• Many national and international health agencies recommended the use of face masks during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. (cambridge.org)
  • Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged in Mexico in early 2009 and rapidly spread worldwide. (cambridge.org)
  • MDCK cells were used for the propagation of influenza virus H1N1 (A/WSN/33), H9N1 (1P10), and H9N1 (1WF10). (cdc.gov)
  • Since mid-April 2009, CDC, state and local health authorities in the United States, the World Health Organization (WHO), and health ministries in several countries have been responding to an outbreak of influenza caused by a novel influenza A (H1N1) Virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the authors modified the experimental procedures by increasing the median tissue culture infectious dose to 109and by inoculating via the intratracheal route, testing these procedures with H1N1 strains (A/Bilthoven/3075/1978 and A/Netherlands/26/2007) and H3N2 strains (A/Bilthoven/16190/1968 and A/Netherlands/177/2008) of seasonal influenza virus. (eur.nl)
  • In conclusion, the above H1N1 and H3N2 strains cause severe pneumonia in ferrets by use of the modified experimental procedures and provide a good model for pneumonia caused by seasonal influenza A virus infection in humans. (eur.nl)
  • Here, we assessed the induction of protective immunity to these viruses by infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in a newly developed guinea pig model. (eur.nl)
  • To this end, ten female 12-16 week old strain 2 guinea pigs were inoculated intratracheally with either A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus or PBS (unprimed controls) followed 4 weeks later with an A/H7N9 influenza virus challenge. (eur.nl)
  • Neuraminidase inhibitors were widely used during the 2009/10 influenza A H1N1 pandemic, but evidence for their effectiveness in reducing mortality is uncertain. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
  • The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
  • This household study identifies risk factors of infection by the pandemic influenza A/H1N1. (medscape.com)
  • In 1942, a new bivalent vaccine was developed that protected against both the H1N1 strain of influenza A and the newly discovered influenza B virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The viruses included in flu vaccines are changed each year to match the strains of flu that are most likely to make people sick that year since flu viruses can develop swiftly and new mutations have appeared each year, like H1N1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even though there are two different lineages of influenza B viruses that circulate during most seasons, flu vaccinations were long meant to protect against three different flu viruses: the influenza A(H1N1), influenza A(H3N2), and one influenza B virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • We investigated the expression of miRNAs with diverse functions including proliferation (miR-20a), differentiation (miR-22) or innate/adaptive immune responses (miR-132) in primary bronchial epithelial cells (pBECs) of asthmatics following infection with the H1N1 strain of IAV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The H1N1 virus (swine flu) is an infection of the nose, throat, and lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is caused by the H1N1 influenza virus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Earlier forms of the H1N1 virus were found in pigs (swine). (medlineplus.gov)
  • H1N1 is a new virus first detected in humans in 2009. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The H1N1 virus is now considered a regular flu virus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You cannot get H1N1 flu virus from eating pork or any other food, drinking water, swimming in pools, or using hot tubs or saunas. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of H1N1 influenza are similar to that for the flu in general . (medlineplus.gov)
  • The novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-O 2009 IV) can cause respiratory infectious diseases in humans and pigs, but there are few studies investigating the airborne spread of the virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antigenicity and sequence analysis of the three strains of H1N1 viruses confirmed that the isolated strain was S-O 2009 IV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • Human infections have occurred with different subtypes of low pathogenic and highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses . (cdc.gov)
  • The designation of "low" versus "highly" pathogenic avian influenza A virus refers to specific criteria, including mortality in experimentally infected poultry, and not to the severity of illness with human infections. (cdc.gov)
  • The Clade typing of HA gene showed the virus belonged to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4. (flu.org.cn)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • How safe and effective is the AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine in children? (medscape.com)
  • The quadrivalent influenza vaccine licensed by the CDC is currently designed to protect against both co-circulating lineages and has been shown to have greater effectiveness in prevention of influenza caused by Influenza B virus than the previous trivalent vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Later, 2003 saw the approval of the first live, attenuated influenza vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two influenza A viruses and two influenza B viruses are among the four flu viruses that a quadrivalent vaccine is intended to protect against. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each of these four vaccine virus components is chosen based on the following criteria: which flu viruses are infecting people ahead of the upcoming flu season, how widely they are spreading, how well the vaccines from the previous flu season may protect against those flu viruses, and the vaccine viruses' capacity to offer cross-protection. (wikipedia.org)
  • ifosfamide decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • adalimumab decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • Results: Vaccination with trivalent inactivated virus vaccine (TIV) reduced morbidity after influenza A virus infection but did not prevent virus replication completely. (mssm.edu)
  • It is one of the three viruses included in the regular (seasonal) flu vaccine . (medlineplus.gov)
  • The incidence of influenza hospitalizations varies by season and by age group and depends on the circulating influenza strains and the influenza vaccine efficacy. (rochester.edu)
  • This similarity suggests possible repurposing of the seasonal influenza vaccine containing pdmH1N1 component for prevention of the ZIKV infection. (utmb.edu)
  • Veljkovic, V & Paessler, S 2016, ' Possible repurposing of seasonal influenza vaccine for prevention of Zika virus infection ', F1000Research , vol. 5, 190. (utmb.edu)
  • LPAI A(H7N9) virus infection was reported in more than 1500 people in China, particularly during epidemics from 2013-2017, including cases exported to Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Canada. (cdc.gov)
  • The most recent H7N9 virus infection was reported in China in 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • On January 18, infection with in- Vestergaard M, Rasmussen S, Lund O, new reassortment in human patients fluenza A(H7N9) virus was laboratory et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Identification of acquired antimi- with A(H7N9) infection is needed. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we aimed to assess host differentially expressed gene signatures in respiratory tract epithelial cells after influenza A virus pdmH1N1 or H7N9 infection. (aacc.org)
  • To gain global and dynamic gene expression profiles, the NHBE cells cultured from a 24 year old donor were challenged by 3.0 m.o.i. avian H7N9 virus (A/Taiwan/4-CGMH/2014), H1N1pdm virus (A/California/07/2009), or mock control. (aacc.org)
  • The PCA analysis results showed that after 12 and 36 hours infection, there are significant different transcriptome profiling pattern between pdmH1N1 and H7N9. (aacc.org)
  • After 12 hours infection, 2313(5.40%) transcripts in pdmH1N1 infected NHBE cells, and 7125(15.94%) transcripts in H7N9 infected cells showed significant differences. (aacc.org)
  • ATP12A, KRT4, and CEACAM5 gene expression decreased 1273-540 fold 36 hours after H7N9 infection. (aacc.org)
  • H7N9 virus infection induced strong immune response, however cellular repair mechanisms were inhibited at the same time. (aacc.org)
  • Differential expression of specific factors observed between avian H7N9 and pdmH1N1 influenza virus strains could explain the variation in disease pathogenicity. (aacc.org)
  • These findings provide a framework for future studies examining the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of avian H7N9 virus. (aacc.org)
  • This cross-protective effect has not yet been demonstrated to the newly emerging avian influenza A viruses of the H7N9 subtype. (eur.nl)
  • Nasal swabs were taken daily and animals from both groups were sacrificed on days 2 and 7 post inoculation (p.i.) with A/H7N9 virus and full necropsies were performed. (eur.nl)
  • By day 7, only viral antigen positive cells were found after H7N9 virus infection in the nasal turbinates and the lungs of unprimed controls. (eur.nl)
  • Thus infection with H1N1pdm09 virus induced partially protective heterosubtypic immunity to H7N9 virus in (isogenic) guinea pigs that could not be attributed to cross-reactive virus neutralizing antibodies. (eur.nl)
  • Long-term clinical prognosis of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses in China after hospitalization. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Background:Mainland China has experienced five epidemics of human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection since 2013. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Interpretation:Patients who survived severe illness from A(H7N9) virus infection had evidence of persistent lung damage and long-term pulmonary dysfunction. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Since 31 March 2013, the government of China has been notifying the World Health Organization (WHO) of human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, 1 as mandated by the International Health Regulations (2005). (who.int)
  • H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7) have previously been reported, 3 the current event in China is of historical significance as it is the first time that A(H7N9) viruses have been detected among humans and the first time that a low pathogenic avian influenza virus is being associated with human fatalities. (who.int)
  • 5,6 Here, we describe the age and sex distribution of the human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) to better inform risk assessments and potential next steps. (who.int)
  • Between 31 March and 16 April 2013, there were 63 reported cases of avian influenza A(H7N9). (who.int)
  • 9 LBMs have been the primary site where avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has been detected in poultry and environmental samples in the affected areas, 9 although age- and sex-specific LBM visit patterns are unknown.Elderly Chinese men are well-known to be hobbyists of "walking" ornamental pet songbirds and take frequent and extended walks with their caged birds, congregating together in parks. (who.int)
  • Specificity, kinetics and longevity of antibody responses to avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in humans. (ox.ac.uk)
  • ObjectivesThe long-term dynamics of antibody responses in patients with influenza A(H7N9) virus infection are not well understood.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal serological follow-up study in patients who were hospitalized with A(H7N9) virus infection, during 2013-2018. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A(H7N9) virus-specific antibody responses were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralization (NT) assays. (ox.ac.uk)
  • HAI antibody responses were compared by clinical severity.ResultsOf 67 patients with A(H7N9) virus infection, HAI antibody titers reached 40 on average 11 days after illness onset and peaked at a titer of 290 after three months, and average titers of ≥80 and ≥40 were present until 11 months and 22 months respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
  • HAI antibody responses were significantly higher in patients who experienced severe disease, including respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, compared with patients who experienced less severe illness.ConclusionsPatients with A(H7N9) virus infection who survived severe disease mounted higher antibody responses that persisted for longer periods compared with those that experienced moderate disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We did a meta-analysis of individual participant data to investigate the association between use of neuraminidase inhibitors and mortality in patients admitted to hospital with pandemic influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • We assembled data for patients (all ages) admitted to hospital worldwide with laboratory confirmed or clinically diagnosed pandemic influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The primary complication of seasonal influenza in humans is viral pneumonia. (eur.nl)
  • A conventional animal model-intranasal inoculation of ferrets with 106median tissue culture infectious dose of virus-results in disease that is neither consistent nor comparable with severe viral pneumonia in humans. (eur.nl)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Influenza B virus is known only to infect humans, pigs and seals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Direct or indirect contact with diseased poultry is the primary route of HPAIV infections in humans 3 . (nature.com)
  • Over time, the virus changed (mutated) and infected humans. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Find out how we define and monitor cases of avian influenza in humans, and where you can learn more about this disease. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza A virus (IAV) is an RNA virus that can infect humans and also animals such as birds and pigs with high infectivity. (bioworld.com)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • Respiratory RNA viruses are continuing to challenge man with epidemics and devastating pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • How does the early occurrence of influenza epidemics impact outbreaks of other common seasonal viruses? (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A virus is a major human pathogen responsible for seasonal epidemics as well as pandemic outbreaks. (mssm.edu)
  • The ability to more accurately assess infection levels and predict which regions have higher infection risk in future time periods can instruct targeted prevention and treatment efforts, especially during epidemics. (nature.com)
  • This improved model predicts infections one week into the future as well as GFT predicts the present and does particularly well in regions that are most likely to facilitate influenza spread and during epidemics. (nature.com)
  • HPAI A(H5N1) virus infections have been reported in more than 890 people with approximately 50% case fatality proportion since 1997, including 20 cases and 7 deaths in Hong Kong during 1997-2003, and more than 870 cases reported in 22 countries since November 2003. (cdc.gov)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • Heterosubtypic immunity is defined as immune-mediated (partial) protection against an influenza virus induced by an influenza virus of another subtype to which the host has not previously been exposed. (eur.nl)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Researchers recommended both influenza vaccination and COVID-19 vaccination to people with a high risk of coinfection. (shine.cn)
  • Some of these mutations may allow RNA virus to cross species like SARS and COVID-19 whereby no vaccination existed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Public health education, vaccination and drug treatment are strategies whereby national security against threats of respiratory RNA virus pandemics is ensured. (biomedcentral.com)
  • School-located influenza vaccination programs have the potential to mass-vaccinate all enrolled children, but will parents give consent? (medscape.com)
  • We investigated the effect of suboptimal vaccination on the outcome of post-influenza bacterial superinfection. (mssm.edu)
  • Methods: We established a mouse vaccination model that allows control of disease severity after influenza virus infection despite inefficient induction of virus-neutralizing antibody titers by vaccination. (mssm.edu)
  • We investigated the effect of vaccination on virus-induced host immune responses and on the outcome of superinfection with Staphylococcus aureus. (mssm.edu)
  • Vaccination limited loss of alveolar macrophages and reduced levels of infiltrating pulmonary monocytes after influenza virus infection. (mssm.edu)
  • Interestingly, TIV vaccination resulted in enhanced levels of eosinophils after influenza virus infection and recruitment of neutrophils in both lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes after bacterial superinfection. (mssm.edu)
  • Conclusion: These observations highlight the importance of disease modulation by influenza vaccination, even when suboptimal, and suggest that influenza vaccination is still beneficial to protect during bacterial superinfection in the absence of complete virus neutralization. (mssm.edu)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • Evaluate adherence to influenza vaccination recommendations. (rochester.edu)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • Subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses that have been virologically confirmed to have infected people include A(H6), A(H7), A(H9), and A(H10) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • The subtypes of influenza A virus are estimated to have diverged 2,000 years ago. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • ABSTRACT The epidemiology, seasonality and risk factors for influenza virus infection remains poorly defined in countries such as Egypt. (who.int)
  • abstract = "The in silico analysis shows that the envelope glycoproteins E of Zika viruses (ZIKV) isolated in Asia, Africa and South and Central America encode highly conserved information determining their interacting profile and immunological properties. (utmb.edu)
  • abstract = "Injection of infectious but not of non‐infections influenza A virus or of infectious or non‐infectious Sendai virus intraperitoneally into mice induces the generation of plastic‐adherent cells that arc able to effect release of 51Cr from labelled virus‐infected target cells but not from labelled, uninfcctcd cells. (edu.hk)
  • Ebola and Marburg are very deadly viruses that keep resurfacing as outbreaks in Africa. (revelation13.net)
  • Also: Can the Bible Code help us find the animal vector hiding place, the carrier host animal where the Ebola virus hides between outbreaks? (revelation13.net)
  • This study seeks to improve GFT's accuracy by using historical correlations between influenza outbreaks in different regions to create a network of connected regions that are likely to experience outbreaks at similar times ( Figure 1 ). (nature.com)
  • Childhood outbreaks of parainfluenza virus infections can occur in nurseries, pediatric wards, and schools. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Majority of influenza virus-associated SARI occurred in autumn and early winter, and influenza A(H3N2) virus predominated. (who.int)
  • Further characterization of the virus from the patient is planned. (who.int)
  • Human infections with avian influenza A viruses are uncommon but have occurred sporadically in many countries, usually after unprotected exposures (e.g. not using respiratory or eye protection) to infected poultry or virus-contaminated environments and have resulted in mild-to-severe illness with a wide range of symptoms and complications. (cdc.gov)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • Researchers found that the existing infection of influenza A virus significantly promoted the entry and replication of the novel coronavirus in a variety of human respiratory tract cells and lung tissue cells, while it also elevated the COVID-19 viral load, leading to more severe lung damage in coinfected mice. (shine.cn)
  • These viruses depend on its host for replication and infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Increased IFNAR1 levels promote a lung environment refractory to early influenza virus replication by elevating the baseline interferon signature. (crick.ac.uk)
  • We propose that the microbiota-driven interferon signature in lung epithelia impedes early virus replication and that IFNAR1 surface levels fine-tune this signature. (crick.ac.uk)
  • We report the development of a stable, eplication-competent luciferase reporter influenza A virus that can be used for in vivo imaging of viral replication. (mssm.edu)
  • The IFITMs inhibit influenza A virus (IAV) replication in vitro and in vivo. (ethz.ch)
  • Many host factors have been identified that act as regulators of the inflammatory response and virus replication in influenza A virus (IAV) infected cells including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) like receptor (NLR) family proteins. (figshare.com)
  • Clinical illness associated with human infections with avian influenza A viruses does not necessarily correlate with virus pathogenicity in infected birds. (cdc.gov)
  • There is some evidence to support the wearing of masks or respirators during illness to protect others, and public health emphasis on mask wearing during illness may help to reduce influenza virus transmission. (cambridge.org)
  • Severity of illness now appears to be more moderate than initially feared [ Reference Fraser 1 , Reference Wilson and Baker 2 ], although high population attack rates would be associated with significant numbers of severe infections, hospitalizations and deaths. (cambridge.org)
  • In solid organ transplant recipients with donor-derived infection (DDI), LCMV has been shown to cause severe illness characterized by multisystem organ failure. (medscape.com)
  • World Health Organization Influenza-Like Illness Underestimates the Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. (ox.ac.uk)
  • BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) surveillance is heavily dependent on the influenza-like illness (ILI) case definition from the World Health Organization (WHO). (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, GFT had some infamous errors and is significantly less accurate at tracking laboratory-confirmed cases than syndromic influenza-like illness (ILI) cases. (nature.com)
  • Google's model produces real-time estimates of the percentage of physician visits attributed to influenza-like illness (ILI) using a combination of query terms that best correlated with CDC ILI data from 2003-2008 1 . (nature.com)
  • Identify factors that are associated with severe illness or influenza-associated complications. (rochester.edu)
  • Parainfluenza viruses can cause repeated infections, but reinfection generally causes milder illness. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Laboratory-confirmed cholera and rota- received oseltamivir while in the hos- reported in Jiangsu Province, China virus among patients with acute diarrhea pital but died on January 18. (cdc.gov)
  • Between 1 January and 31 December 2013, we used surveillance data on patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infection in three Egyptian government hospitals in Damanhour district to estimate the incidence rate of laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza. (who.int)
  • Active surveillance for hospitalized laboratory-confirmed influenza cases among residents of the seven county Rochester catchment area began in 2004 as part of the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Emerging Infections Program (EIP) Flu-Surv.net . (rochester.edu)
  • Laboratory-confirmed influenza is reportable to the New York State Department of Public Health. (rochester.edu)
  • Determine the age-specific rates of laboratory confirmed influenza associated hospitalization. (rochester.edu)
  • Active surveillance for laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations is conducted among residents of the seven county Rochester catchment area. (rochester.edu)
  • A case is defined as a resident in the catchment area having a hospital admission with a laboratory confirmed influenza infection. (rochester.edu)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • How effective are seasonal influenza vaccines in tropical communities? (medscape.com)
  • This prompted research into the properties of the virus and the creation and application of inactivated vaccines in the late 1930s and early 1940s. (wikipedia.org)
  • In today's current world, even while some technology has advanced and flu vaccines now cover both strains of influenza A and B, the science is still based on findings from almost a century ago. (wikipedia.org)
  • The four main types of Type A and B influenza viruses that are most likely to spread and make people sick during the upcoming flu season are the targets of seasonal influenza (flu) vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunosuppressives may diminish therapeutic effects of vaccines and increase risk of adverse effects (increased risk of infection). (medscape.com)
  • Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines. (medscape.com)
  • Currently licensed influenza vaccines aim at the induction of neutralizing antibodies and are less effective if the induction of neutralizing antibodies is low and/or the influenza virus changes its antigenic surface. (mssm.edu)
  • Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Pregnant Women with Influenza, 2010 to 2019: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. (rochester.edu)
  • Rates of Influenza-Associated Hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit Admission, and In-Hospital Death by Race and Ethnicity in the United States From 2009 to 2019. (rochester.edu)
  • Reducing error in estimates of actual influenza cases as opposed to ILI is critical for prevention and control efforts because ILI captures a multitude of other pathogens and provides a noisy measure of actual flu levels 5 , 6 , 7 . (nature.com)
  • Isolation and identification of pathogens confirmed S-O 2009 IV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The virus can be detected by polymerase chain reaction, usually using a multiplex panel of common respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This was the first ever description of the epidemiology of seasonal influenza in Egypt. (who.int)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • Despite the poor induction of influenza-specific antibodies, TIV protected from mortality after bacterial superinfection. (mssm.edu)
  • Apart from mortality, influenza infections cause an important burden on healthcare systems worldwide with an important number of medical visits and hospitalizations. (efim.org)
  • Influenzavirus B mutates at a rate 2 to 3 times slower than type A. Nevertheless, it is accepted that Influenza B virus could cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and significantly impacts adolescents and schoolchildren. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mice lacking Nlrp3, Pycard, or caspase-1, but not Nlrc4, exhibited dramatically increased mortality and a reduced immune response after exposure to the influenza virus. (nih.gov)
  • Force screening for HCV is not currently performed during U.S. Air Force (USAF) Basic Military Training (BMT) although screening is completed for other viral infections (including HIV, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B). As a result, the true prevalence of chronic HCV infection cannot be ascertained in the basic trainee population. (health.mil)
  • Therefore, patients receiving antifungal therapy with clinical preparations of AmphoB may be functionally immunocompromised and thus more vulnerable to influenza, as well as other IFITM3-restricted viral infections. (ethz.ch)
  • Overview of Viral Respiratory Infections Viral infections commonly affect the upper or lower respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Clinical experience suggests that, in addition to acute viral infections of the airways, focal bacterial infections, such as sinusitis or bronchitis, may also worsen asthma symptoms in children, but there is no research-based evidence for this connection. (medscape.com)
  • LPAI A(H10N3) virus infection was reported in one person with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure in China in 2021, and in another person with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure in China in 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • LPAI A(H10N8) virus infection was reported in a small number of people with severe pneumonia with respiratory failure, including a few deaths, in China since 2013. (cdc.gov)
  • What is the main cause of severe acute respiratory infections on the US-Mexico border? (medscape.com)
  • Read about the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network, a new platform that can provide annual data on severe influenza for a wide range of populations. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A virus (IAV) is responsible for 3-5 million severe cases every year, resulting in 250-500,000 deaths 1 . (nature.com)
  • These cases presented with severe pneumonia that progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and intractable respiratory failure.ConclusionThis novel reassortment avian influenza A (H10N8) virus in China resulted in fatal human infections, and should be added to concerns in clinical practice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • How severe a viral infection is depends on how much the virus is replicating, damaging cells as it does so, and on the response of the immune system. (bioworld.com)
  • Some of the most severe cases of COVID-19 are happening in the absence of replicating virus," Joseph Guarnieri told BioWorld . (bioworld.com)
  • In work published in Science Translational Medicine on Aug. 9, 2023, Guarnieri and his colleagues have described how those severe cases unfold, even as there is no replicating virus to be found. (bioworld.com)
  • Usually, a specific viral diagnosis is clinically unnecessary but may help distinguish a parainfluenza virus infection from a bacterial infection in patients with severe lower respiratory tract disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause significant morbidity to individuals due to inflammatory damage to the liver. (health.mil)
  • BackgroundNovel influenza A viruses of avian-origin may be the precursors of pandemic strains. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A small number of human infections with avian influenza A viruses have been attributed to exposure to infected wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Most influenza strains evolve exclusively in the large reservoir of water birds, but some highly pathogenic avian strains (e.g. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • Apart from sporadic cases, widespread infections and deaths of wild birds from HPAIV infection have never been reported before 2005. (nature.com)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • In further experiments, similar promotive effects on COVID-19 infection were not observed with several other respiratory viruses, indicating that influenza A virus has a unique ability to aggravate COVID-19 infection, and thus, the prevention of influenza infection is of great significance during the COVID-19 pandemic, said the study. (shine.cn)
  • [ 3 ] There are 3 possible outcomes for an infected rodent: rapid clearance of virus, development of an acute lethal disease, and persistent chronic infection which is clinically benign but results in the release of virus into excreta, specifically urine. (medscape.com)
  • Because ILI includes fever in its syndromic case definition, its ability to accurately identify acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) caused by RSV in older adults is uncertain. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Acute respiratory infections in pediatric long-term care facilities are associated with significant health and financial burdens. (medscape.com)
  • Croup Croup is acute inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tracts most commonly caused by parainfluenza virus type 1 infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Recent studies applying sensitive molecular methods, such as PCR, have highlighted the role of viruses in acute wheezing and asthma attacks in children. (medscape.com)
  • The lesions were associated with the presence of influenza virus antigen in respiratory epithelium by immunohistochemistry. (eur.nl)
  • The overall incidence of influenza virus-associated SARI during the study period was estimated to be 44 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% CI: 39-48). (who.int)
  • The incidence of influenza-virus associated SARI cases in pregnant women was estimated to be 17.3 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% CI: 6-54). (who.int)
  • Although all 4 virus strains caused pulmonary lesions of comparable severity, virus isolation in the lungs, trachea, nasal concha, and tonsils showed higher mean virus titers in the H1/07 and H3/68 groups than in the H1/78 and H3/08 groups. (eur.nl)
  • EIP staff collect data to determine underlying conditions, influenza testing patterns and markers of disease severity. (rochester.edu)
  • The knockdown of NLRC5 enhanced the expression of genes known to be associated with viral defense and decreased innate cytokine gene expression following AIV infection. (figshare.com)
  • Overall, our investigation strongly suggests that NLRC5 is a pro-viral factor during IAV infection in chicken and may contribute to pathogenesis through innate cytokine regulation. (figshare.com)
  • The innate immune system has the ability to target pathogen membranes through the expression of short antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which exert direct antimicrobial activity and can therefore act as antiviral agents against enveloped viruses. (bioworld.com)
  • A positive test for HCV antibody in addition to either a positive HCV RNA or EIA test indicates active infection. (health.mil)
  • Alternatively, a positive HCV antibody test in an individual with negative RNA and EIA tests typically denotes a cleared infection. (health.mil)
  • In 2020, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), 5 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 6 and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 7 expanded recommendations for HCV infection screening to include all adults age 18 years or older (and for all pregnant women during each pregnancy) because of cost effectiveness, limited success of risk-based screening, and availability of curative treatment. (health.mil)
  • Background: Influenza virus infection predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia. (mssm.edu)
  • Determine the rate of serious influenza-associated complications, such as secondary bacterial infections, and the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission/mechanical ventilation. (rochester.edu)
  • The aim of this review is to evaluate the currently available data on the role of respiratory infections in asthmatic children, with a special focus on bacterial infections and antibiotic treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Management of Bacterial Infections in Children with Asthma - Medscape - Sep 21, 2009. (medscape.com)
  • This study provides a more accurate view of the hospitalization burden of influenza and RSV. (medscape.com)
  • However, the interaction between influenza viruses and the novel coronavirus remained unclear. (shine.cn)
  • The antimicrobial peptide, β-defensin-1, has antiviral activity against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • They also emphasized that the development of novel broad-spectrum antiviral drugs targeting more than one virus is necessary for the treatment of coinfectious diseases. (shine.cn)
  • The use of luciferase reporter influenza viruses allows for new mechanistic studies to expand our knowledge of virus-induced disease and provides a new quantitative method to evaluate future antiviral therapies. (mssm.edu)
  • Viruses can evolve and mutate rapidly to establish resistance, making the development of durable and effective antiviral therapies challenging. (bioworld.com)
  • Therefore, further investigation and monitoring is required to prevent this novel reassortant virus from becoming a new threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Influenza viruses circulate around the world every year. (cambridge.org)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • One case of asymptomatic infection was reported in Vietnam in 2011, and another asymptomatic case was reported in the United Kingdom that occurred in late 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • 18 Years Who Were Hospitalized or Died with Influenza - United States, 2021-22 Influenza Season. (rochester.edu)
  • What are the diagnostic practices for influenza and other respiratory virus in U.S. hospitals and laboratories? (medscape.com)
  • The second lineage of the B virus was since added to provide greater defense against circulating flu viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Together, these data place the NLRP3 inflammasome as an essential component in host defense against influenza infection through the sensing of viral RNA. (nih.gov)
  • Collectively, our data provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of the differential pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses. (aacc.org)
  • Further studies in controlled settings and studies of natural infections in healthcare and community settings are required to better define the effectiveness of face masks and respirators in preventing influenza virus transmission. (cambridge.org)
  • We conducted a systematic review [ Reference Moher 6 ] to investigate the evidence supporting the effectiveness of face masks in reducing influenza virus infection under controlled and natural conditions. (cambridge.org)
  • Information on swine/variant influenza. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Influenza viruses, including avian influenza and swine influenza. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In both pig and guinea pig infection models, the isolate (A/swine/Shandong/07/2011) was capable of forming aerosols and infected experimental animals at a range of 2.0-4.2 m by aerosols, but aerosol route was less efficient than direct contact. (biomedcentral.com)
  • And the isolate (A/swine/Shandong/07/2011) was used in aerosol infection models to verify its airborne transmission traits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the first human case of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus infection in Beijing, so as to provide evidences for prevention and control of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus infection. (flu.org.cn)
  • The samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, sputum collected at the early stage of diseases were positive for the nucleic acid of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus. (flu.org.cn)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • Infectious virus was recovered from nasal turbinates, trachea and lung of all animals at day 2 p.i., but titers were lower for H1N1pdm09-primed animals, especially in the nasal turbinates. (eur.nl)
  • By day 7 p.i., relatively high virus titers were found in the nasal turbinates of all unprimed control animals but infectious virus was isolated from the nose of only one of four H1N1pdm09-primed animals. (eur.nl)
  • However, additional works are needed for greater understanding of influenza burden in Egypt. (who.int)
  • Due to the continuing burden on human health, the need for new tools to study influenza virus pathogenesis as well as to evaluate new herapeutics is paramount. (mssm.edu)
  • The ferrets of all groups (n = 3 per virus strain) had clinical signs, increased body temperature, virus excretion from day 1, loss of body weight, and increased relative lung weight at 4 days postinoculation. (eur.nl)
  • Active HCV infection disqualifies an individual from military accession because its proper clinical management conflicts with initial training and mission readiness. (health.mil)