• H9N2 influenza virus has been recognized to reassort with multiple other subtypes, including H6N1, H6N2, and H5N1 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molecular characterization of H9N2 influenza viruses: were they the donors of the "internal" genes of H5N1 viruses in Hong Kong? (wikipedia.org)
  • Phylogenetic analysis HA and NA genes showed that they share a common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which had contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus. (scialert.net)
  • On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its first human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
  • This paper, and the accompanying Diagram, describe many aspects of the influenza vaccine process including important similarities and differences in how seasonal human influenza viruses and H5N1 viruses are handled. (who.int)
  • Before 2004, GISN primarily focused on seasonal influenza viruses for vaccine development but since 2004, has expanded its scope to include H5N1 viruses because this virus constitutes an unusually serious pandemic risk. (who.int)
  • Therefore, WHO now reviews the available antigenic and genetic data on animal and human H5N1 viruses in addition to the analyses of seasonal vaccine stains and has developed and made H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses available to vaccine producers so they can work on developing safe and effective human H5N1 vaccines for potential productioni. (who.int)
  • Some of these H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses have been used by manufacturers to produce human influenza H5N1 vaccines, some of which have been tested in clinical trials. (who.int)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • In 2011, H9N2 viruses were observed to be co-circulating and co-infecting the same hosts as H5N1 viruses. (who.int)
  • In the 2014-2015 winter season, H5N1 was circulating heavily in poultry flocks and caused an unprecedented number of human infections. (who.int)
  • Surveillance for avian influenza viruses must continue in Egypt to monitor further developments in H5N1 circulation in poultry. (who.int)
  • En 2011, on a remarqué que les virus H9N2 circulaient en même temps et co-infectaient les mêmes hôtes que les virus H5N1. (who.int)
  • hivernale 2014-2015, le virus H5N1 a considérablement circulé dans les élevages de volailles, entraînant un nombre d'infections sans précédent chez l'homme. (who.int)
  • La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire doit se poursuivre en Égypte afin de déceler les futures évolutions de la circulation du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles. (who.int)
  • Since 2006, the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has circulated among domestic poultry in Egypt, causing massive economic losses in the poultry production sector (1). (who.int)
  • However, the H5N1 virus continued to circulate and it became endemic in 2008, which led to genetic drift of the surface immunogenic glycoproteins (4,5). (who.int)
  • Accordingly, the Egyptian H5N1 viruses diversified into several subclades (classical 2.2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.1a and 2.2.1.2), of which at least two subclades co-circulated between 2008 and 2011 (6-8). (who.int)
  • The subclades of H5N1 viruses in Egypt are antigenically distinct and most vaccines used are no longer antigenically matched (2,9). (who.int)
  • Egypt reported more laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza virus H5N1 to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 2003 and 2015 than any other country (346 cases), with 116 deaths, giving a case fatality rate of 33.5 % (10). (who.int)
  • Over the last 20 years, there have been regular introductions of H5N1 strains and occasional cases of H7N1 and H9N2 infections, mostly associated with outbreaks in poultry ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 or H7N9 have infected people, predominantly in Southeast Asia, but in these cases, the virus has been transmitted directly from infected birds to people, with no onward spread. (feedstuffs.com)
  • The present results demonstrate that an H9N2 virus has the potential to acquire intravenous pathogenicity in chickens although the morbidity via the nasal route of infection is lower than that of H5N1 HPAIV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • H5N1 is typically a highly pathogenic virus in birds, resulting in severe disease and death. (medscape.com)
  • Some evidence indicates that H5N1 may cause fewer symptoms in ducks, making them a potential reservoir for infection and spread by migratory flocks. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] A reassorted H5N1 virus has been reported in the United States among wild birds but is not considered a threat to humans. (medscape.com)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • NS1 of H5N1/04, H5N1/97 and H7N9 was very effective at suppressing interferon type I promoter, which correlates with the severity of the infection in humans. (helsinki.fi)
  • They initiated seminal studies of the underlying causes of H5 virus pathogenicity, the evolution of the H5N1 virus, and developed a highly effective monitoring and surveillance program of avian and swine influenza strains. (gairdner.org)
  • Their subsequent work established new protocols for periodic live poultry market closures, emptying markets of poultry overnight to reduce virus amplification within these markets and the appropriate use of poultry vaccines to protect both poultry and people in Hong Kong from H5N1 infections. (gairdner.org)
  • They have made major contributions towards understanding the emergence, transmission, epidemiology and pathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenzas including H5N1, H9N2, H6N1, H7N9, H5Nx and others and have provided evidence-based options for control of avian influenza viruses in Asia. (gairdner.org)
  • 2022. In recent years there has been a change in the primary subtypes and frequency of reports of human A(HxNy) in the region, with a reduction of A(H7N9) and A(H5N1), and conversely an increase of A(H5N6) and A(H9N2). (who.int)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • However, the H5N1 virus continued ians collected 2383 cloacal and 1877 ble 1). (who.int)
  • While H9N2's involvement can be traced back two decades to the emergence of H5N1, since 2013 we've seen a sudden surge in the number of new avian reassortants appearing in China - nearly all carrying the incriminating fingerprints of H9N2. (flutrackers.com)
  • However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The increasing number of fatal cases due to H5N1 infections prompted the government of Hong Kong to initiate policies forbidding the slaughtering of live chickens or other poultry in wet markets [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During the period of high circulation, AIV RNA was detected from 100% of the air samplers using molecular methods and viable AIV (A/H5N1 and/or A/H9N2) was isolated from 50% of air samplers following inoculation into embryonated chicken eggs. (hal.science)
  • Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
  • Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethal challenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (distantreader.org)
  • During 2020, reassortment (gene-swapping) between poultry and wild bird viruses led to the emergence of HPAI H5N1 with the NA viruses with an N1 NA from wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • These wild bird-adapted HPAI H5N1 viruses were first identified in Europe during the fall of 2020 and spread across Europe and into Africa, the Middle East and Asia 24 . (cdc.gov)
  • In May 2021, HPAI H5N1 virus was detected in wild fox kits 51 at a rehabilitation center in the Netherlands, during an outbreak of HPAI in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • In December 2021, detections of HPAI H5N1 virus were also reported in wild foxes in Estonia 54 . (cdc.gov)
  • In January 2022, an HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection was reported in an asymptomatic 80-year-old man who raised ducks that became sick in England in late December 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • In February, Peru reported HPAI H5N1 virus infections in sea lions following deaths of hundreds of sea lions that began in January. (cdc.gov)
  • In January 2022, the first HPAI H5N1 virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) infection in wild birds in the United States since 2016 was reported by USDA/APHIS . (cdc.gov)
  • In April 2022, the first human case of HPAI H5N1 virus was reported in the United States, though this detection may have been the result of contamination of the nasal passages with the virus rather than actual infection. (cdc.gov)
  • A large variety of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate in live bird markets (LBMs) in countries where highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) viruses are endemic ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
  • There are many subtypes of avian influenza viruses, but only some strains of five subtypes have been known to infect humans: H5N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, and H9N2. (inciner8.com)
  • Recent human infections with avian influenza virus revealed that H9N2 is the gene donor for H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that are infecting humans too. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, H7N9 influenza viruses continued to reassort with circulating H9N2 viruses, resulting in multiple genotypes of H7N9 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Little information exists on the status of A, H7N9, virus in wild birds to assess their potential as sources of human infection and dissemination of the virus to new areas. (cdc.gov)
  • H7 subtype, less than .05 percent tested positive for any N9 subtype, and less than .01 percent tested positive for an H7N9 strain, and less than .02 percent tested positive for an H9N2 strain. (cdc.gov)
  • Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
  • As of April 29, 2013, China had reported 126 confirmed H7N9 infections in humans, among whom 24 (19%) died ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Isolation of H5N6, H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza A viruses from air sampled at live poultry markets in China, 2014 and 2015. (cdc.gov)
  • Viral genome and infectious avian influenza A viruses of H5N6, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes were detected predominantly from particles larger or equal to 1 microm in diameter in the air sampled with cyclone-based bioaerosol samplers at the live poultry markets in Guangzhou. (cdc.gov)
  • This may explain epidemiological observations in which some patients with H7N9 infection reported being in markets but no direct contact with live poultry or poultry stalls. (cdc.gov)
  • Human infection with avian influenza A/H7N9 virus was initially reported in China in 2013. (kdca.go.kr)
  • Although no evidence of sustainable human to human transmission and no major differences in the risk factors of H7N9 infection were reported, increasing geographic spread and greater environmental contamination in LPM pose significant public health concern in neighboring countries. (kdca.go.kr)
  • The low pathogenicity AIVs A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) are also potential threats for global public health, related to the ability of these viruses to cause human infections in people in close contact with infected poultry ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 is a novel avian influenza virus first reported to have infected humans in 2013 in China. (inciner8.com)
  • The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A novel H7N9 influenza A virus first detected in March 2013 has since caused more than 130 human infections in China, resulting in 40 deaths. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We show that the H7 viruses subsequently reassorted with enzootic H9N2 viruses to generate the H7N9 outbreak lineage, and a related previously unrecognized H7N7 lineage. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The H7N9 outbreak lineage has spread over a large geographic region and is prevalent in chickens at live poultry markets, which are thought to be the immediate source of human infections. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Influenza A virus subtype H9N2 (A/H9N2) is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (bird flu virus). (wikipedia.org)
  • H9N2 is the most common subtype of influenza viruses in Chinese chickens and thus causes great economic loss for the poultry industry, even under the long-term vaccination programs. (wikipedia.org)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus can infect both chickens and humans. (flu.org.cn)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza subtype A(HxNy) viruses are zoonotic and may occasionally infect humans through direct or indirect contact, resulting in mild to severe illness and death. (who.int)
  • The crucial role of H9N2 viruses due to the wide host range, adaptation to both poultry and mammals and extensive gene reassortment. (wikipedia.org)
  • A total of 512 tissue samples collected from 30 farms located in various states of Iran during 2008-2009 as part of a program to monitor AIV infection in Iran poultry population. (scialert.net)
  • Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
  • H9N2 viruses circulate widely in the Middle East and are associated with serious disease in poultry. (scialert.net)
  • Direct or indirect contact with diseased poultry is the primary route of HPAIV infections in humans 3 . (nature.com)
  • ABSTRACT Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. (who.int)
  • The structure of the hemagglutinin, or HA, protein in the virus and the lack of reports of severe disease in poultry indicate that the virus exhibits characteristics of low pathogenicity in birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Alterations to key gene associated with infection offer partial protection and suggest path to flu-resistant poultry. (ed.ac.uk)
  • From these animals the virus can spread to domestic poultry or directly to humans and other mammalian hosts ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Pirbright Institute research teams studying characteristics of influenza virus that may alter disease outcomes in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)
  • The viruses can infect a wide range of animals, including people and pigs, but the natural reservoir lies in populations of wild aquatic birds such as ducks and gulls, according to an announcement from The Pirbright Institute in the U.K., which is conducting research to better understand avian influenza viruses to help prevent the disease in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)
  • When LPAI viruses circulate in high-density poultry areas, the viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic strains. (feedstuffs.com)
  • Outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) caused by infection with low pathogenic H9N2 viruses have occurred in poultry, resulting in serious economic losses in Asia and the Middle East. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zoonotic infections by avian influenza viruses occur at the human-poultry interface, but the modes of transmission have not been fully investigated. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A(H9N2) viruses were ubiquitously isolated every month during the study period from air and environmental swabs, and different lineages of H9N2 virus were isolated from markets where chickens and minor land-based poultry were sold. (cdc.gov)
  • The results highlight the possibility of airborne transmission of avian influenza viruses among poultry or from poultry to humans within such settings. (cdc.gov)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • Through their research Guan and Peiris established that live poultry markets in southern China and Hong Kong were the source of the virus spreading to humans, where it exhibited up to 60% lethality in infected persons. (gairdner.org)
  • we previously analyse differences within the variables among domestic poultry in Egypt, caus- reported that the average infection rate examined (sample type, governorate, ing massive economic losses in the was about 7.7% between 2009 and 2014 species and production source). (who.int)
  • Aiding and abetting H9N2 in the creation of new viable avian reassortant viruses has been the common practice of housing together many different species of birds and poultry at live bird markets ( LBMs ), where viruses that might never meet up normally in the wild are provided an ideal environment to reassort. (flutrackers.com)
  • Add in transport and trade of poultry between markets ( LPTs ), and what might have remained local, isolated, outbreaks of a novel avian virus are provided additional opportunities to become regional - or even international - threats. (flutrackers.com)
  • Exposure to live poultry market (LPM) is known to be associated with a greater risk of infection and most of the cases were sporadic, except for a few clusters. (kdca.go.kr)
  • Influenza A(H9N2) viruses are enzootic in poultry populations in parts of Africa, Asia and the Middle East. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Most human cases are exposed to the A(H9N2) virus through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Since the virus continues to be detected in poultry populations, further human cases can be expected. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • In the last few decades, frequent incidences of avian influenza (AI) H9N2 outbreaks have caused high mortality in poultry farms resulting in colossal economic losses in several countries. (morulaivf.com)
  • During 2020, LPAI H9N2 virus infection in one child with moderate illness after possible indirect exposure to backyard poultry was reported from Hong Kong in February 2020. (cdc.gov)
  • Senegal reported a case of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in a child with mild illness after backyard poultry exposure that occurred in February 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • In March 2021, Laos reported its first human infection with HPAI H5N6 in a child who first became mildly ill in February following contact with infected poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • From late 2021 to 2022, the predominant HPAI H5 virus causing poultry outbreaks worldwide was the wild-bird adapted HPAI H5N1virus, according to WHOA (formally known as OIE [610 KB, 6 pages] ). (cdc.gov)
  • During January through April 2022, China reported seven cases of HPAI H5N6 virus infection following poultry exposures, with severe or critical illness, including one death. (cdc.gov)
  • Poultry farms with a high level of hygiene and waste management find avian flu infections occur less frequently. (inciner8.com)
  • The continuing prevalence of H7 viruses in poultry could lead to the generation of highly pathogenic variants and further sporadic human infections, with a continued risk of the virus acquiring human-to-human transmissibility. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Influenza A(H9N2) infections in Hong Kong published April 8, 1999. (wikipedia.org)
  • People's Daily Online - Hong Kong reports human case of H9N2 published March 20, 2007. (wikipedia.org)
  • 90% similar to those of A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2) lineage. (scialert.net)
  • H7N7 in the Netherlands, H9N2 in China and Hong Kong) have been reported. (medscape.com)
  • Over the years the H9N2 influenza strain caused illness in several children aged nine months to 5 years in Hong Kong with the latest occurring in December 2009. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection (CHP) reported recently six additional human H9N2 avian influenza cases from Mainland China. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Zoonotic infections are defined as infections that are transmitted from nonhuman vertebrates to humans. (scienceopen.com)
  • for example, Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections have been most commonly transmitted to humans via the ingestion of undercooked ground beef. (scienceopen.com)
  • 1 As many zoonotic agents are uncommon in humans and, for a number, have been established as causes of laboratory-acquired infections, good communication with the clinical microbiology laboratory is essential. (scienceopen.com)
  • Experts say that additional genetic changes would be needed for the virus to infect and spread effectively in humans. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Although all strains of influenza A virus naturally infect birds, certain strains can infect mammalian hosts such as pigs and humans. (medscape.com)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • The isolation and characterization of the causative agent of SARS as a novel coronavirus and quick development of a diagnostic test of the virus in humans directly influenced public health policy to effectively monitor and control the spread of the disease. (gairdner.org)
  • Avian influenza (AI) viruses are zoonotic but Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases and Public Health occasionally infect humans through direct or Emergencies (APSED III). (who.int)
  • In humans, are well established to share information on A(HxNy) infection ranges from mild to severe illness and death. (who.int)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has issued a task order under an existing contract to Chiron Corporation of Emeryville, CA, for the production of an investigational vaccine based on an H9N2 strain of avian influenza virus that has infected humans and has the potential to trigger a modern-day pandemic. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is extremely common in humans, and approximately 50% and 75% of the adult populations in the United States [ 1 ] and Germany [ 2 ], respectively, have been infected with this virus. (molvis.org)
  • Therefore, co-circulation of a large diversity of AIVs is a risk for emergence of novel reassortant viruses affecting animals, humans, or both. (blogspot.com)
  • an unusually dangerous virus for humans. (inciner8.com)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Flu virus strains are categorized by the combination of the two proteins found on the outside of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) -- for example, H5N6 or H9N2. (feedstuffs.com)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • During 2020, five human cases of HPAI H5N6 virus infection were reported in China. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2021, China reported 36 cases of human infection with HPAI H5N6 virus with 18 deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • Chickens usually seemed to be healthy after the infection but some of them do show depression and ruffled feathers. (wikipedia.org)
  • H9N2 viruses isolated from chickens in China showed antigenic drift that evolved into distinct antigenic groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study investigated the humoral immunization of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) against H9N2 avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) infection in chickens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Microarray analysis: The chicken HTC macrophage cell line and primary macrophages prepared from chickens and ducks will be infected with A/pheasant/CA/2373/1998 (H9N2), A/chicken/CA/1772/2002 (H6N2), A/turkey/TX/39/97 (H9N2) and A/chicken/CA/6754/02 (H6N2). (usda.gov)
  • Centre announced that the virus had been detected in samples collected from a pigeon and chickens at a market in Shanghai. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers were able to restrict - but not completely block - the virus from infecting chickens by altering a small section of their DNA. (ed.ac.uk)
  • When the ANP32A gene-edited chickens were exposed to a normal dose of the H9N2-UDL strain of avian influenza virus - commonly known as bird flu - nine out of 10 birds remained uninfected and there was no spread to other chickens. (ed.ac.uk)
  • However, the gene edit did provide some protection, with the amount of virus in the infected gene-edited chickens much lower than the level typically seen during infection in non-gene-edited chickens. (ed.ac.uk)
  • The gene edit also helped to limit onward spread of the virus to just one of four non-gene-edited chickens placed in the same incubator. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have severe and often fatal effects on some species of birds such as chickens, Pirbright noted, but some HPAI strains cause mild or no clinical signs of disease in wild birds and domestic waterfowl. (feedstuffs.com)
  • In the present study, we investigated whether a non-pathogenic H9N2 virus, A/chicken/Yokohama/aq-55/2001 (Y55) (H9N2), acquires pathogenicity in chickens when a pair of di-basic amino acid residues is introduced at the cleavage site of its HA molecule. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More than 75% of chickens inoculated intravenously with the passaged virus, rgY55sub-P10 (H9N2), died, indicating that it is pathogenic comparable to that of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) defined by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The chickens inoculated with the virus via the intranasal route, however, survived without showing any clinical signs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This structure permits ubiquitous proteases such as furin and PC6, which recognize multiple basic amino acids, to cleave the HA, leading to systemic infection in chickens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2017. Co-infection of Chlamydia psittaci with H9N2, ORT and Aspergillus fumigatus contributes to severe pneumonia and high mortality in SPF chickens. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • 2015. Longitudinal monitoring for respiratory pathogens in broiler chickens reveals co-infection of Chlamydia psittaci and Ornitho bacterium rhinotracheale. (tci-thaijo.org)
  • We detected influenza A viruses in 51.3% of ducks and 39.6% of chickens, and co-infections, mainly by H5 and H9 viruses, in 0.8% of ducks and 4.5% of chickens. (blogspot.com)
  • The discovery here of a related H7N7 influenza virus in chickens that has the ability to infect mammals experimentally, suggests that H7 viruses may pose threats beyond the current outbreak. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The establishment of the role of wild game animal markets in the transmission of the virus was pivotal in the decision by local Guangdong authorities to discontinue such markets to prevent future outbreaks of this or another emerging zoonosis. (gairdner.org)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • In Egypt, the co-infection of H9N2 with the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been observed extensively during these outbreaks. (morulaivf.com)
  • However, the pathogenicity of H9N2 in these outbreaks remained controversial. (morulaivf.com)
  • The below timeline gives a summary of significant HPAI and LPAI outbreaks in birds, infections in people, and events from 2020-2022. (cdc.gov)
  • The approach to the patient with a potential zoonotic infection involves the generation of a differential diagnosis that includes those infectious agents that are potentially transmissible from the specific animal(s) to which the patient was exposed. (scienceopen.com)
  • The lack of an effective veterinary or human public health infrastructure in a given country may result in a lack of knowledge of those zoonotic infections transmitted from even commonly encountered animals. (scienceopen.com)
  • One of the shared characters between these three viruses is that they all probably originated in bats, which firmly establishes that bats are an important source of highly lethal zoonotic viruses. (mdpi.com)
  • The term avian influenza used in this context refers to zoonotic human infection with an influenza strain that primarily affects birds. (medscape.com)
  • Food animals, companion animals, equines, wild animals (if the infections are of zoonotic interest and/or in relation with domestic animals), laboratory animals and animal models of human infections are considered. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies on zoonotic and emerging infections are highly appreciated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The neuraminidase stalks regions in these viruses had no deletion as compared to that A/Dk/HK/ Y280/97 lineage (Ck/Bei-like viruses) and the 2 human isolates A/HK/1073/99, A/HK/1074/99. (scialert.net)
  • We delineated the genomes, receptor binding profile and HB sites of NA gene of these field isolates and we also established their phylogenetic relationship to the other Asian H9N2 lineages. (scialert.net)
  • Notably, no particular molecular characteristic difference was noticed among all the Egyptian H9N2 isolates from apparently healthy, diseased or co-infected with IBV chicken flocks. (morulaivf.com)
  • Nevertheless, in-silico analysis, we noted modulation of stability and motifs structure of Hemagglutinin (HA) antigen among the co-infecting H9N2 AI and the IBV and isolates from the diseased flocks. (morulaivf.com)
  • Epidemiological and genetic studies revealed that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the H9N2 influenza viruses could be divided into Eurasian avian and American avian lineages. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
  • These serotypic differences result in much of the species specificity due to differences in the receptor usage (specifically sialic acid, which binds to hemagglutinin and which is cleaved by neuraminidase when the virus exits the cell). (medscape.com)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)
  • to rescue four recombinant viruses in which HA (influenza hemagglutinin) tags were inserted at different sites of VP2. (morulaivf.com)
  • ARBIDOL® (Umifenovir) is an immunomodulating and antiviral drug that is used to treat and prevent influenza, severe acute respiratory syndromes, respiratory syncytial virus and upper respiratory tract infections caused by influenza virus A and B. Arbidol suppresses replication of virus cells and prevent hemagglutinin mediated membrane fusion. (rupharma.com)
  • Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Simply put, essential oils can help us inhibit the RNA released by the virus in our cytoplasm, which can pass through hemagglutinin HA (hemagglutinin, HA), and real lavender essential oil can inhibit hemagglutinin HA, cut off the path and inhibit the spread of the virus. (mspurelife.com)
  • Finally, we estimate the sample size necessary to detect this low pathogenicity strain of avian influenza virus in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • It has been difficult to eradicate the H9N2 virus because of its low pathogenicity, frequently causing in apparent infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is important for the control of AI to assess whether the H9N2 virus acquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • rgY55sub (H9N2), which had four basic amino acid residues at the HA cleavage site, replicated in MDCK cells in the absence of trypsin after six consecutive passages in the air sacs of chicks, and acquired intravenous pathogenicity to chicken after four additional passages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is important for controlling avian influenza and for preparing for pandemic influenza to assess whether the H9N2 virus aquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The findings suggest that the putative factor for enhancement of the H9N2 pathogenicity could be co-infection with other respiratory pathogens such as IBV that might change the HA stability and function. (morulaivf.com)
  • The NS1 of seasonal virus H3N2 shown the highest suppression of both interferon I and III promoters, while NS1 originating from avian H9N2 and H7N7 strains had limited effect on interferon promoter activation. (helsinki.fi)
  • Several subtypes of avian influenza viruses (H7N7 61, 63 , H4N5 62 , H4N6 60 , H3N3 60 and H10N7 59 ) have caused epidemics in seals. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
  • Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
  • In this study, we aimed to explore whether RosA could protect against H1N1 virus-mediated lung injury and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: Mice were intragastrically administered with RosA for 2 days before intranasal inoculation of the H1N1 virus (5LD50) for the establishment of an acute lung injury model. (bvsalud.org)
  • RESULTS: RosA effectively attenuated H1N1 virus-triggered deterioration of gross anatomical morphology, worsened lung histopathology, and elevated lung index. (bvsalud.org)
  • Excessive pro-inflammatory reactions, aberrant alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis, and cytotoxic CD8+ T lung recruitment in the lung tissues induced by H1N1 virus infection were observed to be reduced by RosA treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • In vitro experiments demonstrated that RosA treatment dose-dependently suppressed the increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and apoptosis through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and P38 MAPK signaling pathways in H1N1 virus-infected A549 cells, which was accompanied by promoting activation of the h-PGDS-PGD2-HO-1 signal axis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, we strikingly found that h-PGDS inhibition significantly abrogated the inhibitory effects of RosA on H1N1 virus-mediated activation of NF-κB and P38 MAPK signaling pathways, resulting in diminishing the suppressive effects on the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, suppressing h-PGDS prominently abolished the protective effects of RosA on H1N1 virus-mediated severe pneumonia and lung injury. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our study demonstrates that RosA is a promising compound to alleviate H1N1 virus-induced severe lung injury through prompting the h-PGDS-PGD2-HO-1 signal axis. (bvsalud.org)
  • In our study, diosmetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone), a naturally occurring hydroxylated methoxyflavone that is abundant in Citrus fruits, was explored for its effects on B[a]P-exacerbated H1N1 influenza virus-mediated inflammation and lung injury. (bvsalud.org)
  • Initially, in vivo results demonstrated that diosmetin protected against H1N1 virus-elicited acute lung injury. (bvsalud.org)
  • Simultaneously, H1N1 virus or B[a]P-stimulated A549 cells treated with diosmetin inhibited NF-κB and P-P38 activation, resulting in suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Interestingly, diosmetin obviously promoted the expression of PPAR-γ as well as nuclear translocation of PPAR-γ, whereas, PPAR-γ inhibition by GW9662 weakened the inhibitory effects of diosmetin on H1N1 virus or B[a]P-mediated activation of NF-κB and P-P38, elevated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators as well as apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, it was surprising to discover that mice exposed to both B[a]P and H1N1 viruses contributed to exacerbated acute lung injury, which were significantly ameliorated by diosmetin administration. (bvsalud.org)
  • In vitro studies showed that A549 cells with the combination of B[a]P and H1N1 virus augmented NF-κB and P-P38 activation, accompanied by higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and apoptosis, all of which were also significantly reduced by diosmetin treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Repressing PPAR-γ abrogated the inhibitory effects of diosmetin on B[a]P-exacerbated H1N1 virus-mediated NF-κB and P-P38 activation, inflammation, and apoptosis in A549 cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
  • Emerging viral infections are among the major global public health concerns. (hindawi.com)
  • Consequently, reviewing medicinal plants used to treat different viral infections is mandatory. (hindawi.com)
  • From the 46 articles reviewed, a total of 111 plant species were claimed to treat viral infections. (hindawi.com)
  • The Ethiopian traditional knowledge applies a lot of medicinal plants to treat different viral infections. (hindawi.com)
  • Nowadays, traditional healers from different habitats and geographical locations are showing new candidate combinations for the treatment of viral infections such as SARS-CoV [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Cell biology approaches will next be used to determine the consequence of the interaction in the viral infection, cell signaling pathways and the host pathogenesis both in macrophages and in vivo. (usda.gov)
  • Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The most important pathway in influenza virus detection is a retinoic acid-inducible gene I pathway, which recognizes the 5'-triphosphate in viral RNA. (helsinki.fi)
  • Its activation leads to the production of interferons: a group of cytokines important in overcoming viral infection. (helsinki.fi)
  • During influenza A virus infection, this function is performed by viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1). (helsinki.fi)
  • The severity of a viral respiratory illness was greatly exacerbated after exposure to a contaminant containing benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Flavonoid-rich fruit intake has gained intense interest due to their health-promoting benefits for viral respiratory diseases, including influenza viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, the viral fluorescence intensities were inhibited by SPS in a dose-dependent manner when the viruses or cells were preincubated with SPS. (molvis.org)
  • Arbidol increases resistance of the body to viral infections, prevents the development of complications, enhances immune system functions. (rupharma.com)
  • Overview of Viral Respiratory Infections Viral infections commonly affect the upper or lower respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The hemadsorbing site of neuraminidase had up to 3 amino acid substitutions and is different from those of earlier Iranian viruses. (scialert.net)
  • Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
  • The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The current therapeutic regimen for influenza A viruses is limited to two classes of drugs: the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (distantreader.org)
  • This antigenic drift may have led to immunization failure and may explain the current prevalence of the H9N2 influenza virus in China. (wikipedia.org)
  • We also examine the prevalence of individual H7, N9, and H9N2 subtypes in Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • When stimulation occurs, such as weakened immunity, corneal injuries, or ultraviolet exposure, latent viruses are activated, producing many infectious virus particles that result in recurrent keratitis. (molvis.org)
  • Bayesian evolutionary tree of Influenza A(H9N2) virus based on the nucleotide sequence of the HA gene. (cdc.gov)
  • While 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-like gene was upregulated at the 6th hour post infection up to 3.3 fold, Mx protein was downregulated marginally. (usda.gov)
  • Scientists have used gene-editing techniques to identify and change parts of chicken DNA that could limit the spread of the bird flu virus in the animals. (ed.ac.uk)
  • The research team then exposed the gene-edited birds to an artificially high dose of avian influenza virus to further test their resilience. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Scientists found that in the ANP32A gene-edited birds, the virus had adapted to enlist the support of two related proteins - ANP32B and ANP32E - to replicate. (ed.ac.uk)
  • To prevent the emergence of escape viruses - viruses that adapt to evade the gene edit and cause infection - the research team next targeted additional sections of DNA responsible for producing all three proteins - ANP32A, ANP32B and ANP32E - inside lab-grown chicken cells. (ed.ac.uk)
  • In cell cultures in the lab, growth of the virus was successfully blocked in cells with the three gene edits. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Although we haven't yet got the perfect combination of gene edits to take this approach into the field, the results have told us a lot about how influenza virus functions inside the infected cell and how to slow its replication. (ed.ac.uk)
  • This research investigated the effect of H9N2 on complement-associated gene expression in chicken erythrocytes. (flu.org.cn)
  • Our findings support the continuous evolution of avian H9N2 viruses towards human as host and are in favor of effective surveillance and better characterization studies to address the issue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Together, this network processes an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 respiratory specimens per year with approximately 5000 viruses voluntarily shared by the NICs undergoing extensive antigenic and genetic characterization among the WHO CCs. (who.int)
  • Further characterization of the virus from the patient is planned. (who.int)
  • The current study reports isolation and characterization of the H9N2 virus recovered from a concurrent IBV infected broiler chicken flock in Egypt during 2011. (morulaivf.com)
  • The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • One reason is that the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses requires continuous global monitoring and frequent reformulation of the vaccine strains. (who.int)
  • Another reason is that the rapid spread of these viruses during seasonal epidemics, as well as the occasional pandemic, means that each step in the vaccine process must be completed within very tight time frames if vaccine is to be manufactured and delivered in time. (who.int)
  • The information provided by GISN through its participating institutions has identified new influenza threats, substantially helped define the epidemiology of influenza and the molecular evolution of the viruses, and formed the basis for selecting new influenza vaccine strains and for updating diagnostic tests. (who.int)
  • The results of that data examination in turn allow these experts to select candidate vaccine viruses that might be included -- if they pass additional testing -- in the following season's vaccines. (who.int)
  • Vaccination against the virus poses a number of challenges, with significant practical and cost issues associated with vaccine deployment. (ed.ac.uk)
  • The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Phylogenetic tree of six internal gens of study virus A/India/TCM 2581/2019 (H9N2). (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we performed a time-resolved phylogenetic analysis of 129 HA sequences representing all 1891 available H5N8 viruses collected from 2010 to 2020. (mdpi.com)
  • In the phylogenetic analysis, the current study isolate was found to be closely related to the other Egyptian H9N2 viruses. (morulaivf.com)
  • Live bird markets (LBMs) have been identified as key factors in the spread, persistence and evolution of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). (hal.science)
  • Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses cause clinical signs such as mild breathing problems, decreased egg production and growth. (feedstuffs.com)
  • The first human infection with low pathogenic avian influenza A H10N3 virus was reported in China in June 2021 49, 50 . (cdc.gov)
  • Also in April 2022, the first human infection with low pathogenic avian influenza A H3N8 virus was reported in China. (cdc.gov)
  • since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
  • In 2003, following the emergence of novel coronavirus, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) in China, Peiris led the team that first identified the virus responsible for the syndrome, the SARS-CoV-1 coronavirus, elucidating its pathogenesis, transmission, and quickly developed a diagnostic test which was then shared internationally. (gairdner.org)
  • Up il ness, severe acute respiratory infection, and pneumonia to the end of July 2022, 14 cases were observed ( Fig. 1 ). (who.int)
  • BACKGROUND: We explored whether hospital-based surveillance is useful in detecting severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) clusters and how often these events result in outbreak investigation and community mitigation. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
  • During 2021, 24 cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection were identified in China, including 19 mild cases in children, two mild cases in adults, and three severe cases requiring hospitalization in adults, including one death. (cdc.gov)
  • Most of the reported cases of human infection have resulted in severe respiratory illness. (inciner8.com)
  • This increase in reassortant avian viruses appears to coincide with recent evolutionary changes in H9N2, which include increased mammalian adaptation. (flutrackers.com)
  • Some birds, particularly ducks and geese, do not display any signs of LPAI infection and are still able to spread the disease, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
  • Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During 2020, China reported five cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in four children and one adult who experienced mild illness and were detected through ILI surveillance. (cdc.gov)
  • In May 2021, China reported the first case of LPAI H10N3 virus infection in an adult who became critically ill but recovered. (cdc.gov)
  • During January through April 2022, China reported four cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection, three in children and one in an adult, all with mild illness. (cdc.gov)
  • In March 2022, Cambodia reported a case of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in a young child who was hospitalized for one day. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • Apart from sporadic cases, widespread infections and deaths of wild birds from HPAIV infection have never been reported before 2005. (nature.com)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • We also conclude that sample sizes adequate to detect the virus among wild birds will be in the tens of thousands. (cdc.gov)
  • With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
  • Avian influenza is a slightly misleading term, as influenza is among the natural infections found in birds. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A viruses are pathogens infecting birds and selected mammals. (helsinki.fi)
  • In 2014, in PLoS Path: Genetics, Receptor Binding, and Transmissibility Of Avian H9N2 researchers found evidence of Chinese H9N2 viruses binding preferentially to alpha 2,6 receptor cells - the type commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract - rather than to alpha 2,3 receptor cells which are found in the gastrointestinal tract of birds. (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • Pandemics can result from antigenic shift because antibodies against other strains (resulting from vaccination or natural infection) provide little or no protection against the new strain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The study virus A/India/TCM 2581/2019 (H9N2) is underlined and marked with a black dot. (cdc.gov)
  • Results from the second WHO external quality assessment for the molecular detection of respiratory syncytial virus, 2019-2020. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza is caused by influenza A virus, which has 8 RNA segments. (medscape.com)
  • Guan and Peiris' investigations into the emergence and evolution of animal influenza H5 strains (and other H and N subtypes) and their role in identifying the SARS coronavirus, mode of transmission, risk factors, virus infectivity and period of infectivity, and identifying the original animal source were critical in the successful response to the outbreak. (gairdner.org)
  • Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza , commonly known as 'bird flu,' is a disease caused by multiple strains of influenza virus. (feedstuffs.com)
  • All flu viruses also have the potential to undergo a process called reassortment, where two or more strains of influenza infect the same animal, allowing them to swap parts of their genome, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
  • Out of 15 candidate compounds, four were able to inhibit infection by 10- to 100-fold without causing toxicity, in vitro . (frontiersin.org)
  • Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyse the differential expression of complement-associated genes in chicken erythrocytes at 0 h, 2 h, 6 h and 10 h after the interaction between H9N2 virus and chicken erythrocytes in vitro and 3, 7 and 14 d after H9N2 virus nasal infection of chicks. (flu.org.cn)
  • In vitro, the recombinant tagged viruses exhibited morphologies, plaque, and growth kinetics similar to the parental BTV-16, and expressed both VP2 and HA tag. (morulaivf.com)
  • Objective: To investigate the effect of sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in vitro. (molvis.org)
  • 1. Extensive Regulations of immune genes in chicken macrophages and lungs infected with influenza virus H9N2. (usda.gov)
  • It is presently believed that the strains only with H5 or H7 HAs become HPAIVs during extensive infections in chicken populations [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the role of H9N2 against chicken erythrocytes and the presence of complement-related genes in erythrocytes has not been studied. (flu.org.cn)
  • The results confirmed that all the complement-associated genes were expressed in chicken erythrocytes and showed the H9N2 virus interaction with chicken erythrocytes and subsequent regulation of chicken erythrocyte complement-associated genes expression. (flu.org.cn)
  • This study reported, for the first time, the relationship between H9N2 and complement system of chicken erythrocytes, which will provide a foundation for further research into the prevention and control of H9N2 infection. (flu.org.cn)
  • The deduced amino acid sequences of the eight segments of the current study H9N2 isolate were compared with those of Egyptian H9N2 viruses isolated from healthy and diseased chicken flocks from 2011 to 2013. (morulaivf.com)
  • Using a combination of active surveillance, screening of virus archives, and evolutionary analyses, here we show that H7 viruses probably transferred from domestic duck to chicken populations in China on at least two independent occasions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Image taken during the virus' first developmental passage through a chicken egg. (medscape.com)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
  • The Human infections with A(HxNy) are commonly detected number of cases varied from two to nine per year during via sentinel surveil ance systems, such as influenza-like 2014-2020, but then increased to 37 cases in 2021. (who.int)
  • Between 27 March and 2 April 2020, one new case of human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus was reported to WHO in the Western Pacific Region . (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • In October-November 2020, HPAI H5N8 virus was detected in several swans, seals, and a fox in the United Kingdom 64 . (cdc.gov)
  • Crossing the species barrier to mammals highlights the pandemic potential of H9N2 virus. (scialert.net)
  • Since 1998 a total of 86 cases of human infection with H9N2 viruses have been reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, camels have been noted to have serologic evidence of infection with Coxiella burnetii, but human cases of Q fever as a result of contact with camels or ingestion of camel milk have often been poorly documented. (scienceopen.com)
  • The detection of these cases initiated a cascade of activities in China, including diagnostic test development, enhanced surveillance for new cases, and investigations to identify the source(s) of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • Since the viruses continue to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected. (who.int)
  • Good quality serological investigations may be useful in differentiating infection from contamination in these cases and allow for better assessment of the risk of human infection. (who.int)
  • A total of 30 cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) in China have been reported since December 2015. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • In most human cases of H9N2 avian flu, the associated disease symptoms have been mild and there has been no evidence of human-to-human transmission. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Xinhua News Agency - HK girl infected with rare but mild A/H9N2 flu virus published December 23, 2009. (wikipedia.org)
  • By contrast, HAs of LPAIVs are cleaved only by trypsin-like proteases which are expressed in the cells lining the respiratory or intestinal tracts, so that the viruses cause only localized infections, resulting in mild or asymptomatic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human infection tends to result in mild clinical illness. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • However, the effects of RosA on influenza A virus-mediated acute lung injury remain unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Overall, the genomic analysis of the virus in this specimen does not change CDC's risk assessment related to the avian A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for influenza and other respiratory viruses by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). (cdc.gov)
  • information on influenza viruses and to provide the infrastructure for experts to examine all relevant antigenic, virological and immunological data. (who.int)