Induction receptor antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

We studied the roles of direct and indirect antigen presentation (mediated by donor- and host-derived antigen presenting cells (APCs), respectively) in a mouse model of IUHCTx. (ca.gov)
We found that IUHCTx leads to precocious maturation of neonatal host DCs and that there is early differentiation of donor-derived DCs, even after transplantation of a stem cell source without mature APCs. (ca.gov)
Upon i.m. injection of DNA vectors expressing Nef mut -derivatives, nanovesicles containing antigens fused with Nef mut are released by muscle cells, can freely circulate into the body, and can be internalized by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (nature.com)
Antigen presentation by the professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are normally recognized by immune cells via a surface T-cell receptor (TCR), leading to the induction of naive CD8 + T-cell clonal expansion and differentiation and finally resulting in the cell death of APCs. (oaepublish.com)
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produce and release a broad spectrum of EVs involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (bmrat.org)
They are secreted by a wide array of cells, including cardiac myocytes, mature and progenitor endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells like antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and malignant cells 5 , 6 . (bmrat.org)
The lymphatic vessels and secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are arranged in a manner that optimizes interactions among antigens, APCs, and innate and adaptive effector cells. (jci.org)
Additional cells of the adaptive immune system include various types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (mhmedical.com)
[ 11 ] Immature dendritic cells respond to GM-CSF (not to macrophage colony-stimulating factor [M-CSF]) and become committed to generating dendritic cells, which are "professional" antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (medscape.com)

Allen's work specializes in the study of how T lymphocytes recognize antigens and initiate an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Natural-killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes that have cytotoxic properties in addition to their ability to produce cytokines that assist in the orchestration of adaptive immunity. (medscape.com)
The adaptive immune system consists of 2 types of lymphocytes: T cells (70-75% of the adaptive immune force) and B cells (10-20% of the adaptive immune force). (medscape.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells that initiate adaptive immunity by the activation of naïve lymphocytes and induce central and peripheral tolerance by mechanisms that include deletion, anergy and induction of regulatory T lymphocytes. (rotrf.org)
To fill the gap, we investigated the immunity generated in the lungs by N-engineered EVs in terms of induction of N-specific effectors and resident memory CD8 + T lymphocytes before and after virus challenge carried out three weeks and three months after boosting. (nature.com)
The impaired viral replication matched with a reduced induction of Spike-specific CD8 + T lymphocytes. (nature.com)
Microglia play a crucial role in the development of inflammatory demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglia act on inflammatory lymphocytes as antigen presenting cells, and produce inflammatory cytokines, glutamate, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). (neurology-jp.org)
Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
To test the expansion of infant T lymphocytes by stimulation with artificial antigen presenting cells identical to those used in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART)-19 production. (iu.edu)
Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)
CEACAM1 is expressed on epithelial and endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and myeloid cells . (shu.edu)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease with an autoimmune component that is characterised by activation of self-reactive lymphocytes, which enter the central nervous system (CNS) and cause destruction of myelin producing cells and neurons leading to the formation of inflammatory lesions. (nature.com)
In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a key role in the control of many virus infections, and the need for vaccines to elicit strong CD8+ T-cell responses in order to provide optimal protection in such infections is increasingly apparent. (bioskinrevive.com)
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), articular cartilage is destroyed by chronic inflammation that is characterised by activated lymphocytes and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expressing cells in synovial tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
The importance of dendritic cells in presenting antigens to T and B lymphocytes is increasingly recognized. (medscape.com)
[ 13 ] Dendritic cells are also efficient stimulators of B-cell lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
Effective induction of antigen-specific T-cell responses requires interaction between the dendritic cells and T lymphocytes to prime the latter cells for expansion and subsequent immune responses. (medscape.com)
The first signal may involve interaction between an MHC I-bound and/or MHC II-bound peptide on an APC with the T-cell receptor (TCRs) on the effector lymphocytes. (medscape.com)

Cardiac inflammation co-exists with CF in HF, and T cell interactions with CFB result in a two-way crosstalk in which T cells induce CFB transformation, and CFB in turn function as non-professional antigen presenting cells that induce T cell activation. (tufts.edu)
Additionally, I am working on the newly appreciated role of CFBs as non-professional antigen presenting cells in the context of heart failure by studying both the induction of CFB MHC-II and its role in the activation of CFBs. (tufts.edu)
DC are professional antigen-presenting cells with the unique capacity to polarize the differentiation of T cells, thereby regulating the balance between inflammation and tolerance [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)

He and Emil R. Unanue were responsible for the discovery that antigen-presenting cells present antigens to bind to a special group of molecules known as the major histocompatibility complex. (wikipedia.org)
However, toll-like receptor ligands induce neurotoxic molecules in astrocytes. (neurology-jp.org)
The detection of microbial molecules via Toll-like receptors (TLR) in B cells is not well characterized. (aai.org)
As an example, we have demonstrated, in both mice and larger animals, that directing antigen to HLA class II molecules is particularly relevant for induction of neutralizing antibodies, whereas steering of antigen to chemokine receptors promotes stronger formation of cellular immunity. (ous-research.no)
The intratumoral region is generally in an immunosuppressive state [ 3 ] it contains dysfunctional antigen presenting cells, altered proportion of effector to regulatory T cells, and an abundance of immunosuppressive molecules, forming a network to facilitate immune evasion [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)
Collectively, these negative regulatory receptors are now commonly referred to as immune-checkpoint molecules. (shu.edu)
LECs can modulate dendritic cell function, present antigens to T cells on MHC class I and MHC class II molecules, and express immunomodulatory cytokines and receptors, which suggests that their roles in adaptive immunity are far more extensive than previously realized. (jci.org)
Traditionally, microcirculatory physiologists studied the essential transport functions of lymphatic vessels in removing fluid, molecules, and cells after leaking from blood vessels in the periphery and before returning them to the blood circulation. (jci.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Moreover, trajectory analysis exposed that myeloid cells evolutionarily consisted of 7 claims, and antigen-presenting molecules and complement-associated genes were lost along the pseudotime circulation. (biotech2012.org)
Antibody -B cell-produced molecules encoded by genes that re-arrange during B cell development consisting of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains that together form the central component of the B cell receptor (BCR) for antigen. (mhmedical.com)
Antibody can exist as B cell-surface antigen-recognition molecules or as secreted molecules in plasma and other body fluids. (mhmedical.com)
Antigens -foreign or self-molecules that are recognized by the adaptive and innate immune systems resulting in immune cell triggering, T cell activation, and/or B cell antibody production. (mhmedical.com)
Apoptosis -the process of programmed cell death whereby signaling through various "death receptors" on the surface of cells (e.g., tumor necrosis factor [TNF] receptors, CD95) leads to a signaling cascade that involves activation of the caspase family of molecules and leads to DNA cleavage and cell death. (mhmedical.com)
To perform this function, DC are capable of capturing antigens, processing them, and presenting them on the cell surface complexed to major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, for example, human leukocyte antigen- (HLA-) DR. Along with that, context-dependent expression of costimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86, and secretion of cytokines occurs. (hindawi.com)
Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
In summary, IFN- exerts anti-viral effects, induces expression and trafficking of MHC class II molecules in antigen-presenting cells, effects actin cytoskeletal reorganization involved in phagocytosis and microtubule destabilized bundle formation. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
CD40L then interacts with CD40 on the dendritic cell surface, leading to the induction Kaempferol inhibitor of costimulatory activity mediated by both cell surface molecules and cytokines such as interleukin-12 by the dendritic cell (11, 35). (bioskinrevive.com)
Although the nature of the antigens responsible for RA pathogenesis is unknown, there is evidence that the disease-associated HLA-DR (B1*0401, 0404, 0405 and 0101) molecules are involved in disease pathogenesis [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, the utility of OX40, a costimulatory molecule mainly expressed on activated effector T cells known to play an important role in eliminating cancer cells, was evaluated as a PET imaging biomarker to quantify and track response to immunotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)
Whereas CD28 delivers a costimulatory signal in T cell activation, CTLA-4 negatively regulates cell-mediated immune responses through interaction with CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) present on antigen presenting cells (APC). (biolegend.com)
Costimulatory and co-inhibitory ligand-receptor interactions between a T cell and a dendritic cell, a tumor cell, and a macrophage, respectively, in the tumor microenvironment. (shu.edu)
This costimulatory activity is necessary for the CD4+ T cell to become fully activated and produce cytokines and/or perform other effector functions (reviewed in references 22 and 23). (bioskinrevive.com)
Here too, they likely act by regulating Kaempferol inhibitor costimulatory activity on antigen-presenting cells. (bioskinrevive.com)
Dendritic cells display a large amount of MHC-peptide complexes at their surface and can increase the expression of costimulatory receptors and migrate to the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues, where they activate specific T cells. (medscape.com)
Costimulatory interaction (i.e., second signal) is between CD80(B7.1)/CD86(B7.2) on the dendritic cell, and CD28 on the T cells. (medscape.com)

In these studies, CD4 + T cell-depleting and blocking antibodies caused remission from disease in a number of CD and UC patients examined, suggesting a prominent role of CD4 + T cells in propagating disease ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
When injected into the arm, the plasmids are taken up by nearby muscle cells where they will produce antibodies in an automatic body process. (pennystocksreporter.com)
FcRn expressed in endosomal compartment of intestinal epithelium, vascular endothelium and macrophages regulates the serum IgG levels by binding to the pinocytosed antibodies and recirculating them to cell surface without intracellular degradation. (academie-medecine.fr)
The worry has been that if antibodies are generated to this viral "spike protein" after it has had a chance to bind to human cells (post-fusion conformation), that this would give a better chance for non-neutralizing antibodies to arise (and thus provide a better chance for unwanted inflammation of ADE to develop). (educatetruth.com)
Thus, typical HA-specific antibodies neutralize viral infectivity and fully protect against infection when they are present at sufficient concentration in the lining fluid of the respiratory tract, and typical NA-specific antibodies inhibit the release of newly formed virus from infected host cells and thus limit the spread and shedding of virus during infection. (cdc.gov)
Because of their potential for broadening vaccine-mediated protection in humans, they have been studied extensively in animals and found to be mediated predominantly by virus-specific memory T cells ( 6 , 7 ), antibodies ( 8 - 10 ), or a combination of both ( 11 - 13 ). (cdc.gov)
B, blockade of this pathway by anti-PD-1 antibodies prevents this downregulation, and allows T cells to maintain their antitumor functionality and ability to mediate tumor cell death. (shu.edu)
Although B1 cells have been recognized for their protective functions against viruses, bacteria and parasites by producing natural IgM antibodies [ 3 ], increasing evidence indicates that B1 cells, especially the highly polyspecific B1a cells, play a role in autoimmune pathogenesis [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Studies characterising the immune response in patients with COVID-19 show that the correlates of protection in infected individuals are T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralising titres of immunoglobin G and immunoglobin A antibodies. (cdc.gov)

In utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCTx) is a promising method to induce donor-specific tolerance but the mechanisms of antigen presentation that educate host T cells and the relative importance of deletion vs. regulation in this setting are unknown. (ca.gov)
CpG ODN did not increase the capacity of CD40L-activated B cells to induce proliferation of naive T cells. (aai.org)
Significantly, the co-administration of Freund's adjuvants with vaccine 1 was suggested to cause splenomegaly, containing increased variety of myeloid cells, which can include immature MDSCs or monocytes, to suppress expansion/differentiation into effector T cells and B cells (Fig. TACAs used in scientific trials are little T cell-independent antigens, they display poor immunogenicity and cannot induce immunoglobulin (Ig) course switching. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
The TLR family members is split into generally two groups, that have intracellular and extracellular receptors.13,21C23 Especially, TLR-1, TLR-6 and TLR-2, which are from the former TLRs, have a tendency to induce humoral immune system replies, whereas intracellular TLRs improve Th1 and cellular immune system responses. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
Actually, Kiessling have uncovered that polymeric multivalent ligands induce BCR clustering to activate B cell replies.39 The need for the lipid moiety for the self-adjuvating property was also recommended predicated on the adjuvant effects in a number of TACA-based vaccines.33,40C42 Intracellular TLR ligands and various other innate immune system ligands have already been also used in self-adjuvanting vaccines. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
As these resident memory T cells are long lived, vaccines that are able to induce them should provide long-lasting immunity. (frontiersin.org)
LN metastases resist T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells, and generate tumor-specific immune tolerance that subsequently facilitates distant tumor colonization. (stanford.edu)
When loaded with immune complexes (IC), consisting of tumor antigens bound to antitumor antibody, BMDC induce powerful antitumor immunity in mice. (stanford.edu)

The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. (mdpi.com)
In this review, we will address the nature of the inflammatory response in the context of autoimmune disease, specifically we will discuss the role of dendritic cells following stimulation of their innate pathogen recognition receptors in directing the development of T cell responses. (uwo.ca)
CD4 + T cells are key in mediating the host protective and homeostatic responses. (frontiersin.org)
These cells primarily produce interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that, respectively, activate macrophages and direct cytotoxic CD8 + T cell responses, that in turn promote elimination of intracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Further, we can modulate the formation of immune responses to different types by careful selection of the receptors against which the antigen is steered. (ous-research.no)
Self-adjuvanting vaccines, the conjugates of immunoenhancers and antigens, are anticipated to stimulate antigen-specific immune system responses without extreme inflammation.6C8 Furthermore, they possess well-defined structures and facilitate quality control of vaccine products hence. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
Conjugation with Th epitopes can stimulate T cell-dependent immune system responses, such as for example antigen-specific B cell IgG and activation class switching. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
Upon interaction with its ligand, galectin-9, Tim-3 induces a death signal in Th1 cells thereby contracting Th1 immune responses and preventing the immunopathology that would otherwise ensue. (shu.edu)
Tim-3 can therefore be classed along with other negative regulatory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, which are also expressed on T cells and serve to contract T cell responses. (shu.edu)
Emerging research on the roles of stromal cells in modulating adaptive immune responses has included a new focus on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). (jci.org)
This Review summarizes the emergent evidence that LECs are important in maintaining peripheral tolerance, limiting and resolving effector T cell responses, and modulating leukocyte function. (jci.org)
It is against this background that cellular immune responses to an otherwise innocuous antigen, a review of the methods used to assess the potential for immune- which can lead to tissue damage (Janeway et al. (cdc.gov)
asthma via IgE- and Th2-cell-mediated responses are of a hypersensitivity response in the respiratory tract precipitated by particular concern. (cdc.gov)
Immune responses by these cells are based on specific antigen recognition by clonotypic receptors that are products of genes that rearrange during development and throughout the life of the organism. (mhmedical.com)
Apoptosis, which does not lead to induction of inordinate inflammation, is to be contrasted with cell necrosis , which does lead to induction of inflammatory responses. (mhmedical.com)
Autoimmune diseases -diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in which cells of the adaptive immune system such as autoreactive T and B cells become overreactive and produce self-reactive T cell and antibody responses. (mhmedical.com)
Anti-HIV-1 T cell responses are evaded by continuous mutation of the virus. (scielo.br)
Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
CD40L-CD40 interactions were originally shown to play a key role in thymus-dependent humoral immune responses, mediating cognate interactions between CD4+ T cells and B cells that are essential for B-cell activation and differentiation, class switching, germinal center formation, and the generation of B-cell memory (reviewed in references 21 and 31). (bioskinrevive.com)
In addition, CD40L-CD40 interactions have been shown to be involved in the initiation of antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses (24, 25, 65, 71). (bioskinrevive.com)
The amino acids Ala268, Ser269, Glu271 and Thr272 constituted the major TCR contact residues, as substitution at these positions did not affect HLA-DR4(B1*0401) binding but abrogated T cell responses. (biomedcentral.com)

We will focus on how dendritic cell subsets change the balance between major players in autoimmunity, namely Th1, Th17 and regulatory T cells. (uwo.ca)

Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. (mdpi.com)

Essential flexibility in the T-cell recognition of antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Examples of direct implication of epigenetic modifications in immune recognition of cancer cells. (oaepublish.com)
A current model for the role of this system argues that CD40L is upregulated upon activation of CD4+ T cells following recognition of antigen presented by dendritic cells. (bioskinrevive.com)
First, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T-cell receptor (TCR) contact residues were identified by analysis of single site substituted analogue peptides for HLA-DR4 binding and cognate T cell recognition using both T hybridomas and polyclonal T cells from peptide-immunized HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. (biomedcentral.com)

Various cell types can process and present these antigens to T cells, or antigens may be soluble and bound to B-cell receptors. (medscape.com)
For testing human soluble CTLA-4 in serum, plasma or cell culture supernatant, LEGEND MAX™ Human Soluble CTLA-4 ELISA Kit with Pre-coated Plates (Cat. (biolegend.com)
It has been reported that CD158d serves as an inhibitory receptor for peripheral and uterine NK cells, but its ligation with soluble mAbs (unlike immobilized mAbs) results in activation of IFN-γ secretion. (exbio.cz)
Activation of NK cells by an endocytosed receptor for soluble HLA-G. PLoS Biol. (exbio.cz)
En outre, il y avait une aug- mentation significative de la forme soluble du c-kit dans le sérum des patients atteints de pemphigus vulgaire actif par rapport aux témoins. (who.int)
Immunologists recognized the importance of lymphatic vessels as channels for leukocyte trafficking from peripheral sites to their draining LNs ( 4 - 6 ), and as conduits for soluble antigens that can be taken up directly by LN-resident B cells and immature DCs ( 7 - 10 ), which help regulate the kinetics of antigen presentation. (jci.org)

The review focuses on the role of APC-derived EVs in regulating the transformation of macrophage phenotype, shaping foam cells, driving autophagy and/or inhibiting apoptosis of Th4 + cells, T regulatory cells, endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), as well as in facilitating oxidative stress in vasculature. (bmrat.org)
H2S has been described to prevent endothelial cell senescence [18,42] and delays aging [43]. (beccajcampbell.com)
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) themselves have been shown to play active roles in controlling their transport functions and in directly communicating with immune cells to modulate their immediate and downstream functions. (jci.org)
We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
Specifically, we argue that the hypercoagulable and hyperinflammatory state of severe COVID-19 is a consequence of the expanded tropism of SARS-CoV-2, which allows it to infect vascular endothelial cells, and that cytokine storm physiology contributes to a lesser degree. (ersjournals.com)
The latter is expressed on a variety of cell types with antigen-presenting cell function, including B cells, dendritic cells, activated macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, and endothelial cells (reviewed in reference 66). (bioskinrevive.com)

Importantly, although the percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs) after IUHCTx increased, there was no expansion in Treg numbers. (ca.gov)
Regulatory T cells express high levels of CTLA-4. (biolegend.com)

In this study, we found that both naive and memory B cells lack TLR4 (receptor for LPS) but express TLR9 (receptor for CpG motifs) and produce IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 upon stimulation with CpG oligonucleotides (ODN), synthetic mimics of microbial DNA. (aai.org)
Together, these results demonstrate that IL-12p70 production in human B cells is under the dual control of microbial stimulation and T cell help. (aai.org)
In addition, decreased production of the inflammatory mediators, TNF- α and MMP-9, upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation was found at the end of the exercise program. (hindawi.com)

Finally, MIS416-mediated protection was shown to correlate with IFN-γ-dependant expansion of PDL-1-expressing peripheral myeloid cells, a subset of which was found to be selectively recruited to the brain. (nature.com)
This study aimed to determine the mechanisms by which MIS416-induced IFN-γ reduces disease severity in EAE and investigate the IFN-γ-dependent effects on disease-inducing auto-reactive CD4 T cells as well as the peripheral and CNS resident myeloid cells that are directly targeted by MIS416. (nature.com)

Cell-to-cell interactions set off a cascade of events that may result in T- or B-cell activation and, ultimately, host defense. (medscape.com)
COVI-GUARD (STI-1499) Fc region is engineered to eliminate interactions with host Fc receptors, thereby potentially decreasing risk of Antibody Dependent Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (pennystocksreporter.com)
While we particularly focus on LEC interactions with DCs and T cells, we also highlight features that support immune regulation, including the structure and function of lymphatic vessels and the compartmentalization of the LN stroma, which help control the manner in which LECs can interface with immune cells. (jci.org)
The Kaempferol inhibitor fact that CD40L and CD40 are expressed in a tightly controlled fashion on T cells and on many different cell populations with which they interact suggests that CD40L-CD40 interactions are probably involved in the regulation of a number of aspects of the immune response. (bioskinrevive.com)
Further, CD40 is also expressed on thymic antigen-presenting cells (19), and it has been demonstrated that CD40-CD40L interactions play an essential role in negative selection in the thymus Kaempferol inhibitor (18). (bioskinrevive.com)

After a complex process of education and maturation, a circulating lymphocyte can bind to an antigen. (medscape.com)
CD152, also known as Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4), is a 33 kD member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. (biolegend.com)
2007). Adoptive Transfer of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Re-directed Cytolytic T Lymphocyte Clones in Patients with Neuroblastoma. (igem.org)
We speculate that the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to affect T-lymphocyte and myeloid cell physiology coupled with age-related maladaptive biological phenomena explain the strong association between advanced age and increased risk of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. (ersjournals.com)
The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)
Evidence has recently been obtained that two very different recombinatorial systems for lymphocyte antigen receptor diversification appeared at the beginning of vertebrate evolution approximately 500 million years ago. (scielo.br)
Our adaptive immunity, also called acquired immunity, is composed of lymphocyte cells that are triggered when a specific pathogen enters the body. (squareonepublishers.com)

Innate immunity resides in the skin, mucous membranes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, complement system, and a select group of cells that possess cytotoxic capabilities. (medscape.com)
Binding of complement to a foreign substance, or antigen, amplifies and augments the body's innate immune system by means of its role as an opsonin (a factor that enhances phagocytosis of unwanted particles) and as a chemoattractant (a factor that recruits cells to areas of inflammation). (medscape.com)
NK cells are specialized effectors of the innate immune system that destroy their targets by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, have prominent antitumor effects, and are potent killers of virally infected cells. (medscape.com)
Other cellular components of the innate immune system include mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, and NK cells. (medscape.com)
The induction of innate immunity by these microbial products alters the balance in the cytokine microenvironment and may be responsible for modulation of the inflammation and protection from autoimmunity. (uwo.ca)
In the self-adjuvanting vaccine technique, T-helper (Th) cell epitopes and innate immune system ligands are often conjugated as immunoenhancers. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
100 amino acids in length that are produced by cells of the innate immune system and have anti-infectious agent activity. (mhmedical.com)
Recent evidence also suggests involvement of innate immunity, including dendritic cells (DC), in the initiation and maintenance as well as progression of MS [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)

Finally, a number of biologics that target CD4 + T cell differentiation into inflammatory subsets or their byproducts (i.e., cytokines) have shown efficacy in treating patients with IBD ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Given the importance of CD4 + Th cells in the disease process, this review will focus on how Th cells differentiate in the inflamed intestinal tract during IBD and how the Th lineage-specific cytokines and transcription factors (TFs) contribute to disease. (frontiersin.org)
Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, cytokines induced during early stages of IBD, play important roles in differentiation of interferon (IFN)-γ/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-producing Th1 cells as well as IL-17-producing Th17 cells. (frontiersin.org)
Microglia can exert neuroprotective effect by deprivation of dead cells and induction of neurotrophic factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and anti-oxidant enzyme in MS. Neurons are thought to be not merely passive targets of microglia but rather control microglial activity through various signals including cytokines and chemokines. (neurology-jp.org)
Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)
In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)
In contrast, the peritumoral stroma is highly infiltrated with various immune cells that actively secrete high concentrations of inflammatory cytokines for enhancing cell growth, angiogenesis, and tissue remodelling [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
The present study investigated the expression of T helper (Th)17 cytokines in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and their clinical significance in providing new therapeutic insights. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, the proliferation of Th17 cells and Th17‑associated cytokines, including interleukin (IL)17, IL23 and RAR‑related orphan receptor γt, was analyzed by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
It was further demonstrated that Th17 cells could be induced and expanded in the tumor microenvironment through cytokines produced by the tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
LECs are presumably the first cells that come into direct contact with peripheral antigens, cytokines, danger signals, and immune cells travelling from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes. (jci.org)
For example, they have been shown to be of importance in the inflammatory immune response, regulating the induction of secretion of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-12, and gamma interferon (IFN-), and of nitric oxide by monocytes and macrophages and prolonging the survival Kaempferol inhibitor of these cells at sites of inflammation (reviewed in references 23 and 61). (bioskinrevive.com)
Cytokines are regulatory compounds produced by cells of the immune system [T(H)1 and T(H)2] and act as intracellular mediators and control the immune and inflammatory reponses 9 . (bvsalud.org)
T(H)1 control the cell-mediated response and produce a number of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. (bvsalud.org)

2004). Fcγ receptor signaling in primary human microglia: differential roles of PI-3K and Ras/ERK MAPK pathways in phagocytosis and chemokine induction. (igem.org)

Recently, Sanglifehrin A (SFA), a novel agent with immunosuppressive activity has been described that is structurally related to CsA and binds to the same intracellular receptor, cyclophilin. (rotrf.org)
For intracellular flow cytometric staining, the suggested use of this reagent is ≤ 0.5 µg per million cells in 100 µL volume. (biolegend.com)

Interleukin (IL)-12, which is secreted by antigen-presenting cells, acts via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4 to promote the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 cells ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
STAT4 also signals activation of the TF T-bet, a lineage-defining factor for Th1 differentiation, which upregulates the IL-12 receptor, IFN-γ expression, and causes further expansion of Th1 cells (Figure 1 ) ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Critical factors in the differentiation of effector Th cells during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (frontiersin.org)
CD80/86-CD28 interaction and others), these signals initiate a program of cell division and differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
The gut is the natural site of T H 17 generation and it has recently been found that microbes can affect T cell differentiation via regulating dendritic cells. (hindawi.com)
Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 + T cells are essential organizers of cell-mediated immunity, participating in each stage of the immune response. (spandidos-publications.com)
Signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, including that critical to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, has been generally considered to occur at the plasma membrane. (scielo.br)
Abnormal proliferation, clonal expansion, aberrant differentiation, and diminished apoptosis (programmed cell death) lead to replacement of normal blood elements with malignant cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Each receptor has an amino-terminal immunoglobulin variable-region-like (IgV-like) domain that, owing to its presence at the N terminus of the protein, is often known as the N domain. (shu.edu)
Most of the rest of the extracellular part of each receptor is comprised of a variable number of immunoglobulin constant-region-type-2-like (IgC2-like) domains. (shu.edu)

CTLA4 is expressed on the surface of helper T cells and transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells. (biolegend.com)
Additional reported applications (for the relevant formats) include: Blocking of CTLA-4/B7-1 interaction and blocking of CTLA-4-mediated inhibitory function to promote T cell expansion 1 , 2 . (biolegend.com)
CD158d / KIR2DL4 is a KIR family member that shares structural features with both activating and inhibitory receptors and may mediate different functions under different circumstances. (exbio.cz)

In the subsequent step, the planned plasmids, including the planned chimeric receptors will be created and consequently characterized. (igem.org)

A, ligation of T-cell PD-1 by tumor B7-H1 results in the downregulation of T-cell effector functions that destroy tumor tissue. (shu.edu)

However, multiple hurdles exist for the realisation of a universal T cell vaccine. (mdpi.com)
Induction of effective immunity in the lungs should be a requisite for any vaccine designed to control the severe pathogenic effects generated by respiratory infectious agents. (nature.com)
The virtual absence of Spike-specific cell immunity in lungs of vaccinees is not surprising given that the vaccine is administrated intramuscularly. (nature.com)
We developed a CD8 + T-cell-based vaccine platform based on intramuscular (i.m.) injection of a DNA vector coding for antigens of interest fused at the C-terminus of a biologically inactive Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Type 1 Nef protein (Nef mut ) having an unusually high efficiency of incorporation into EVs. (nature.com)
We have previously developed a DNA based vaccine platform, and demonstrated that steering of antigens to selected receptors on antigen presenting cells enhances vaccine efficacy. (ous-research.no)
How does the fact that there's an extra step involved in producing the vaccine's protein-based antigen(s) within the human body somehow mean that the final result isn't a true vaccine? (educatetruth.com)
What happens is that the mRNA in the vaccine enters the cytoplasm of some of the cells in one's body. (educatetruth.com)
Several reasons may account for this resurgence, including faster waning of immunity through acellular compared to whole-cell vaccines and potential strain adaptation to escape vaccine-induced immunity ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)

These receptors trigger inflammation through the NFkB-dependent and interferon regulatory factor-dependent signaling pathway. (medscape.com)
Th1 and Th17 cells are known to be cellular mediators of inflammation in autoimmune diseases. (uwo.ca)
The specific cytokine milieu within the site of inflammation or within secondary lymphatic tissues is important during the priming and effector phases of T cell response. (uwo.ca)
Many subsets of CD4 + T cells have been identified as players in perpetuating chronic intestinal inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex set of diseases that includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), each with multiple bacterial, immune, and non-immune cell types contributing to inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
Apart from a minor direct effect on the proliferation and survival of cancer cells in other systems [ 15 ], and the recent report on its role in immune evasion via mediating B7-H1 expression on monocytes to suppress cytotoxic T cell activity [ 13 ], the major protumor role of IL-17 in inflammation-associated cancer relies on fostering angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
Interleukin (IL)17-producing Th17 cells, which are different from Th1 and Th2 cells, have been described as serving critical roles in inflammation and autoimmune diseases, as well as in cancer development ( 8 - 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Separation of IL-4 production from Th cell proliferation by an altered T cell receptor ligand. (wikipedia.org)
During development, the Notch signaling pathway played a critical role in patterning tissues by regulating proliferation, cell death and specifying cell fate determination [3]. (beccajcampbell.com)
In this study, we found that peritoneal B1a cells underwent proliferation and migrated to the inflamed joint tissue with upregulated RANKL expression during collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) development in mice. (oncotarget.com)
Each category of histiocytosis can be traced to reactive or neoplastic proliferation in one of these cell lineages. (medscape.com)
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), malignant transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of an abnormally differentiated, long-lived myeloid progenitor cell results in high circulating numbers of immature blood cells and replacement of normal marrow by malignant cells. (msdmanuals.com)

However, nothing is known about the ability of the N-specific CD8 + T cell immunity in controlling viral replication in the lungs, a major pathogenic signature of severe disease in humans. (nature.com)
In fact, it is known that the development of cell immunity in pulmonary tissues is largely independent of the events occurring in both peripheral circulation and distal lymphoid organs. (nature.com)
CTLA-4 is thought to play a role in the induction and maintenance of immunological tolerance as well as the development of protective immunity and thymocyte regulation. (biolegend.com)
At present, the IL-17-producing cells in human HCC tissue are found to be from the adaptive arm of immunity. (hindawi.com)
The role of T H 17 cells in tumor immunity has been controversial. (hindawi.com)
This is a normal part of the second wave of cell mediated immunity. (shu.edu)

Little is known about molecular mecha- desmosomal glycoproteins, resulting in the nisms affecting mast cell and T lympho- loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion [ 1 ]. (who.int)
It is part of the Carinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) family of adhesion molecule receptors. (shu.edu)
Both SOCS1 and SOCS3 improve FAK- and RhoA-activation leading to improved cell adhesion and reduced migration (46). (angiotensinreceptor.com)

Induction of T-cell anergy by altered T-cell-receptor ligand on live antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
The CD40 ligand (CD40L) CD154 is a glycoprotein that is transiently expressed at high levels on the surface of CD4+ T cells when they are activated (2, 30, 39, 51, 53). (bioskinrevive.com)
This is becoming increasingly apparent as research into the functions of this receptor-ligand pair progresses (17, 22, 23, 38, 50). (bioskinrevive.com)
We sought to identify an altered peptide ligand (APL) based on the endogenously expressed synovial auto-epitope of human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (HC gp-39) for modulation of cognate, HLA-DR4-restricted T cells. (biomedcentral.com)

The basis for the immunoregulatory role of macrophages and other accessory cells. (wikipedia.org)
Acute P. falciparum malaria coinfection impacts virus-host dynamics in HIV-1-infected persons at the cellular level, notably showing a reversible induction of HIV-1 replication in CD14 macrophages that is associated with changes in immune activation. (lww.com)
The histiocytoses encompass a group of diverse disorders characterized by the accumulation and infiltration of variable numbers of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the affected tissues. (medscape.com)

They recognize microorganisma through their Fc, complement and toll-like receptors (TLR), as well as non-TLR. (medscape.com)
T helper cells recognize antigen presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex II on antigen-presenting cells in a T cell receptor-dependent fashion (not shown). (frontiersin.org)
By any rational standard, the mRNA vaccines are true vaccines in every sense of the word since they end up educating the human immune system to recognize a specific type of viral protein antigen which then causes this now educated immune system to specifically target the COVID-19 virus prior to an actual infection by the live virus. (educatetruth.com)
TCRs can recognize fragments of antigen attached to MHC on the surface of an APC. (medscape.com)

ACC) Unsupervised consensus clustering recognized two self-employed subclusters based on the manifestation levels of the differentially expressed genes between two cell claims spanning the longest pseudotime. (biotech2012.org)
Consensus clustering based on the differentially indicated genes between two claims harboring the longest pseudotime span recognized two PDAC organizations with prognostic variations, and more infiltrated immune cells and triggered immune signatures may account for the survival benefits. (biotech2012.org)

Numerous animal studies as well as observational and clinical trials have shown that atherosclerosis arises from immune activation, with several cell-type specific pathways involved. (bmrat.org)
These include macrophage and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching and various inflammatory signaling, such as IL-33/suppression of tumorigenesis 2 (ST2), Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathways, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 . (bmrat.org)
Dendritic cells appear to develop in several pathways. (medscape.com)

Th1 cells are important for protecting against infectious pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
The size of the plasma pool ensures the vast diversity of IgG repertoire in IVIG that interacts with a large number of self-antigens, in addition to pathogens and external antigens [2]. (academie-medecine.fr)
NK cells coordinate tumor immunosurveillance and the immune response against pathogens. (scielo.br)
These cells learn to identify the invading pathogens and hunt them down. (squareonepublishers.com)

Thus, tolerance induction after IUHCTx depends on both direct and indirect antigen presentation and is secondary to thymic deletion, without de novo Treg induction. (ca.gov)

Indeed, both DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications have been described to regulate immune checkpoint inhibitor expression, tumor-associated antigen presentation or cancer cell editing by the immune system and therefore establishing epigenetic drugs as a potential complement to immunotherapies to improve their efficiency. (oaepublish.com)
Specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) expressed by cancer cells can be identified by the immune system and results in the activation of immune system effectors and the consequent elimination of the cancer cells. (oaepublish.com)
Though the origin of tumor associated T H 17 cells is not completely understood, it is possible that they are recruited from the periphery [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)

However, there are a number of lines of evidence that suggest that CD4 + T helper cells are major initiators in the disease process. (frontiersin.org)

The generation of receptors specific for antigens is a unique and complex process that generates 10 12 specific receptors for each cell type of the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells. (medscape.com)
Based on previous efforts focusing on the role of the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of MS, it is currently well established that autoreactive T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells mediate the inflammatory processes in the CNS [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

[ 12 ] These cells can capture antigen and migrate to lymphoid organs, where they present the antigens to naive T cells. (medscape.com)

Since recent evidence supports a crucial role of dendritic cells (DC) in the pathogenesis of MS, we investigated the effect of a 12-week combined exercise program in MS patients on the number and function of DC. (hindawi.com)

Nivolumab is an antibody that binds to PD-1 and blocks it from interacting with PD-L1 (expressed on cancer cells and antigen presenting cells), which then prevents Cytotoxic T-cells from becoming down-regulated against the antigens expressed on the neighboring TCR (T-cell receptor) - see article . (shu.edu)
CEACAM1 interacts with TIM-3, a molecule expressed on Th1 (helper) and Tc1 (Cytotoxic T-cells) cells but not on other Th and Tc subsets . (shu.edu)
Table_2.XLSX (555K) GUID:?46F26156-6A42-4A75-A7CA-EEA98625028C Supplementary Table 3: Multivariate cox regression validates the association between OS and cytotoxic T cell signatures in targets_high group is definitely independent of additional infiltrated cell components. (biotech2012.org)
[ 15 ] The surface of the APC contains 2 peptide-binding proteins (ie, major histocompatability complex [MHC] classes I and II), which can stimulate cytotoxic T (T C ) cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and helper T (T H ) cells. (medscape.com)

Surface display of IgG Fc on baculovirus vectors enhances binding to antigen-presenting cells and cell lines expressing Fc receptors. (igem.org)
2009). Physiologic Oxygen Concentration Enhances the Stem-Like Properties of CD133+ Human Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro. (igem.org)

B, PD-1 is mainly expressed on antigen-experienced memory T cells in peripheral tissues cells. (shu.edu)
However, clear evidence for functional NK cell subsets exists in humans and the presence of NK cells in the thymus and immature NK cells in the liver suggests specific functions for NK cells in the tissues. (scielo.br)

We next performed allogeneic IUHCTx into donor-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice and confirmed that both direct and indirect antigen presentation lead to clonal deletion of effector T cells in chimeras. (ca.gov)
For this purpose we employed a panel of well-characterized T cell hybridomas generated from HC gp-39-immunized HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. (biomedcentral.com)

Concurrent chemoradiation therapy is the current standard of care for patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (medscape.com)

Whilst IFN-γ is typically considered to be a pro-inflammatory product of effector T cells, it has been also been demonstrated that IFN-γ −/− mice develop more severe EAE than wild type (WT) controls 5 , highlighting alternate, IFN-γ-dependant negative feedback mechanisms that can constrain EAE disease activity. (nature.com)

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with Cell Activation Cocktail (without brefeldin) for 4 hours, surface stained with CD3 APC, fixed, permeabilized, and intracellularly stained with CD152 (CTLA-4) (clone BNI3) PE (left), or mouse IgG2a, κ PE isotype control (right). (biolegend.com)
PHA-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (day-3) were stained with CD3 APC and PE anti-human CD152 (CTLA-4) (clone BNI3) (left) or PE mouse IgG2a, κ isotype control (right). (biolegend.com)
I. To evaluate the biologic activity of azacitidine by pharmacodynamic assessment of global deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of infants treated with azacitidine. (iu.edu)
Flow cytometry was used to investigate the percentage of Th17 and Th1 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (spandidos-publications.com)

Fidelity of T cell activation through multistep T cell receptor ζ phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
CTLA-4 and PD-1 modulate different aspects of the T-cell response: A, CTLA-4 is upregulated after antigen-specific activation of a naïve or memory T cell in lymphatic tissue, leading to decreased effector function (early activation phase). (shu.edu)
This protein is also expressed (although at lower levels) on a subset of CD8+ T cells following activation (2, 28, 39, 53), and its expression has been documented on several other cell types, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and B cells (reviewed in reference 66). (bioskinrevive.com)
Immune activation and induction of HIV-1 replication within. (lww.com)
Immunomagnetic HIV-1 capture analysis was used to determine the cellular origin of cell-free virus particles present in all 30 plasma samples and indices of immune activation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. (lww.com)
Parasite clearance following treatment with antimalarial drugs resulted in decreased detection of HIV-1 particles derived from the CD14 macrophage cell subset and correlated with a marked diminution in systemic immune activation. (lww.com)

Sorrento claims it has an antibody that grabs and then blocks the virus so that it is unable to infect the cells. (pennystocksreporter.com)
The fluorochrome-labeled L3D10 antibody is useful for immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometric analysis to identify CTLA-4-producing cells within mixed cell populations. (biolegend.com)
The prevalence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), the antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe), and the antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were 4.38%, 35.66%, 1.38%, 6.65%, and 40.88%, respectively. (beccajcampbell.com)
The mouse monoclonal antibody mAb#33 (also known as mAb 33 or 33) recognizes extracellular portion of CD158d / KIR2DL4, a 45 kDa NK cell marker. (exbio.cz)
Separation of human CD158d positive CD56 positive CD3 negative NK cells (red-filled) from T cells (black-dashed) in flow cytometry analysis (surface staining) of human peripheral whole blood stained using anti-human CD158d (mAb#33) purified antibody (concentration in sample 6 μg/ml, GAM APC). (exbio.cz)
The reason for these differences in the relative strength of T-cell and antibody-mediated protection is not clear but could be attributable to differences in vaccination procedures, virus challenge, and read out (how protection was measured) between the various studies. (cdc.gov)

The results revealed that the prevalence of Th17 cells in patients with LSCC was elevated in their primary tumors, as well as in peripheral blood, compared with that in healthy controls. (spandidos-publications.com)
The present study revealed that patients with LSCC have elevated levels of Th17 cells in their primary tumors and peripheral blood compared with those in healthy controls. (spandidos-publications.com)

Th17 cells, once thought to only act as pathogenic effectors through production of IL-17, have been shown to have regulatory properties as well with co-production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by a subset now referred to as regulatory Th17 cells. (uwo.ca)
Unlike IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10, the Th1 cytokine IL-12p70 was detected only when both CpG ODN and CD40L were present, and its induction was independent of B cell receptor cross-linking. (aai.org)
IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by a novel subset of CD4+T cells known as T H 17. (hindawi.com)
In addition to T H cells, this cytokine can also be secreted by CD8+T cells, γ δ T cells, lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and granulocytes [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
It has been confirmed that naïve (uncommitted) CD4 + T cells can be induced to different specific lineages according to the local cytokine, including towards T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
first focus on transcription factors and other parameters, such as cytokine receptor signaling. (scielo.br)
Either HSV-1 infection or IFN- therapy upregulated expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in murine keratinocyte cell lines (41). (angiotensinreceptor.com)

Rajagopalan S, Fu J, Long EO: Cutting edge: induction of IFN-gamma production but not cytotoxicity by the killer cell Ig-like receptor KIR2DL4 (CD158d) in resting NK cells. (exbio.cz)

In the present work, we found that H2S increased the growth curve and decreased the percentage of SA-β-Gal positive cells as well as the expressions of P16INK4a and P21CIPL in Hcy-treated HT22 cells. (beccajcampbell.com)
The present study is focused on CD133+ cells found in primary GBM samples. (igem.org)

The immune irregularities have been found to be the main cause of sarcoidosis in genetically predisposed individuals, elicited by the antigen(s) like microorganisms or their products, pollens, viruses, bacteria, and borrelia, due to an ex-aggregated immune response. (ijpsr.com)

Anatomy27

Organisms14

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs134

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

APCs9

Lymphocytes20

Professional antigen prese3

Molecules20

Costimulatory7

Antibodies10

Induce8

Responses22

Dendritic cell1

Human leucocy1

Recognition4

Soluble6

Endothelial6

Regulatory T cel2

Stimulation3

Myeloid cells2

Interactions5

Lymphocyte7

Innate8

Cytokines14

Chemokine1

Intracellular2

Differentiation8

Immunoglobulin2

Inhibitory3

Chimeric1

Effector functions1

Vaccine8

Inflammation7

Proliferation5

Immunity6

Adhesion3

Ligand4

Macrophages3

Recognize4

Genes2

Pathways3

Pathogens4

Thymic1

Tumor-associated3

Helper cells1

Adaptive2

Naive T cel1

Role of dendritic cells1

Cytotoxic4

Enhances2

Tissues2

Transgenic mice2

Squamous cell carc1

Mechanisms1

Mononuclear4

Activation6

Antibody6

Peripheral blood2

Cytokine7

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Present2

Microorganisms1