• Editorial Note: Since 1993, several outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 infection have been detected as a result of increased laboratory testing for this organism (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • Molecular epidemiologist Lee Riley claims that most sporadic infections are actually part of unrecognized outbreaks, and that what appears to be endemic disease (from a traditional population-based epidemiology approach) actually consists of multiple small outbreaks (from a molecular epidemiology approach) in which seemingly unrelated (i.e., sporadic cases) are in reality epidemiologically related, because they belong to the same genotype of an infectious agent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sporadic cases of human infections with swine influenza viruses identified in recent years have not resulted in sustained human-to-human transmission or community outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Other arboviruses cause sporadic cases of disease as well as occasional outbreaks. (medscape.com)
  • Recent outbreaks of ZIKV infections have become fatal on a daily basis in the Americas, where this obscure viral candidate has been placed at the forefront of global healthcare. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since then, sporadic outbreaks have been reported outside the African continent 1 1. (scielo.br)
  • But sporadic regional outbreaks have illustrated the difficulty of keeping the virus at bay. (ibtimes.com)
  • Clade 2.2 A(H5N1) influenza viruses that have been associated with human infections in Egypt since September 2008 are the ones with the most geographically disperse distribution and have caused outbreaks in poultry in over 60 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Salmonella enterica causes both sporadic infections and outbreaks of disease. (bmj.com)
  • Sporadic outbreaks typically originate from contact with wildlife reservoirs (rodents and primates) with subsequent spread to humans by close contact. (asahq.org)
  • COVID-19 infections continue to increase in some Chinese cities as the country is faced with sporadic outbreaks caused by highly transmissible Omicron variants. (globalsecurity.org)
  • Reduction in year 2012 caused by the reduction in number of salmonella outbreaks due to successful implementation of veterinary programmes for infection control in poultry. (who.int)
  • In another example, the South Asian country of Bangladesh experienced sporadic cases of dengue fever, a mosquito-borne disease, from its first outbreak in 1964 until 1999. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 2 ] To explore pet food as a possible source of Campylobacter infection in puppies, dog food samples from company A and one person's home were collected for culture. (medscape.com)
  • In epidemiology, a sporadic disease is an infectious disease which occurs only infrequently, haphazardly, irregularly, or occasionally, from time to time in a few isolated places, with no discernible temporal or spatial pattern, as opposed to a recognizable epidemic outbreak or endemic pattern. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, if the conditions are favorable for its spread (pathogenicity, susceptibility of hosts, contact rate of individuals, population density, number of vaccinated or naturally immune individuals, etc.), a sporadic disease may become the starting point of an epidemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, in developed countries, shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) is normally considered a sporadic disease, but in overcrowded places with poor sanitation and poor personal hygiene, it may become epidemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to Riley, since most so-called sporadic occurrences of an endemic disease are actually small epidemics, rapid public health interventions against such occurrences can be made in the same way as they are done for recognized acute epidemics (i.e. epidemic in the traditional sense). (wikipedia.org)
  • In CF, epidemic infections with specific clones of P. aeruginosa are associated with further adverse outcomes [ 3 , 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, also about HEV infection in children and young called enterically-transmitted non-A non-B adults are lacking in the Islamic Republic hepatitis, is a major cause of epidemic and of Iran. (who.int)
  • It is most commonly a bacterial infection, although bacterial culture may be negative. (wikipedia.org)
  • In about 25% of pneumonia cases there was a secondary bacterial infection, usually streptococcal. (who.int)
  • Thus animals that are susceptible to bacterial infection, especially those being treated with antimicrobials, are at risk of acquiring MRSA from owners or veterinary staff and from other MRSA-infected or colonised animals, and may then be much more difficult or impossible to treat effectively. (vin.com)
  • Any case of bacterial infection that does not respond to properly administered antimicrobial drugs or suffers from recurrent infections should also be suspected. (vin.com)
  • The study group was have demonstrated that 59.0% and 11.7% of 1080 apparently healthy children and young cases of acute sporadic hepatitis cared for in adults aged 2-25 years. (who.int)
  • Here we report a sporadic OROV infection detected by clinical and laboratory surveillance of acute febrile illnesses in Acre, a state in the western Amazon region of Brazil. (cdc.gov)
  • The third is sporadic acute gastroenteritis of adults, which most likely is caused by caliciviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, or adenoviruses. (medscape.com)
  • Acute infections with group C are quite frequent in the United States and worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • After rotavirus, the most important cause of acute infantile gastroenteritis probably is calicivirus infection. (medscape.com)
  • In countries where the HEV IgG positive status) among children virus is endemic, HEV is associated with and young adults aged 2-25 years in rural greater than 50% of cases of sporadic acute and urban areas of one city in the Islamic hepatitis. (who.int)
  • Up il ness, severe acute respiratory infection, and pneumonia to the end of July 2022, 14 cases were observed ( Fig. 1 ). (who.int)
  • Whereas most human infections are asymptomatic, symptomatic infections commonly manifest as a systemic febrile illness and less commonly as neuroinvasive disease. (medscape.com)
  • The virus exhibits persistent, asymptomatic infection with profuse urinary virus excretion in the ubiquitous rodent vector, Mastomys natalensi s. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • tent, asymptomatic infection, with profuse urinary virus excretion in Mastomys natalensi s, the ubiqui- The emergence of this highly virulent and contagious tous and highly commensal rodent host2,3. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Although the tetanus-causing bacteria Clostridium tetani is present in the soil everywhere in the United States, tetanus infections are very rare and occur in scattered locations because most individuals have either received vaccinations or clean wounds appropriately. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1988 colonisation of a cat with MRSA was first recognised when in-contact patients in a geriatric ward developed recurrent MRSA infection 2 and this case demonstrated that transfer from animals to man could occur. (vin.com)
  • Recognition of MRSA infection in pet animals should occur when diagnostic microbiology is carried out on appropriate samples but this is not always the case. (vin.com)
  • Though cases are sporadic, it does occur in humans, especially in Interior Alaska. (alaska.gov)
  • These abortions occur predominantly in the last trimester and usually are not associated with a respiratory infection. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • sporadic cases continue to occur. (flutrackers.com)
  • The investigators note that the majority of CJD cases are sporadic or are inherited, but research shows that prion transmission can occur via contaminated tissues or reusable medical equipment. (medscape.com)
  • The authors of an invited commentary note that while most CJD infections occur sporadically, iatrogenic transmission is possible. (medscape.com)
  • Infections that can directly lead to encephalitis can occur in epidemics or occasionally as isolated cases (sporadically). (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • and Puerto Rico and one state reported sporadic influenza activity. (cdc.gov)
  • One human infection with a novel influenza A virus was reported. (cdc.gov)
  • One case of human infection with a novel influenza A virus was reported by the Iowa Department of Public Health during week 8. (cdc.gov)
  • Although human infection with swine influenza A virus resulting in illness appears to be uncommon, a few sporadic cases have been reported each year, usually among people in direct contact with ill pigs or who have been in places where pigs may have been present (e.g. agricultural fairs or farms). (cdc.gov)
  • Sporadic cases of Influenza A and B are being reported. (clickondetroit.com)
  • Dr FUKUDA (Special Adviser to the Director-General on Pandemic Influenza), giving a brief update on the current situation, recalled that pandemic influenza infections had first been reported in late April 2009. (who.int)
  • Most infections resulted in uncomplicated influenza illness, not requiring specialized medical care. (who.int)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • The article of J.P. Dudley published in the same issue of Eurosurveillance examines the age- and sex-specific rates of infection and mortality for human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in Egypt, concluding that they differ markedly from those recorded in other countries. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • The Human infections with A(HxNy) are commonly detected number of cases varied from two to nine per year during via sentinel surveil ance systems, such as influenza-like 2014-2020, but then increased to 37 cases in 2021. (who.int)
  • In a recent case report posted to the Research Square * preprint server, researchers described the symptomatology and clinical manifestations of monkeypox infections among two Israeli patients. (news-medical.net)
  • The authors of the present report described monkeypox infections among two Israeli men aged 30 to 40 years who had sex with men (MSM). (news-medical.net)
  • In 2003, a cluster of monkeypox infections was reported in the U.S. (asahq.org)
  • Since May 2022, the number of monkeypox virus infections has sharply increased in countries where the disease has not been previously endemic. (scielo.br)
  • However, since May 2022, the number of infections has sharply increased in several countries where the disease was not endemic. (scielo.br)
  • 2022. During this period, there were 1972 human infections with nine different A(HxNy) subtypes notified in the WPR. (who.int)
  • Infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes an estimated 20,000 cases of diarrhea in the United States each year. (cdc.gov)
  • This report describes the investigation of a pseudo-outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infection that occurred in New Jersey during July 1994 after a year-long increase in the number of laboratories culturing all diarrheal specimens for this pathogen. (cdc.gov)
  • From June 1 through July 27, 1994, a total of 46 culture-confirmed cases of E. coli O157:H7 infection were reported to the New Jersey Department of Health (NJDOH). (cdc.gov)
  • A primary strategy for preventing infection with E. coli O157:H7 is reducing risk behaviors through consumer education. (cdc.gov)
  • Although traceback investigations can be important in preventing E. coli O157:H7 infections, they should be undertaken selectively. (cdc.gov)
  • the report excludes chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease cases, because these infections were acquired primarily through travel during 2021. (medscape.com)
  • Método: estudio de casos y controles realizado entre 2020 y 2021 en Maringá, Paraná. (bvsalud.org)
  • Candidiasis (candidosis) is by far the most common fungal infection of the mouth (oral cavity). (medscape.com)
  • The most common presentation of oral deep fungal infection is a chronic, solitary ulcer or nodule. (medscape.com)
  • By the time we did get some rain, the leaves of many plants were maturing and less susceptible to fungal infection. (cedar-rapids.org)
  • Some fungal diseases may still crop up because we tend to wet the leaves of our plants when we water them, and that can start a fungal infection. (cedar-rapids.org)
  • In addition, a reports on the prevalence of hepatitis E antt high incidence of sporadic hepatitis E has tibodies in Iranian blood donors have been been observed in several countries in which published. (who.int)
  • As marriage becomes a risk factor for HIV infection in high prevalence countries, introducing condom use within stable relationships is an increasing priority for prevention. (confex.com)
  • Asia, Africa and Mexico, where HEV is mine the prevalence of HEV infection (anti- considered endemic. (who.int)
  • The current scenario regarding the widespread Zika virus (ZIKV) has resulted in numerous diagnostic studies, specifically in South America and in locations where there is frequent entry of travelers returning from ZIKV-affected areas, including pregnant women with or without clinical symptoms of ZIKV infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Apart from sporadic cases, widespread infections and deaths of wild birds from HPAIV infection have never been reported before 2005. (nature.com)
  • Giardia duodenalis is the most common intestinal parasite of humans in the USA, but the risk factors for sporadic (non-outbreak) giardiasis are not well described. (ampac1.com)
  • and dermatophytes , a group of organisms causing infection of skin and other superficial structures in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Direct or indirect contact with diseased poultry is the primary route of HPAIV infections in humans 3 . (nature.com)
  • The infection that causes the disease in cows is thought to be the same one that causes vCJD in humans. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are now many reports documenting transfer of MRSA, most commonly hospital EMRSA, from humans to animals, 3 and colonisation and infection of dogs and cats with MRSA is increasingly recognised in veterinary practice 4 , particularly in the USA and UK. (vin.com)
  • In humans, are well established to share information on A(HxNy) infection ranges from mild to severe illness and death. (who.int)
  • Clinical manifestations are related to intestinal infection, but the exact mechanism of the induction of diarrhea is not clear. (medscape.com)
  • Newly described manifestations of E rhusiopathiae infection also include large-scale mortality events in northern wild ungulates. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Immunocompromised persons are at particular risk from these mycoses, and clinical manifestations of infection by these organisms often suggest impaired immune competence. (medscape.com)
  • A urinary tract infection could involve any of these areas though most commonly when we speak of a urinary tract infection (or "UTI") we mean "bladder infection. (marvistavet.com)
  • Patients with deep mycoses may present with a primary infection of the oral mucosa, but, more commonly, they present with an extension of an established paranasal infection. (medscape.com)
  • E rhusiopathiae infection in sheep is most commonly seen as nonsuppurative polyarthritis in growing lambs over a month of age. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Although these noncandidal fungal infections are considerably less common than oral candidiasis, they commonly produce subclinical infection, especially pulmonary infections. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic oral ulceration, chronic maxillary sinus infection, or bizarre mouth lesions, especially in patients with HIV disease, those with lymphoproliferative disorders, persons with diabetes mellitus, or those who have been in endemic areas, may suggest the diagnosis and patients should be treated in consultation with a physician with appropriate expertise. (medscape.com)
  • Lassa fe- Lassa virus in many more districts and states in en- ver is endemic in West Africa and has been reported demic countries of the West African sub-region and from Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, and Nigeria4-7. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • In another example, World Health Organization defines malaria to be sporadic when autochthonous cases (i.e. between two individuals in the same place) are too few and scattered to have any appreciable effect on the community. (wikipedia.org)
  • Malaria Malaria is infection of red blood cells with one of five species of the protozoa Plasmodium . (msdmanuals.com)
  • As bacterial and viral infections can both cause the same kinds of symptoms, it can be difficult to distinguish which is the cause of a specific infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • [12] Distinguishing the two is important, since viral infections cannot be cured by antibiotics whereas bacterial infections can. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, viral infections are systemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Meningitis is the leading infectious syndrome that affects the central nervous system, and most cases are caused by viral infections, mainly enterovirus. (bvsalud.org)
  • With socioeconomic improvement and the introduction of mass infant immunization during the 1940s and 1950s, there was a marked reduction in the incidence of infection in Europe [ Reference Galazka and Robertson 1 , 2 ]. (cambridge.org)
  • An increased incidence of these infections in a herd warrants reassessment of the teat dip product used in the dairy and application methods. (cornell.edu)
  • The reported occurrences of ZIKV infections are thought to be transmitted mainly by the mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus . (frontiersin.org)
  • For patients with suspected or confirmed CJD, the World Health Organization has published infection control guidelines to prevent transmission of spongiform encephalopathies. (medscape.com)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • Other sequelae of E rhusiopathiae infection in this species include muscle petechiae and hemorrhaging, sudden deaths, and male infertility. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • The task force has reported almost 13 million infections and 335,000 deaths during the pandemic so far. (rferl.org)
  • The signs and symptoms of an infection depend on the type of disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • When bacteria (or any other organisms for that matter) gain entry and establish growth in the bladder, infection has occurred and symptoms can result. (marvistavet.com)
  • An important measure of whether there is a genuine infection or not, is the presence of symptoms. (marvistavet.com)
  • Considering the calamity of ZIKV infection, there is an urgent need to develop rapid detection methods for ZIKV along with DENV, which shares common clinical symptoms with ZIKV. (frontiersin.org)
  • People with sporadic CJD are unable to care for themselves within 6 months or less after symptoms begin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It can cause wound infections, swollen lymph nodes, fever or flu-like symptoms. (alaska.gov)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • ABSTRACT The seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection (HEV) in children and young adults was determined in a community-based survey in an area of northern Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
  • From 1993 we report the total absolute number of cases (epidemics and sporadic and family occurrence). (who.int)
  • Shigellosis was a sporadic disease in South Korea for many years, until 1998. (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] An infectious disease , also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease , is an illness resulting from an infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fire department must establish procedures for the evaluation of work limitations for employees with an infectious disease who in the course of performing their duties demonstrate evidence of functional impairment or inability to adhere to standard infection control practices or who present an excessive risk of infection to patients or fire department members. (iaff.org)
  • Candidiasis is a sporadic fungal disease in livestock. (springer.com)
  • Interviews elicited information on perceptions of couple intimacy and communication, fear of HIV infection, and negotiation of condom use. (confex.com)
  • As relationships progressed, condom use became sporadic or abandoned to signify trust and permit childbearing. (confex.com)
  • When both spouses knew they were HIV+ they more easily adopted condom use, citing medical advice, support from treatment programmes, and concerns about re-infection, aggravated health, and HIV+ children. (confex.com)
  • The presence of opportunistic infections and condom use are determining factors for treatment continuity during COVID-19. (bvsalud.org)
  • Epidemiology and Infection. (ku.dk)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Colorado and Minnesota public health departments conducted a case-control study to assess risk factors for sporadic giardiasis in the USA. (ampac1.com)
  • Our results highlight the diversity of risk factors for sporadic giardiasis and the importance of non-international-travel-associated risk factors, particularly those involving person-to-person transmission. (ampac1.com)
  • The post Risk factors for sporadic Giardia infection in the USA: a case-control study in Colorado and Minnesota appeared first on Facts About Water . (ampac1.com)
  • This matched case-control study (1:1 ratio) aimed to identify the risk factors associated with food consumption and food-handling habits for the occurrence of sporadic listeriosis in Beijing, China. (cambridge.org)
  • In the non-perinatal group, the consumption of Chinese cold dishes increased the risk of infection by 3.43-fold (95% confidence interval 1.27-9.25, χ 2 = 5.92, P = 0.02). (cambridge.org)
  • In the perinatal group, the risk of infection reduced by 95.2% when raw and cooked foods were well-separated ( χ 2 = 5.11, P = 0.02). (cambridge.org)
  • If there is clear evidence that such workers pose a significant risk of transmitting infection through an inability to meet basic infection control standards or guidelines, appropriate limitations of duty should be instituted. (iaff.org)
  • This cross-infection risk has led to segregation of patients [ 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Although age is the primary risk factor for the late-onset sporadic form of Alzheimer disease (AD), infection has also been implicated. (neurology.org)
  • Good quality serological investigations may be useful in differentiating infection from contamination in these cases and allow for better assessment of the risk of human infection. (who.int)
  • The oral lesions associated with these deep fungal infections are chronic and progress to form solitary, chronic deep ulcers with the potential for local destruction and invasion and systemic dissemination. (medscape.com)
  • therefore, a diagnosis of a deep-seated fungal oral infection should prompt the clinician to investigate systemic involvement as well as to determine the integrity of the immune system of the affected individual. (medscape.com)
  • Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens , most prominently bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
  • Human infections in China and Vietnam have been associated with clade 2.3 viruses. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • However, chronic pulmonary infection tends to progress and disseminated infections can be fatal. (medscape.com)
  • Corticosteroids are sometimes used in severe cases, but should be used with caution due to their potential to weaken the immune response to infection, and the possibility of inducing laminitis . (wikipedia.org)
  • Bloody urine (though an infection must either involve a special organism, a bladder stone, a bladder tumor, or be particularly severe to make urine red to the naked eye). (marvistavet.com)
  • The present case report highlights the severe complications associated with S zooepidemicus infection. (hindawi.com)
  • Monkeypox is a rare, sometimes life-threatening zoonotic infection that occurs in west and central Africa. (flutrackers.com)
  • Infection occurs when people unknowingly ingest toxoplasma cysts from cat feces or eat contaminated meat. (msdmanuals.com)
  • [2] Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems . (wikipedia.org)
  • South Korea reported 20 more cases of the new coronavirus Friday as health officials are trying to contain sporadic group infections following the mass spread of the virus tied to Seoul's nightlife district of Itaewon. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • China reported 101 new coronavirus cases Wednesday, its highest single-day figure in three months, as gyms, bars and museums closed in infection hotspots. (ibtimes.com)
  • Russian health authorities have reported 183,103 new coronavirus infections, hitting a new daily record as the highly contagious omicron variant continues to spread. (rferl.org)
  • In the past, S. aureus strains associated with pet animal infections have often shown a broader range of antimicrobial resistance than S. intermedius but with the advent of highly resistant MRSA, S. aureus presents a much greater challenge. (vin.com)
  • The molecular epidemiology of Candida albicans infections in animals has been rarely studied. (springer.com)
  • To avoid a second wave of infections, South Korea has been carrying out more than 77,000 tests on those who visited affected clubs between April 24 and May 6. (koreatimes.co.kr)
  • Arthropods such as ticks , mites , fleas , and lice , can also cause human disease, which conceptually are similar to infections, but invasion of a human or animal body by these macroparasites is usually termed infestation . (wikipedia.org)
  • C diphtheriae infection typically is characterized by a local inflammation, usually in the upper respiratory tract, associated with toxin-mediated cardiac and neural disease. (medscape.com)
  • Although a mosquito-transmitted disease, researchers determined that these infections can also be acquired from aerosolized virus. (medscape.com)
  • E rhusiopathiae infection causes sporadic but serious disease in captive marine mammals. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • [ 5 ] Today, the more common scenario is nondiphtherial corynebacterial bacteremia associated with device infections (venous access catheters, heart valves, neurosurgical shunts, peritoneal catheters), as well as meningitis , septic arthritis , and urinary tract infections. (medscape.com)
  • and urinary tract infections and mastitis (affecting milk production) in cattle due to infection with Corynebacterium renale , Corynebacterium cystidis , Corynebacterium pilosum , and Corynebacterium bovis . (medscape.com)
  • The urinary tract infection is one of the most common ailments in small animal practice yet many pet owners are confused about the medical approach. (marvistavet.com)
  • While a kidney infection is technically also a "urinary tract infection," we usually use the term " pyelonephritis " to describe a kidney infection. (marvistavet.com)
  • This yeast is also the major opportunistic pathogen responsible for both superficial and disseminated infections. (springer.com)
  • People with bladder infections typically report a burning sensation during urination. (marvistavet.com)
  • In 1952, the first naturally acquired human case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis was reported from Colombia, whereas the first reported natural human infection in the United States was not documented until 1968. (medscape.com)
  • The first case of human infection was reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. (scielo.br)
  • To identify the source of these infections, NJDOH and CDC conducted a case-control study involving 23 cases and 46 age-matched controls. (cdc.gov)
  • These bacteria can cause mild udder infections with a mild increase in somatic cell count and slight reduction in milk production. (cornell.edu)