Induction apoptotic protease activating factor 1. Medical search. Frequent questions

Eldadah and Faden, 2000 ), we hypothesized that suppression of apoptotic capability during maturation of mammalian brain results from repression of genes involved in the caspase-3 activation pathway, and that injury-induced neuronal apoptosis in the mature brain results from reactivation of these genes. (jneurosci.org)
The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)
During hypoxia, an intricate balance exists between factors that induce or counteract apoptosis, or even stimulate proliferation. (bmj.com)
Research in the laboratory led by Mark Mattson has shown that TNF can prevent the death/apoptosis of neurons by a mechanism involving activation of the transcription factor NF-κB which induces the expression of antioxidant enzymes and Bcl-2. (wikipedia.org)
Jurkat (ATCC TIB-152) cells were left untreated (lanes 1 & 2) or treated with 1 µM Staurosporin for 4 hours (lanes 3 & 4) to induce apoptosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
SREBP proteins containing point mutations at caspase-3 cleavage sites (Asp460 in SREBP-1 and Asp468 in SREBP-2) do not become cleaved following induction of apoptosis, suggesting that SREBPs may play some role in apoptotic processes. (bdbiosciences.com)
As these studies also revealed impaired cytochrome c release and a block in apoptosis upon small interfering RNA-mediated n-cofilin knockdown, n-cofilin was postulated to be essential for apoptosis induction. (nature.com)
To elucidate the general importance of ADF/cofilin activity for apoptosis, we exposed mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient for n-cofilin, ADF (actin depolymerizing factor), or all ADF/cofilin isoforms to well-characterized apoptosis inducers. (nature.com)
Thus, we conclude that ADF/cofilin activity is not generally required for induction or progression of apoptosis in mammalian cells. (nature.com)
These proteases are responsible for the dismantling of cells during apoptosis. (nature.com)
4 Although the mechanisms of caspase activation in the cytosol are well characterized, the steps that control cytochrome c release from mitochondria and thereby activate the apoptosis program have remained largely elusive. (nature.com)
To test the relevance of ADF/cofilin activity for apoptotic processes, we here employed a genetically well-defined system of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) devoid of any ADF/cofilin activity and challenged these cells with well-characterized apoptosis inducers. (nature.com)
We found that, upon induction of apoptosis in control MEFs, n-cofilin, and its homolog ADF translocated to mitochondria together with actin. (nature.com)
In summary, our work demonstrates that in mammalian cells ADF/cofilin activity is not generally required for efficient induction of apoptosis. (nature.com)
Apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF-1) has a critical role in the regulation of apoptosis. (scielo.org)
Since it has been shown that only the isoforms with the extra WD-40 repeat region activate procaspase-9, we suggest that low procaspase-9 activation may also be involved in the deregulation of apoptosis and chemotherapy resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. (scielo.org)
mouse brain resulted in an induction of apoptosis similar to Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead what is observed in natural infection. (cdc.gov)
Apoptosis induction vested and lysed at 48 h postinjection. (cdc.gov)
A doubling of Bax expression was observed in endothelial cells, indicating the induction of apoptosis in this cell type. (uni-frankfurt.de)
The increased expression of Bax seems to correlate with elevated Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels in both models underlining the induction of apoptosis by elevated serum LDL. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Solanum nigrum (SN) is a herb with anticancer effects such as destruction of tumor cell membrane, induction of apoptosis by NF-kappaB, caspase activation, nitric oxide production and inhibition of angiogenesis [ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
A previous study reported that the extract of the whole plant of SN activated cell death in hepatoma cells through autophagy and apoptosis [ 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Induction of apoptosis leads to characteristic cellular changes leading to death. (ijpsonline.com)
Shift of fluorescence emission from red to green of the JC-1 Fluorescent Probe indicating loss of mitochondrial membrane potential associated with apoptosis in treated cells compared to untreated cells. (bitesizebio.com)
The activation of a series of cytosolic proteases, called caspases, is a hallmark of apoptosis. (bitesizebio.com)
during apoptosis pro-caspases are activated by proteolysis. (bitesizebio.com)
The present study explored the effect of NAC on LPS‑induced apoptosis of HUVECs and determined the participation of the p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the process of apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
LPS (also referred to as endotoxin) is one of the important virulence factors that is known to mediate inflammation and apoptosis ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
A series of caspases proteins have been shown to be activated by the death induced signal complex [a form of death ligand that binds to the corresponding death receptor on the cell surface ( 13 )], which in turn induces apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, TFEB overexpression attenuated H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis by downregulating the caspase apoptotic pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Caspase 9, the initiator caspase component of the apoptosome complex, can be activated by ROS, which in turn leads to activation of a caspase 3 initiating the caspase cascade leading to apoptosis [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The results of the present study suggest that P. vivax infection induces apoptosis of CD4 + T cells mediated by two types of signaling: by activation of the TNFR1 death receptor (extrinsic pathway), which is amplified by Bid, and by decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (intrinsic pathway). (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally we observed a solid ability of ceragenin MNP@CSA-13 and CSA-13 to induce apoptosis of DLD-1 cells. (biotech-angels.com)
Caspases are the major proteases involved in apoptosis. (cancercurehere.com)
In general, caspase substrates become inactivated upon cleavage, however, a subset become activated (4) and contribute to apoptosis. (cancercurehere.com)
The major apoptotic nuclease Caspase-activated DNase (CAD) is cleaved by caspase-3 during apoptosis, this results in the translocation Pou5f1 Bis-NH2-C1-PEG3 of CAD into the nucleus and induction of CAD-mediated DNA fragmentation (5,6). (cancercurehere.com)
The present study provides support for a role for the DNA damage repair nuclease Exonuclease 1 (Exo1) in the induction of apoptosis. (cancercurehere.com)
Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)

Here we demonstrate that, during brain maturation, the potential of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway is progressively reduced and that such repression is associated with downregulation of apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and caspase-3 gene expression. (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that differential expression of Apaf-1 and caspase-3 genes may underlie regulation of apoptotic susceptibility during brain development, as well as after acute injury to mature brain, through the intrinsic pathway of caspase activation. (jneurosci.org)
The integrated stress response is a signaling pathway activated in cancer cells in response to both dysregulated growth and metabolism, and also following exposure to many therapies that appears one such targetable pathway for improved treatment of these diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
The ISR (Fig. 1 ) is a complex signaling pathway that regulates cellular responses to stress stimuli and enables either adaptation or the instigation of cell death mechanisms [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
There are two typical apoptotic pathways: The mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor pathway ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
that chemical toxins may activate the disregulated IFN/RNase L pathway, the authors indicate that intracellular infection is probably the initial insult. (phoenixrising.me)
After polymers produced by 2-5OAS activate RNase L, RNase L begins to fragment mRNA and upregulates an apoptotic pathway involving caspases. (phoenixrising.me)
A second apoptotic pathway induced via PKR activation acts by blocking mRNA translation (via EIF-2a), and by activating transcription (NF-kB) and regulatory factors (IRF-1). (phoenixrising.me)
This process is regulated by the cysteine protease family (caspase) apoptotic pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

Active caspase-9, in turn, activates executioner caspases-3 and -7. (jneurosci.org)
3 Pro-apoptotic proteins, such as cytochrome c and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC), are released from mitochondria into the cytosol where they participate in the activation of execution caspases. (nature.com)
Caspases are one of the key protease enzymes involved in the apoptotic process, however there is currently a very limited understanding of bivalve caspase diversity and function. (exeter.ac.uk)

Injury-induced cytochrome c -specific cleavage of caspase-9 followed by activation of caspase-3 in mature brain correlated with marked increases in Apaf-1 and caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression. (jneurosci.org)
Proteases which cleave SREBPs have been identified and include SCA (SREBP-cleavage activity), as well as caspase-3, a key regulator of apoptotic pathways. (bdbiosciences.com)
Caspase-activated DNase (CAD) or DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DFFB gene. (wikipedia.org)
DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. (wikipedia.org)
It is also known as caspase activated nuclease (CPAN), dna fragmentation factor 40 (DFF-40), DFF2 and DFFB. (wikipedia.org)
Per usual in non-apoptotic growing cells caspase activated dnase is held in check inactivated in the cytoplasm thanks to the association with its inhibitor, inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) also known as DNA fragmentation factor 45 kDa (DFF45). (wikipedia.org)
Caspase-3 is activated in the apoptotic cell. (wikipedia.org)
Cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and apoptotic chromatin condensation were unchanged in all mutant fibroblasts. (nature.com)
Western blot analysis revealed that VALD-3 upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bad and Bax), downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, survivin and XIAP) and increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, Cyto-c and cleaved PARP. (researchsquare.com)
0.01), and activated caspase-3. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can regulate the expression of apoptotic factors, including caspase‑3, Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax). (spandidos-publications.com)
Throughout this process, caspase-3 acts as an apoptotic executor ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

In Group A Streptococcus (GAS)-infected macrophages, Txnip was degraded independent of glucose consumption and streptococcal cysteine protease expression. (frontiersin.org)

SREBP-1 and -2 (sterol-regulatory element binding proteins-1 and -2) are transcription factors which participate in the control of cholesterol homeostasis. (bdbiosciences.com)
SREBP proteins, which are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope, are proteolytically cleaved and thus activated in response to conditions of low cellular sterol. (bdbiosciences.com)
Upon activation of SREBP-1 or -2, a ~480-500 amino acid, N-terminal cleavage fragment of these proteins enters the nucleus and activates transcription of enzymes and other proteins required for cholesterol synthesis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cytochrome c release are typically achieved by pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, such as Bax and Bak. (nature.com)
The expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was investigated by Western blotting. (researchsquare.com)
Nuclear proteins in particular can be measured as early as 4 h after induction of experimental acute pancreatitis (88, 111). (pancreapedia.org)

The repair of DNA damage involves a highly coordinated series of events: first, the cell must signal to halt cell cycle progression at precise cell cycle checkpoints, following this, DNA damage-specific repair pathways are activated (1). (cancercurehere.com)

Low ATP concentrations in hypoxic tumour cells disable the apoptotic cascade and induce cell death by necrosis. (bmj.com)
TNF, as an endogenous pyrogen, is able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia, and inflammation, inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication, and respond to sepsis via IL-1 and IL-6-producing cells. (wikipedia.org)
In the same paper we also demonstrated that accumulating PARIS acts on PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, along the NRF1/2-TFAM axis to intervene in mitochondrial biogenesis, and that the transcriptionally inactive PARIS mutant (C571A) lacks repression capacity to induce the phenotype. (nature.com)
The evidence suggests, however, that an abnormal form of 2-5A that is produced in CFS patients, is long enough to bind with RNase L, but is too short to induce it to dimerize (and become activated. (phoenixrising.me)

Our previous report showed that FO inhibits HCC cell invasion via AKT-, mitogen-activated protein kinase- (MAPK-), and EMT-related signals [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
It requires protein kinase C (a kinase we have not come across before) and multiple regulatory elements that are either activated or repressed by interferon regulatory factors 1 or 2. (phoenixrising.me)
4 Upon dissociation from GRP78, the transmembrane kinase PERK is activated by oligomerisation and autophosphorylation. (distantreader.org)
Recently, we reported that the nucleus-mitochondria positive feedback loop formed by p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) and phosphorylation of S496 on ERK5 (a unique member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family that is not only a kinase but also a transcriptional co-activator) were vital signaling events that played crucial roles in linking mitochondrial dysfunction, nuclear telomere dysfunction, persistent SASP induction, and atherosclerosis. (oaepublish.com)
Purvalanol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is referred to as a strong apoptotic inducer which causes cell cycle arrest in various cancer cells such as prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)

There is growing evidence that host cells try to control Herpesvirus infections by activating the autophagic machinery. (mdpi.com)
Moreover, we determined that during purvalanol-mediated ER stress, autophagic machinery was also activated prior to apoptotic cell death finalization. (spandidos-publications.com)

Originally discovered as a chief regulatory protein of glucose and lipid metabolism and cell differentiation, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily 8 . (nature.com)
Transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated autophagy is an important cytoprotective mechanism against oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
Induction of autophagy is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level and involves the master regulator, transcription factor EB (TFEB). (biomedcentral.com)
This spliced form of XBP1 then translates into a transcription factor, which further translocates into the nucleus where it induces expression of a wide variety of genes including ER-associated chaperones and protein folding enzymes to increase ER size and folding capacity. (distantreader.org)

The release of cytochrome c can be modulated by various factors, such as changes in the cellular redox balance and lipid homeostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, and perturbations in the cytoskeleton. (nature.com)
ZNF746) was initially identified as a novel co-substrate of parkin and PINK1 that leads to Parkinson's disease (PD) by disrupting mitochondrial biogenesis through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) coactivator -1α (PGC-1α) suppression. (nature.com)
As mitochondrial potential is lost, JC-1 emission shifts from red to green and gives a decrease in the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio. (bitesizebio.com)
The ratio change depends only on the membrane potential and not on other factors like mitochondrial number or size. (bitesizebio.com)
An interconnected highly integrated system of mitochondrial and cytosolic chaperones and proteases along with the fission/fusion machinery represents the surveillance scaffold of mitostasis. (hindawi.com)

consequently, the atherosclerosis process could rely on several activating stimuli (6, 7). (rawveronica.com)

However, despite successful implementation of these agents in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, intrinsic and acquired resistance remains an ongoing challenge [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Overexpression of TFEB activated autophagy and attenuated H 2 O 2 -induced ROS accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, our aim was to determine the time-dependent, ER-mediated apoptotic and autophagy induction of purvalanol in HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)

It remains inactive in growing cells while it is associated with its inhibitor (ICAD, DNA fragmentation factor 45 kDa subunit, DFFA or DFF45) resulting into a complex ICAD-CAD. (wikipedia.org)
Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), a vitamin D 3 -upregulated protein in 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25[OH] 2 D 3 )-treated HL-60 cells ( 7 ), acts as an endogenous inhibitor of the antioxidant thioredoxin (Trx), which is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes including the response to oxidative stress, cancer development, metabolic diseases, and inflammatory processes ( 8 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)

consequently, it induces the manifestation of wide variety of genes, such as those encoding several cytokines, proteases, protein involved in leukocyte recruitment, production of reactive oxygen varieties and phagocytosis, which contribute to start and to amplify the local inflammation. (rawveronica.com)
Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)

In 1968, Gale A Granger from the University of California, Irvine, reported a cytotoxic factor produced by lymphocytes and named it lymphotoxin (LT). Credit for this discovery is shared by Nancy H. Ruddle from Yale University, who reported the same activity in a series of back-to-back articles published in the same month. (wikipedia.org)
First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Inflammatory dysregulation resulting from each organ failure results in rising levels of circulating chemokines, cytokines and activated lymphocytes [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The effector activity of the adaptive immune system includes direct assault of antigen bearing cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), activation to B-cells to produce antibody against the antigen, and induction of swelling, with enhanced innate response, in the area near the antigen. (rawveronica.com)

The severity of hypoxia determines whether cells become apoptotic or adapt to hypoxia and survive. (bmj.com)
Cells will adapt by activating the expression of genes involved in metabolic adaptation, such as those involved in glycolysis. (bmj.com)
3- 5 Therefore, during severe hypoxia or anoxia, the cell initiates a cascade of events that leads to apoptotic cell death, thereby preventing the accumulation of cells with hypoxia induced mutations. (bmj.com)
Both factors were described based on their ability to kill mouse fibrosarcoma L-929 cells. (wikipedia.org)
The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. (wikipedia.org)
Our comparative proteomic analysis of HCC cells grown in culture as monolayers (2D) and spheroids (3D) revealed that argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) expression was higher in 3D cells than in 2D cells due to upregulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses. (biomedcentral.com)
1 Unique MSC-specific markers have not yet been identified, and MSCs constitute a heterogeneous cell population, including both multipotent (stem) cells and progenitor cells and might even contain pluripotent cell fractions. (bmj.com)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of VALD-3, a Schiff base ligand synthesized from o-vanillin derivatives, on human breast cancer cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. (researchsquare.com)
Other factors have since been linked with the decision by plant cells to activate cell death, including cell survival signals, stress signals, developmental cues, pathogen recognition and metabolic state. (essaywriter.org)
Breast cancer cells were treated with varying concentrations (1 to 5 mg/ml) of Solanum nigrum extract for 24 and 48 h. (ijpsonline.com)
Another mechanism whereby injured pancreatic acinar cells trigger the inflammatory response is through synthesis and release of cytokines (36) and chemokines (11), and upregulation of adhesion molecules such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (136), which together promote neutrophil and monocyte infiltration (27, 71) and exacerbate tissue injury (10, 27, 37). (pancreapedia.org)
Finally, the apoptotic cells are removed through phagocytosis with minimal tissue disruption. (bitesizebio.com)
Three monomeric cyanine dyes, PO-PRO™-1 , YO-PRO®-1 , and TO-PRO®-3 , enter apoptotic cells because of increased cell membrane permeability. (bitesizebio.com)
1) Bufalin inhibited the proliferation of SW620 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Recognition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the most important pathogen recognition receptors expressed on innate immune cells, with pathogen-associated molecular patterns can rapidly initiate the coordinated activation of transcriptional factors and result in the effective expression of pro-inflammatory mediators ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Several other studies have shown that human monocyte cells infected by MTB enhance the invasion and cause induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics in lung cancer cell co-culture. (lidsen.com)
The recognition of blood-borne inflammatory and immune cells inside the atheroma, led us to postulate the involvement of an immune-inflammatory mechanism in atherogenesis, from plaque formation to the induction of its complication (1). (rawveronica.com)
In addition, this revised LDL up-regulates the manifestation of leukocyte adhesion molecules (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1-V-CAM 1, E/P-selectin), as well as other chemokines, such as macrophage colony-stimulating element (M-CSF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), in the endothelial cells. (rawveronica.com)
The concept of using such bispecific antibodies to engage cytotoxic T cells for cancer cell lysis was shown by Staerz and colleagues ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
We also display how the ceragenin substance CSA-13 has more powerful apoptotic results on cancer of the colon cells. (biotech-angels.com)
If such cells were allowed to continue dividing in an organism, this could potentially lead to tumour development (1). (cancercurehere.com)
HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Olomoucine, roscovitine and purvalanol are examples of CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) designed and investigated for their apoptotic potential on cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

We also explore the potential aetiologies of the lymphopenia associated with severe COVID-19: the virus' expanded tropism, elevated serum cytokines (particularly interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α), and excessive lymphocyte recruitment to the lungs. (ersjournals.com)

These studies demonstrate that the capsid protein of WNV may be responsible for aspects of viral pathogenesis through induction of the apoptotic cascade. (cdc.gov)

formerly known as tumor necrosis factor alpha or TNF-α) is an adipokine and a cytokine. (wikipedia.org)
Subsequently, in 1975 Lloyd J. Old from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, reported another cytotoxic factor produced by macrophages and named it tumor necrosis factor (TNF). (wikipedia.org)
The CD56 bright population produces immunoregulatory cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-B), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GMCSF), IL-10, and IL-13 ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)

The results demonstrated that PPARγ functions as a master regulator of PARIS-induced molecular changes at the transcriptome level, confirming that PARIS acts primarily on PGC-1α to lead to neurodegeneration in PD. (nature.com)

The recent FDA approvals of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-targeted checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab mark the latest successes in the rapidly expanding field of cancer immunotherapies. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, remedies based on the induction of programmed cell death attracted greater attention for cancer treatment [ 8 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
The multiparametric nature of flow cytometry allows the measurement of several apoptotic traits in a single sample, making it a powerful tool to study the complexity of cell death. (bitesizebio.com)
However, with prolonged ER stress IRE1a becomes hyperactive and degrades mRNAs associated with anti-apoptotic responses, promoting cell death. (distantreader.org)
Τheir impact on the apoptotic cell death mechanism requires further elucidation. (spandidos-publications.com)

manuscripts are undertaken in 15.0 days from acceptance to publication (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2021, 1-2 days of FREE language polishing time is also included in this period). (lidsen.com)

In the present study, the mRNA expression analysis of different APAF-1 transcripts (APAF-1S, APAF-1LC, APAF-1LN, and APAF-1XL) was analyzed in bone marrow samples from 37 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (newly diagnosed, with no previous treatment). (scielo.org)
The dissociation of GRP78 allows IRE1 dimerisation and activation of C-terminal endoribonuclease activity, which non-canonically splices a 26-base pair intron from the X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA to produce the spliced form of XBP1 (sXBP1). (distantreader.org)
Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

HCC cell lines were maintained in high glucose DMEM (Invitrogen, California, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Life Technologies) and 1% (100 U/mL) penicillin-streptomycin (Life Technologies), then sustained at 37°C in a humidified incubator at 5% CO 2 . (hindawi.com)
Zika virus NS3 protease induces fetal brain calcification. (ccf.org)

Acute cardiorenal syndrome (CRS type 1) and acute renocardiac syndrome (CRS type 3) are particularly relevant in high-acuity medical units. (biomedcentral.com)
Our review explores influenza A virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as a paradigm for understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced ARDS pathogenesis and ageing as a risk factor for severe disease. (ersjournals.com)
The spread of a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, or SARS-CoV-2) has challenged the capacity of healthcare systems and the public health policies of governments worldwide [ 1 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Progressive AKI leads to acute renal failure (ARF)[ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. (wikipedia.org)

The etiology of atherosclerosis is unknown, but there are multiple factors that contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression. (medscape.com)

2 In addition, hypoxia induces genetic instability by the induction of fragile sites causing gene amplification. (bmj.com)
The cloning of a synthetic WNV-Cp gene based on the initially isolated in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937 (1) reported NY-99 infectious strain was described earlier (4). (cdc.gov)
This enabled combination with an additional linker sequence of two single-chain antibodies of different binding specificity in tandem, in such a way that four gene products are ultimately aligned on a single polypeptide chain of approximately 55 kDa ( Fig. 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)

NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)

In recent years, our understanding of genetic predisposition to PD has advanced vastly, including causative mutations in the genes encoding α-synuclein, LRRK2, parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1 just to name a few 5 . (nature.com)

The cell diversity is originated by cell differentiation, which has been attributed to the activation of specific transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
1 RIDD degrades mRNAs to ultimately reduce ER load and subsequently reduce the UPR activation. (distantreader.org)

TNFR1 signaling tends to be pro-inflammatory and apoptotic, whereas TNFR2 signaling is anti-inflammatory and promotes cell proliferation. (wikipedia.org)

A similar decline in apoptotic susceptibility associated with downregulation of Apaf-1 expression as a function of developmental age was also found in cultured primary rat cortical neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Beclin-1 and Atg-5 expression levels were upregulated and LC3 was cleaved after a 6 h purvalanol treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)

The current definition has been expanded into five subtypes whose etymology reflects the primary and secondary pathology, the time frame, as well as cardiac and renal co-dysfunction secondary to systemic disease [ 1 ] (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
The basic cancer-related chemical and biological sciences, pathology, and epidemiology have contributed to (1) the understanding that antimutagenesis and antiproliferation are the important general mechanisms of chemoprevention and (2) the development of antimutagenic and antiproliferative agents as potential chemopreventive drugs. (medscape.com)

11 12 MSCs furthermore contribute to tissue homeostasis through anti-apoptotic and regenerative properties. (bmj.com)
One of the primary causes of ARF is I/R which is a drop in blood flow leading to inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to renal tissue which can be caused by, amongst others, surgery, organ transplantation and shock [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

As for ROI, the ROI of pararectal fat space(ROI-2) had better significance than rectal cancer lesion (ROI-1). (bvsalud.org)
In 2019, the American Cancer Society (ACS) reported that breast cancer occupied the first place among the 10 leading cancer types in American women [1]. (researchsquare.com)
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide [ 1 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
While many factors are involved in the etiology of cancer, it has been clearly established that diet significantly impacts one's risk for this disease. (mdpi.com)
Failure of the PN is associated with broad range of diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immunological and metabolic disorders [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
[ 1 ] The success of several clinical trials in cancer prevention in high-risk populations suggests that chemoprevention is a rational and appealing strategy. (medscape.com)

Once apoptotic and/or inflammatory activity occurs, the native RNase L is broken up and the 37-kDa fragment is generated. (phoenixrising.me)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) induced tuberculosis has been known as one of the risk factors for lung carcinogenesis. (lidsen.com)

We partnered with a local veterinary hospital with a high working dog patient volume to conduct viral and neutralizing antibody testing in working dogs and identify potential risk factors in the dog's work and home environments. (cdc.gov)

44 These results encourage medical screening of afatinib in the establishing of heterogenous HNSCC.45 Anti-EGFR antibodies Cetuximab Cx remains to 10058-F4 date the only targeted drug approved for the treatment of LA and R/M HNSCC (Table 1). (siamtech.net)

Anatomy15

Organisms8

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs83

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Apoptosis38

Pathway9

Caspases3

Caspase12

Cysteine protease1

Proteins6

Pathways1

Induce4

Kinase6

Autophagic machinery2

Transcription factor4

Mitochondrial5

Stimuli1

Intrinsic1

Autophagy2

Inhibitor2

Inflammation2

Lymphocytes4

Cells25

Tumour1

Cascade1

Tumor necros3

Regulator1

Cell death5

20211

MRNA3

Fetal2

Acute4

Fragmentation1

Atherosclerosis1

Gene3

Receptors1

Genes1

Activation2

Anti-inflammatory1

Expression2

Pathology2

Tissue2

Cancer6

Fragment1

Lung1

Viral1

Results1