc.gov)
  • Metronidazole (Flagyl) is a drug used to treat infections and has been studied in the treatment of cancer [10,11] as a radiosensitizer drug, especially for hypoxic cells [9]. (who.int)
  • Infusion of amphoterecin and granulocytes should be spaced as far apart as reasonably possible. (medscape.com)
  • D) Cytokine release syndrome following granulocyte infusion and consider anti IL-6 antibody or steroids if further deterioration. (ebmt.org)
  • When the immature white blood cells, called blasts, begin to crowd out other healthy cells in the bone marrow, the child experiences the symptoms of leukemia (such as fevers, infections, anemia, bone pain, or bleeding). (texaschildrens.org)
  • The general rationale for dental treatment of oral erythematous lesions is to relieve symptoms, to prevent problems that arise from the disease (eg, secondary infection, tissue morbidity), and to support the patient's general health. (medscape.com)
  • This episode paralleled with a massive CD8 T- lymphocyte expansion (CD3-663, CD4 106, CD8-568 cells/microliter) following granulocyte infusions, which peaked at day +10 post HSCT. (ebmt.org)
  • Granulocytes are produced via granulopoiesis in the bone marrow. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of infecton scintigraphy for detecting chronic bone and joint infections. (snmjournals.org)
  • infection with axillary temperature, bone pain, and headache. (cdc.gov)
  • 2%) can be useful for recognizing an acute infection, even when not suspected. (medscape.com)
  • Taking this improved specificity into consideration, our goal was to determine the efficacy of infecton imaging in the detection of chronic orthopedic infections. (snmjournals.org)
  • Moderate degrees of lymphocytosis are encountered in certain chronic infections such as tuberculosis and brucellosis . (britannica.com)
  • In chronic myeloid leukemia, the formation of granulocytes, a particular type of white blood cells, is disturbed. (eurekalert.org)
  • Administration of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) after birth raises neutrophil counts but does not improve neonatal or 2-year developmental outcomes. (bmj.com)
  • Total of 107 EDTA anticoagulated peripheral blood samples were randomly selected from daily pools of samples irrespective of the age, gender, or clinical condition samples, with wide ranges of immature granulocytes counts. (horiba.com)
  • The immature granulocyte counts ranged between 0 - 3.7 G/L by XN analyzer whereas 0 - 2.41 G/L by YH2500. (horiba.com)
  • The immature granulocyte counts per 100 WBC ranged between 0.1 - 11.2% by XN analyzer whereas 0.2 - 12% by YH2500. (horiba.com)
  • Granulocyte donors are almost always given medication regimens to increase the circulating granulocyte counts to improve collection. (medscape.com)
  • Other studies performed with various infections in animals and humans have found that infecton is a promising agent with better specificity for bacterial infections than white blood cell (WBC) scans. (snmjournals.org)
  • Factors such as exposure to certain viruses, environmental factors, chemical exposures, and various infections have been associated with damage to the immune system, although it's not clear if they increase the risk of leukemia. (texaschildrens.org)
  • Changes in the WBC, granulocyte, lymphocyte, and CRP values from 24 weeks of gestation to 6 days postpartum. (hindawi.com)
  • This occurs when a case has compatible clinical criteria with laboratory evidence to support Ehrlichia/Anaplasma infection, but not with sufficient clarity to definitively place it in one of the categories previously described. (cdc.gov)
  • A probable case of HGE was defined as a single antibody titer greater than or equal to 64 by immunofluorescent assay to E. equi or the identification of organisms (morulae) in granulocytes on a peripheral blood smear from a patient with an acute illness characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, and/or malaise. (cdc.gov)
  • Most often leukocytosis is the result of the presence of an infection , usually caused by pyogenic (pus-producing) organisms such as Streptococcus , Staphylococcus , Gonococcus , Pneumococcus , or Meningococcus . (britannica.com)
  • The amount of granulocytes per dose can vary greatly (from 1-8 x 1010 granulocytes/collection) based on the donor and mobilization regimen given to the donor. (medscape.com)
  • The volume will vary based on granulocyte concentration of donor but usually ranges from 10-20 mL/kg. (medscape.com)
  • Often times granulocyte donors are friends and family of the recipient because of the commitment needed to be a granulocyte donor. (medscape.com)
  • The donor had scheduled a trip to Sri Lanka, and was to return 3 days before the scheduled start of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, or G-CSF, application. (cdc.gov)
  • The donor had returned from her trip 3 days before the start of G-CSF-injections without any signs of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • After being informed about possible infection of the donor, the transplant physicians administered immunoglobulin to the recipient intravenously. (cdc.gov)
  • Newborn infants, especially preterm infants, have an increased susceptibility to serious and overwhelming bacterial as well as fungal infections. (avhandlingar.se)
  • He had evidence of preexisting fungal chest infection which was treated with Voriconazole and Micafungin. (ebmt.org)
  • A) Progression of pre-existing fungal chest infection and consider broncho alveolar lavage and change of antifungals. (ebmt.org)
  • Granulocytes are counted as part of a white blood cell differential test . (medlineplus.gov)
  • A differential blood count gives the relative percentage of each type of white blood cell and also helps to reveal abnormal white blood cell populations (eg, blasts, immature granulocytes, and circulating lymphoma cells in the peripheral blood). (medscape.com)
  • There are different types of AML, but this is usually a cancer of the blood in which too many granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, are produced in the marrow. (texaschildrens.org)
  • The granulocytes overproduce, thus, crowding out other blood cells. (texaschildrens.org)
  • During many kinds of bacterial infections there is an increase in the total number of white blood cells (WBC). (uwyo.edu)
  • One confirmed case also had characteristic morulae observed in granulocytes on a peripheral blood smear. (cdc.gov)
  • Granulocyte products typically contain a large amount of red blood cells and thus should be ABO and Rh compatible and require RBC crossmatching to be issued. (medscape.com)
  • In such an intractable, chemo refractory, early post-transplant relapsed disease, where palliative treatment was seemingly the only available option, he was offered an experimental approach with GRANS under which, he was given a T replete, 6/8 mismatched unrelated cord blood stem cell transplant with the administration of third-party pooled granulocytes around the D0. (ebmt.org)
  • The above findings are typically seen in CRS associated with granulocytes administration during a T replete cord blood transplant. (ebmt.org)
  • Stief, T. (2018) Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Multiplies Normal Blood ROS Generation at Less than 1 µg/l. (scirp.org)
  • The treatments help promote the growth of blood cells and reduce your risk of infection. (healthline.com)
  • The blood serum contains an antibody (sheep cell or heterophil agglutinin) that is characteristic of the disease , but antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus itself are more-specific markers of the infection. (britannica.com)
  • The white blood cell and granulocyte count nadirs were 1,660/ μ l and 438/ μ l. (hindawi.com)
  • We suspected an intravascular indwelling catheter infection, and blood tests and cultures were performed. (hindawi.com)
  • Babesiosis Babesiosis is infection of red blood cells caused by the protozoa Babesia . (merckmanuals.com)
  • And I bring that up because I kind of like to understand what words mean, and a granulocyte is a type of white blood cell. (cdc.gov)
  • Bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, or viral infections like mononucleosis. (ucsfbenioffchildrens.org)
  • Viral infections are typically self-limiting, but more serious complications can cause difficulties with recovery (eg, herpes simplex encephalitis, viral meningitis). (medscape.com)
  • Granulocytes are typically transfused daily for 5 or more consecutive days and should be continued until infection resolves or absolute neutrophil count remains >500/uL for 48 hours. (medscape.com)
  • Clonorchis sinensis infection typically elicits Th1/Th2 mixed immune responses during the course of biliary injury and periductal fibrosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment of HSV-1 infection should include assurance, information, caution regarding infectivity (eg, avoiding nail biting to reduce herpetic whitlow and/or touching of the lesions and then the eye to prevent corneal infection, oral sexual activity that might transmit the infection), and supportive care. (medscape.com)
  • Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been studied as one of these immune-based therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Objective We performed a randomised trial in very preterm, small for gestational age (SGA) babies to determine if prophylaxis with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) improves outcomes (the PROGRAMS trial). (bmj.com)
  • Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) administered after birth does not alter 5-year neurocognitive outcomes. (bmj.com)
  • During an automated WBC differential count, the metamyelocytes, myelocytes and promyelocytes are counted as immature granulocyte (IMG) for many years previously by different HORIBA hematology analyzers while Sysmex analyzers report them as IG. (horiba.com)
  • Ask your doctor if you should take any protective drugs to help boost your immune system or prevent infection. (healthline.com)
  • The number of granulocytes in the body usually increases when there is a serious infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) is a cell hormone that increases the cell number of PMN and that stimulates the individual PMN. (scirp.org)
  • Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne bacterial infections that cause fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and a general feeling of illness (malaise). (merckmanuals.com)
  • If the natural responses of the immune system are suppressed (immunosuppression), however, the Epstein-Barr virus can emerge from its latent form and initiate a new round of infection. (britannica.com)
  • Measurement of immature granulocyte percentage (%IG) and Platelet Larger Cell Ratio (PLCR) may be used as a marker of serious bacterial infections. (jsurgmed.com)
  • When a cell is infected by something like a virus, it can send signals to NK cells so they can be removed before the infection spreads. (malaghan.org.nz)
  • The phenomenon of natural immunity can be illustrated equally well with examples from the respiratory, intestinal, or genital tracts, where large surface areas are exposed to potentially infective agents and yet infection does not occur. (britannica.com)
  • Many scenarios, including infection, aberrant immunity, cancer and cancer immunotherapy, are associated with cytokine storm, also known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or hypercytokinaemia. (nature.com)
  • There is limited evidence that GM-CSF may help prevent the emergence of antiretroviral drug resistant viruses and that it may decrease the risk of infection in advanced HIV disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For purposes of this discussion, which involves therapy for oral erythematous lesions, the presented conditions are arbitrarily divided into the following categories: local infection, contact allergy, oral cancer, and localized vesiculoerosive and ulcerative disease. (medscape.com)
  • Localized infection is a common cause of erythematous and ulcerative oral lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Biochemical, radiologic, and microbiologic data and clinical outcomes also contributed, along with the results from scintigraphic techniques, in determining the presence or absence of infection. (snmjournals.org)
  • In some tropical and subtropical countries, for example, poliomyelitis is a rare clinical disease, though a common infection, but unimmunized visitors to such countries often contract serious clinical forms of the disease. (britannica.com)
  • Because of the clinical course, on day plus 1, physicians suspected a possible dengue virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • A case with laboratory evidence of past or present infection but no clinical information available (e.g., a laboratory report). (cdc.gov)
  • The human skin obviously has great inherent powers of resistance to infection, for most cuts and abrasions heal quickly, though often they are smothered with potentially pathogenic microorganisms. (britannica.com)
  • Although mouse infection models have been extensively used to study the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, their validity in revealing determinants of human tuberculosis (TB) resistance and disease progression has been heavily debated. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • If replacement therapy is started early and appropriate amounts are administered with sufficient frequency, the cycle of recurrent infections and progressive lung damage can be arrested. (medscape.com)
  • The most common viral oral infections include primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, recurrent intraoral herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, recurrent herpes labialis, primary herpes varicella, and herpangina. (medscape.com)
  • If an organism causes local infection or gains entry into the bloodstream, a complicated series of events ensues. (britannica.com)
  • When a granulocyte reaches the invading organism, it attempts to ingest the invader. (britannica.com)
  • Consequently, people may get more than one infection if they are bitten by a tick infected with more than one organism. (merckmanuals.com)