• HTLV-1 causes an aggressive form of leukaemia: adult T cell leukaemia (ATL), and Tax has largely been implicated in the oncogenic potential of this virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although Tax from HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 can cause cells to become cancerous experimentally, Tax produced by HTLV-2 is less oncogenic than that from HTLV-1 and therefore is thought to be the reason that HTLV-2 is not associated with ATL. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, unlike other oncogenic retroviruses, deltaretroviruses have an additional region, tax (trans-activating region of the X gene), which has regulatory functions and is oncogenic to host cells. (cdc.gov)
  • The genome of oncogenic viruses carries genes that have protein products that act as oncoproteins in cell proliferation and transformation. (ac.ir)
  • Tax acts as a transactivator, causing the transcription (production of mRNA from genetic code) of viral proteins in the long terminal repeat that are essential for replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to Tax's ability to promote the transcription of viral proteins in the nucleus, it also regulates many human genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tax modulates cellular processes by protein-protein interaction (binding with proteins), transcriptional activation (promoting the production of proteins) and transcriptional repression (inhibiting the production of proteins). (wikipedia.org)
  • What you actually find in the genome are coding genes that produce proteins, coupled to regulatory elements that switch the coding genes off and on using a kind of sophisticated boolean logic. (scienceblogs.com)
  • This overview considers these technologies and how they have been used to identify novel viral and plant proteins or genes involved in disease and resistance responses, as well as defense signaling. (springer.com)
  • These approaches include analysis of spatial and temporal responses by plants to infection, and techniques that allow the expression of viral genes transiently or transgenically in planta, the expression of plant and foreign genes from virus vectors, the silencing of plants genes, imaging of live, infected cells, and the detection of interactions between viral proteins and plant gene products, both in planta and in various in vitro or in vivo systems. (springer.com)
  • Transcription factors are proteins that regulate the transcription of genes, or the production of mRNA from DNA. (biolegend.com)
  • RUNX1 belongs to the runt domain family of transcription factors and regulates target gene expression through forming a heterodimeric DNA-binding complex with CBFB. (biolegend.com)
  • RUNX1 regulates CD4 gene transcription during multiple stages of T cell development and represses the CD4 gene in CD4-CD8- (double negative) T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • There are some gene mutations, some chromosome abnormalities [in] leukemia cells that we know don't yield to intensive chemotherapy, and they are more common in older adults," she said. (cancer.gov)
  • Associations of red blood corpuscle mean volume and hematocrit with severity of beta-globin gene mutations in beta-thalassemia carriers. (binhanvnmedical.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus Vpr product is a virion-associated regulatory protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Taken together, our results demonstrate the negative regulatory function of YAP in Tax activation of HTLV-1 transcription. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pausing provides a mechanism to tune these key genes to cellular and external regulatory cues. (nature.com)
  • Recent years have witnessed a sea change in our understanding of transcription regulation: whereas traditional models focused solely on the events that brought RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to a gene promoter to initiate RNA synthesis, emerging evidence points to the pausing of Pol II during early elongation as a widespread regulatory mechanism in higher eukaryotes. (nature.com)
  • It is a key regulatory gene of eye and brain development. (biolegend.com)
  • Systemic expression of HIV-1 tat gene in transgenic mice induces endothelial proliferation and tumors of different histotypes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • 16. Knorr, D.A. and Dawson, W.O. (1988) A point mutation in the tobacco mosaic capsid protein gene induces hypersensitivity in Nicotiana sylvestris . (springer.com)
  • I have a bit of a peeve with a common analogy for the human genome: that it is the blueprint of the body, and that we can find a mapping of genes to details of our morphological organization. (scienceblogs.com)
  • For instance, there is no code anywhere in the genome that commands the forelimbs to make five and only five digits: instead, a cascade of genes and cell movements produce a patterned tissue that in us contains sufficient mass and is of a size to generate five nuclei of condensing tissue that produce fingers. (scienceblogs.com)
  • The unfortunate consequence of those properties, though, is that you'll never be able to look at a single gene from the genome and sort out what it does in the embryo. (scienceblogs.com)
  • This broadly generalizable approach could also be applied to develop other constitutively synergistic combination products for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although pausing has been connected to extremely rapid and synchronous activation of genes, pausing is also highly associated with constitutively expressed genes that encode signalling and transcription factors. (nature.com)
  • HTLV-1 encodes Tax protein that activates transcription from viral long terminal repeats (LTR). (bvsalud.org)
  • Inhibition of the induction of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and enzymes (COX-2). (carefromnature.co.uk)
  • As mechanisms of YAP-mediated viral transcription inhibition, we found that YAP interacted with Tax, and prevented the association between Tax and p300. (bvsalud.org)
  • It finally led to the inhibition of recruitment of Tax to the Tax-responsive element in the 5' LTR of HTLV-1. (bvsalud.org)
  • tax causes malignant transformation not through integration and insertional mutagenesis, as many retroviruses do, but by inhibition of DNA repair (base excision pathway) and trans-activating disruption of cellular growth control mechanisms ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Interesting, HTLV-1 Tax viral gene is known to dampen innate antiviral signaling pathways to avoid host detection and elimination, through SOCS1 and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein (AIP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Current data indicate that pausing is particularly enriched at genes in signal-responsive pathways. (nature.com)
  • HIV-associated nephropathy in transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 genes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)
  • Moreover, overexpression of YAP repressed HTLV-1 plus-strand viral gene expression and virion production, whereas compromising YAP by RNA inference augmented the expression of HTLV-1 protein. (bvsalud.org)
  • Distinct signals that act through diverse targeted transcription factors can regulate different steps in the transcription pathway and provide a highly modulated transcriptional response at individual genes. (nature.com)
  • The capability of these cells to differentiate depends on the stem cell type, the regulation of gene expression by various transcription factors and interaction with the stem cell niche 1,4 . (biolegend.com)
  • Cellular processes that Tax dysregulates to produce cancerous cells include the cell cycle and the maintenance of genomic integrity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The embryo is a pool of autonomous cellular robots that have general rules for how they should respond to environmental cues…and those cues tend to vary in predictable ways across the embryo, leading to a consistent cascade of action that produces a relatively consistent complex product, the multicellular organism. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Phytohormones are a group of naturally occurring compounds that play crucial roles in regulating plant growth in a wide range of developmental processes, including cell division, formation and activity of shoot meristems, induction of photosynthesis gene expression, leaf senescence, nutrient mobilization, seed germination, root growth and stress response. (hurstvilleaquarium.com.au)
  • 14. Gowda, S., Wu, F.C., Scholthof, H.B., and Shepherd, R.J. (1989) Gene VI of figwort mosaic virus (caulimovirus group) functions in posttranscriptional expression of genes on the fulllength RNA transcript. (springer.com)
  • Human dipeptidyl peptidase IV gene promoter: tissue-specific regulation from a TATA-less GC-rich sequence characteristic exploits a housekeeping gene promoter. (winsomesourcing.com)
  • Each cell carries this complex collection of regulated genes independently and identically, but the boolean logic circuits produce different outputs varying with the inputs from the environment and the diverging histories of each cell. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Multiple cofactors are involved in the regulation of HTLV-1 transcription via association with Tax. (bvsalud.org)
  • There has been a pervasive thought in both biology and medicine that humans are limited by their genes. (queensledger.com)
  • Concerns that this virus might infect humans through exposure to food products from subclinically infected animals prompted 10 studies that used what were then (1975-1979) state-of-the-art immunologic methods to test serum samples from a collective total of 1,761 humans, including cancer patients, farm workers, and veterinarians ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Tax also causes aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome numbers), which is a possible cause of transformation (normal cells becoming cancer cells). (wikipedia.org)
  • Can be transmitted between different hosts through gene recombination or mutation of the receptor binding domain (RBD), leading to a higher mortality rate. (mobitec.com)
  • Once the transcription factor binds to an enhancer region, this can cause stimulation or repression of gene transcription. (biolegend.com)
  • In 2019, after the current trial had begun, FDA expanded its approval of ivosidenib for people with a mutation in the IDH1 gene . (cancer.gov)
  • A Tax Gene Product (Tax) is a nuclear protein that has a molecular weight of about 37,000 to 40,000 daltons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molecular genetics, gene transfer, and therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is not to imply that the genomic information is unimportant, only that understanding it requires complementing it with an understanding of cell:cell interactions, signaling, signal transduction, induction, and molecular patterning…all stuff that developmental biologists love. (scienceblogs.com)
  • In this study, we reported that YAP protein suppressed Tax activation of HTLV-1 5' LTR but not 3' LTR. (bvsalud.org)
  • The activation of the 5' LTR by Tax was potentiated when YAP was depleted. (bvsalud.org)
  • As Head of Adaptive Tumor Immunity and Principal Scientist in Cancer Immunology Discovery Research at Genentech, Dr. Grogan's research primarily delved into mechanisms of T cell activation, tolerance-induction, and epigenetic modifiers, adopting an integrative methodology combining bioinformatics, biology, and diagnostics. (bigspringherald.com)
  • While significant declines in cigarette smoking have occurred among U.S. adults during the past 5 decades, the use of emerging tobacco products* has increased in recent years (1-3). (who.int)
  • During 2013-2014, 21.3% of U.S. adults used a tobacco product every day or some days, and 25.5% of U.S. adults used a tobacco product every day, some days, or rarely. (who.int)
  • Despite progress in reducing cigarette smoking, during 2013-2014, cigarettes remained the most commonly used tobacco product among adults. (who.int)
  • Young adults aged 18-24 years reported the highest prevalence of use of emerging tobacco products, including water pipes/hookahs and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). (who.int)
  • Who We Are Seed Savers Exchange is a tax-exempt c 3 nonprofit organization dedicated to the preservation of heirloom seeds. (binhanvnmedical.com)
  • Prior to this, she served as Chief Scientific Officer at ArsenalBio, a privately held programmable T cell therapy company, responsible for research, discovery and preclinical pipeline, including development for the company's first product candidate. (bigspringherald.com)
  • We are excited about the potential of our AdCOVID vaccine candidate and are actively focused on expanding our network of strategic manufacturing partners to ensure Altimmune's commercial readiness to supply vaccine in 2021 should our clinical data support this advancement," said Dr. Vyjoo Krishnan, Ph.D., Vice President of Product Development for Altimmune. (yahoo.com)
  • Pax-6 acts as a critical gene for the development of eyes and other sensory organs, certain neural and epidermal tissues as well as other homologous structures, usually derived from ectodermal tissues. (biolegend.com)
  • Induction of differentiation rescues HL-60 cells from Rana catesbeiana ribonuclease-induced cell death. (eurogentec.com)
  • The cell cycle has four stages (G1, S, G2 and M) and Tax is known to accelerate the transition between G1 and S phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity. (mobitec.com)
  • Dr. Grogan most recently served as the Chief Scientific Officer at Graphite Bio, a cell and gene editing company. (bigspringherald.com)
  • In order to understand what a particular gene does, you have to understand what all the other genes do, as well as all the details of signaling and cell interactions that are going on, oh, and also, it's entire developmental history, since epigenetic interactions can shape the future behavior of a cell lineage. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Alberto Santagostino, SVP, Head of Cell and Gene Technologies for Lonza, commented, "We are deeply committed to fighting this global pandemic and deploying our expertise and resources to help vaccine developers like Altimmune meet commercial manufacturing requirements for novel and promising vaccine candidates. (yahoo.com)
  • The underphosphorylated, active form of Rb interacts directly with E2F1 , leading to cell cycle arrest, while the hyperphosphorylated form decouples from E2F1, thus promoting the transcription of genes promoting entry into the S phase. (biolegend.com)
  • A new initial treatment option may be available to patients with acute myeloid leukemia driven by changes in the IDH1 gene who are unable to have standard chemotherapy. (cancer.gov)
  • In the United States, before the combination of azacitidine and venetoclax was approved, people who were ineligible for induction chemotherapy-that is, they were too sick or past the age considered safe to receive it-often received azacitidine alone, with the goal of reducing the symptoms of leukemia and extending how long they lived. (cancer.gov)
  • Most genes are associated with factors that establish and release paused Pol II and therefore appear to progress through this step, although only a subset of genes appears to be directly regulated by pausing. (nature.com)
  • For around 6% to 10% of people with AML , the disease is driven by changes in a gene called IDH1 . (cancer.gov)
  • So, are we are locked in by our genes, as far as disease goes? (queensledger.com)
  • This study could not determine whether the antibodies were a response to infection or merely to heat-inactivated BLV consumed in food products. (cdc.gov)
  • But these drug combinations, called induction therapy , are incredibly taxing on the body. (cancer.gov)
  • which is where the name Tax comes from (transactivator from the X-gene region). (wikipedia.org)
  • Information Technologies( recognising Software), Education, Healthcare, Government, Democracy and JusticeThe Livingston and Hii strategies at Imperial( Chemical Engineering) are experienced domain in the diversity of channel-like subfields in developed parents with time-dependent genes, average in empirically all grantees, with digital few subtlety meditations. (hv-zografski.de)
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  • For these patients, "and for people with many other coexisting medical problems, the ability to survive induction therapy is low. (cancer.gov)
  • Even in very healthy people over the age of 75, AML may not respond to induction therapy, she added. (cancer.gov)
  • Figure 2: Patterns of Pol II distribution across gene regions. (nature.com)
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  • Tax is produced by members of the retroviral family primate T-lymphotropic virus, which are classified as Deltaretroviruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Captive insurance is a tax-efficient method of transacting risk transfer, which has become more common in recent years among the large national and multinational companies. (apcnet.org)
  • All prices are net in Euro and do not include applicable taxes, shipping & handling , or other charges (e.g., customs duties). (mobitec.com)
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