• Previously, we reported that distinct murine osteoclast precursor subsets, such as early blasts (CD31hi Ly-6C−), myeloid blasts (CD31+ Ly-6C+), and monocytes (CD31− Ly-6Chi), respond differently to the osteoclastogenesis-inducing cytokines, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand. (vu.nl)
  • Additionally, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated BEAS-2B cells were treated with various doses of mulberroside F, followed by detection of the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. (bvsalud.org)
  • Special considerations are given to the causal involvement of novel molecular pathways, including cytokines, growth factors, and intracellular signaling cascades in RA pathophysiology, and the emerging role of targeted therapeutic agents in the management of RA. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • Osteoclast formation is controlled by 2 cytokines, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), which are secreted by osteoblasts/activated T cells. (e-jbm.org)
  • These receptors are found on the surface of various cells and are activated by cytokines, which are small proteins involved in cell-to-cell communication. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • When cytokines bind to their respective receptors on the cell surface, they initiate a cascade of events within the cell. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • OxPAPC had somewhat selective effects, inducing the expression of three pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)) but not 10 others that were also assayed in ASM cells. (ersjournals.com)
  • In synergy with other cytokines such as stem cell factor, IL-3, erythropoietin, and thrombopoietin, it also stimulates erythroid and megakaryocyte progenitor cells (Barreda et al. (stemcell.com)
  • IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) cytokines. (cellgs.com)
  • Thus, it has been shown that early EPCs release cytokines that promote tissue regeneration and neovasculogenesis, whereas late EPC and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) contribute to the formation of blood vessels and stimulate tube formation. (intechopen.com)
  • In order to determine which elements of cellular responses to cytokines require Socs3, we have examined the differentiative and proliferative capacity of hematopoietic progenitor cells stimulated by G-CSF and IL-6. (nih.gov)
  • During infection, macrophages have diverse roles including phagocytosis of foreign bodies, release of cytotoxic factors, and coordination of the inflammatory response via the secretion of chemokines and cytokines ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These cytokines enhance the immune response and induce pathways leading to pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory type of programmed cell death ( 31 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
  • M1, "classically activated," pro-inflammatory macrophages are stimulated by cytokines such as IFN-gamma and by various microbial components (eg, lipopolysaccharide). (msdmanuals.com)
  • M2 "alternatively activated" anti-inflammatory macrophages are stimulated predominantly by cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Three cytokines, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and interleukin 5 (IL-5) have been shown to promote the growth and the maturation of eosinophils and to induce the conversion of normal eosinophils to hypodense eosinophils. (medscape.com)
  • Growth factors and cytokines involved in their migration, development and survival could be absent in this tissue and need further investigations. (bvsalud.org)
  • The osteoclast is a large, multinucleated cell that is differentiated from monocyte/macrophage lineage cells by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). (nih.gov)
  • Mulberroside F also suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ICAM-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated BEAS-2B cells, which effectively suppressed monocyte cell adherence. (bvsalud.org)
  • 7 ] They are differentiated from the monocyte-macrophage of a hematopoietic lineage. (e-jbm.org)
  • The availability of recombinant human and mouse M-CSF and RANKL has enabled researchers to reliably generate osteoclasts from primary monocyte/macrophage cells as well as from cell lines such as RAW 264.7. (huble.org)
  • IL-17F also functions to regulate matrix turnover rates, inhibit endothelial cell angiogenesis, and induce the endoethelial cell expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1), and Transforming Growth Factor β 1 (TGF-β1). (cellgs.com)
  • Osteoclasts originate from monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. (e-jbm.org)
  • Although erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR) are crucial for the proliferation, survival, and terminal differentiation of erythroid progenitors, it remains to be elucidated whether EPOR-unique signaling is required for erythropoiesis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • All together, the results of the present study demonstrated that hGM-CSF can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of primitive and definitive erythroid cells independently of EPOR signal if they express hGMR, and the activity is comparable to that of EPO in definitive, but not primitive, erythropoiesis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • EFV), a genus of lichenized fungi within the Parmeliaceae , on the differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) into osteoclasts was examined by phenotype assay and the cell cytotoxicity was evaluated by cell counting kit-8. (e-jbm.org)
  • 4 ] Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) are key factors in osteoclastic differentiation. (e-jbm.org)
  • 5 ] Osteoblasts, bone-forming cells, also regulate osteoclast differentiation via RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression, a decoy receptor for RANKL. (e-jbm.org)
  • The differentiation of Socs3-deficient progenitor cells is skewed toward macrophage production in response to G-CSF or IL-6, whereas wild-type progenitor cells produce mainly neutrophils. (nih.gov)
  • In a microarray approach, we found the suppression of tumorigenicity 5 (ST5) gene is upregulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), the OC differentiation factor. (molcells.org)
  • Extracellular domain contains haematopoietin domains, also known as cytokine receptor modules, which can be found in other cytokine receptors (growth hormone receptor, erythropoietin receptor). (wikipedia.org)
  • Following stimulation with erythropoietin (EPO) during erythropoiesis, it is autophosphorylated and activated, leading to its association with erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) and tyrosine phosphorylation of residues in the EPOR cytoplasmic domain. (caslab.com)
  • Extracellular domain contains cytokine receptor domain for binding its cognate ligand with conserved cysteine residues, WSXWS motif and 11 potential N-glycosylation sites for oligosaccharides, which are important for ligand binding and signalling. (wikipedia.org)
  • β chain is crucial for enhancement of binding affinity to the ligand and transduces signal of the activated receptor complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Formation of high affinity receptor complex includes specific interactions between both subunits and ligand. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cells were cultured on plastic or on bone slices in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand, without or with interleukin 1β (0.1-10 ng/ml). (vu.nl)
  • All other native NR functional/structural domains (ligand binding domain, hinge region, and various activation domains) are present in these hybrid receptors. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • Consequently, once a bioactive compound associates with the ligand binding domain of the hybrid receptor, only the luciferase reporter gene is induced. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • Ligand-activation of the hybrid receptor will not induce collateral expression of target genes that are otherwise regulated by the native nuclear receptor. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • The Copernican revolution in osteoclast biology began with the identification of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator NFkB-ligand (RANKL ) as the key regulators of osteoclast formation, fusion and function. (huble.org)
  • Osteoclasts were formed by culturing mouse bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cells with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). (e-jbm.org)
  • The receptor for CSF-1 is the product of the c-fms proto-oncogene, which, on binding ligand, can stimulate a mitogenic response in the appropriate cells. (edu.au)
  • TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. (mhmedical.com)
  • It has been tested for mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells and for treating chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients. (stemcell.com)
  • Strikingly, synergistic responses to costimulation with stem cell factor and IL-6 (but not G-CSF) are lost at higher concentrations in Socs3-deficient progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
  • The tight regulation by Socs3 of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation and gene transcription after cytokine receptor ligation significantly influences the fate of myeloid progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
  • Macrophage colony-stimulating factor has not been considered as a factor responsible for dendritic cell or Langerhans cell development from hematopoietic progenitor cells. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • It is shared with other cytokine receptors IL-3 and IL-5. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokine receptors are integral components of the immune system and play a crucial role in cell signaling. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • By modulating these signaling pathways, cytokine receptors help coordinate immune responses, inflammation, and other physiological processes. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • Dysregulation or malfunctioning of cytokine receptors can lead to immune disorders, autoimmune diseases, and other pathological conditions. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • This activation triggers intracellular signaling pathways, which can involve various molecules such as kinases, transcription factors, and secondary messengers. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • OxPAPC also induced expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX2), as well as 32 different oxylipins, including those generated in the cyclo-oxygenase/lipoxygenase pathways and capable of regulating either ASM contraction or airway inflammation. (ersjournals.com)
  • 5 , 6 ] Stimulation of osteoclast precursors with RANKL recruits cytoplasmic tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) and activates downstream signaling pathways. (e-jbm.org)
  • 7 - 9 ] Activation of these signaling pathways induces the expression of transcription factors such as c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1), a master transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis. (e-jbm.org)
  • Finally, these signaling pathways induce expression of the nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), which is a key transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis. (molcells.org)
  • In contrast to M-CSF and G-CSF which are lineage specific, GM-CSF and its receptor play a role in earlier stages of development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is often termed autoinflammatory in both loss and gain of function phenotypes, adaptive lineage cells, especially T cells, are clearly important in both settings. (nature.com)
  • The distinct MAS phenotype that arises with hypercytokinaemia can be explained by activation of macrophages that are closely juxtaposed to sinusoids that permit direct phagocytic access to haematopoietic lineage cells. (nature.com)
  • Mice with Socs3 deleted specifically in hematopoietic cells succumb to severe neutrophil and macrophage-driven inflammation by 1 year of age, and responses to G-CSF are grossly exacerbated. (nih.gov)
  • We found that interleukin 1β stimulated multinucleation and bone resorption of osteoclasts derived from the 3 precursors at different rates. (vu.nl)
  • In the past, osteoclasts were isolated as mature cells from chicken long bones, or were generated using osteoblasts or stromal cells to induce osteoclast formation in total bone marrow from mice or rabbits. (huble.org)
  • RANKL transduces its signal through the signaling receptor, RANK. (nih.gov)
  • RANKL/RANK signaling activates NFATc1, the master regulator of osteoclastogenesis, to induce osteoclastogenic gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • EFV reduced RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation and activation by inhibiting expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1, a key factor of osteoclastogenesis. (e-jbm.org)
  • In BMM cultures, an ethanol extract of the root part of IKN suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorptive activity. (e-jbm.org)
  • In contrast, an ethanol extract of the aerial parts of IKN had a minor effect on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. (e-jbm.org)
  • Mechanistically, the root part of IKN suppressed RANKL-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, effectively abrogating the induction of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) expression. (e-jbm.org)
  • It is unknown, however, how these cell types respond to the osteoclast-stimulating inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β. (vu.nl)
  • Our results indicate that the different bone marrow osteoclast precursors are differently stimulated by interleukin 1β with respect to proliferation, multinucleation, life span, and bone resorption. (vu.nl)
  • The panel makes a conditional recommendation for interleukin (IL)-6 receptor antagonist monoclonal antibody treatment and high-flow nasal oxygen or continuous positive airway pressure in patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure. (bvsalud.org)
  • opposing effects of activating and inhibitory receptors regulate NK cell activity. (mhmedical.com)
  • Furthermore association of the α and β subunits results in receptor activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interactions then mediate conformational changes and subsequent receptor activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evaluate amount of receptor activation quickly and easily. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • They are cell-based trans-activation assays, and the principal application is in the screening of test samples to quantify any functional activity, either agonist or antagonist, that the compounds may exert against the nuclear receptors. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • Instead, the luciferase light response is measured which correlates to the activation status of the receptor (either activation or inhibition). (indigobiosciences.com)
  • A hyperinflammatory 'cytokine storm' state termed macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), culminating from a complex interplay of genetics, immunodeficiency, infectious triggers and dominant innate immune effector responses, can develop across disparate entities including systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and its counterpart adult-onset Still disease (AOSD), connective tissue diseases, sepsis, infection, cancers and cancer immunotherapy. (nature.com)
  • Surprisingly, in the light of previous studies with other cells, the PP2A-dependent proliferation could be dissociated from activation by extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in macrophages because OA did not affect either the basal or CSF-1-induced ERK activity in BMM. (edu.au)
  • CD116) and the common subunit βc (CD131) shared with IL-3 and IL-5 receptors (Broughton et al. (stemcell.com)
  • GM-CSF signaling is mediated through a GM-CSFRα receptor and common signaling β (GM-CSFRβ) signal-transducing subunit. (scienceboard.net)
  • Both Northern and Western blot analyses confirmed the increased expression of one of the cDNA species identified as coding for the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), an observation not previously reported during the response to a growth factor. (edu.au)
  • 2020 ) Role of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor on the Proliferation and Survival of Microglia Following Systemic Nerve and Cuprizone-Induced Injuries. (neurotree.org)
  • Combined treatment with selumetinib and a dose of palbociclib sufficient to reinforce G1 arrest in selumetinib-sensitive cells, but not to impair proliferation of resistant cells, delays the emergence of resistant colonies, meaning that escape from G1 arrest is critical in the formation of resistant clones. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Conversely, at the other boundary, immune hypersensitivity with gain of immune function in MHC class II-associated sJIA-AOSD and with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy also triggers MAS. (nature.com)
  • Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In methylcellulose clonal culture of fetal liver (FL) cells of generated hGMR-expressing EPOR -/- embryos at embryonic day (E) 12.5 of gestation, hGM-CSF stimulated erythroid colony formation under serum-containing and serum-free conditions. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Analysis of globin expression in individual erythrocyte-containing colonies formed from E12.5 FL cells showed that hGM-CSF supports primitive and definitive erythropoiesis even in EPOR -/- embryos. (elsevierpure.com)
  • protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor. (wikigenes.org)
  • The shelf life is related to many factors, storage state, buffer ingredients, storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself. (cusabio.com)
  • Also acts downstream of some G-protein coupled receptors. (caslab.com)
  • However, despite encouraging results, these trials revealed that the majority of curative effects resulted from the secretion of various paracrine factors elicited by transplanted cells rather than from donation of the therapeutic protein to the affected cutaneous tissue [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This protein was originally discovered by researchers at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute as a growth factor for blood cells, but it recently has been recognized as a mediator of autoimmune diseases. (scienceboard.net)
  • Although we knew that GM-CSF signaling was important in joint inflammation, which cells were producing GM-CSF within joints, and how this protein signaled after binding to its receptor on other immune cells, was not well understood," said Ian Wicks, PhD, team co-leader and professor at the University of Melbourne, in a statement. (scienceboard.net)
  • Dose escalation and expansion phase I studies with the tumour-targeting antibody-tumour necrosis factor fusion protein L19TNF plus doxorubicin in patients with advanced tumours, including sarcomas. (ukm.de)
  • The cytoskeletal protein, PSTPIP2, is associated with inflammation and is predominantly expressed in macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In cocultures with osteoblasts and spleen cells from IFN-gamma receptor type II-deficient mice, IL-18 was found to inhibit OCL formation, indicating that IL-18 acted independently of IFN-gamma production: IFN-gamma had no effect in these cocultures. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Additionally, in cocultures in which spleen cells were derived from receptor-deficient mice and osteoblasts were from wild-type mice and vice versa, we identified that the target cells for IFN-gamma inhibition of OCL formation were the hemopoietic cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • skin sensitization resulting in allergic con- based on analysis of immune responses induced in mice tact dermatitis and sensitization of the respiratory tract (and rats) by chemical allergens. (cdc.gov)
  • To explore if NK-derived GM-CSF contributes to the pathogenesis of STIA, the researchers generated a transgenic mouse line to allow specific GM-CSF deletion in STIA-induced mice. (scienceboard.net)
  • Along the gene are several transcription regulatory binding sites with common binding motifs for such transcription factors as GATA, C/EBP or NF-κB. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, ST5 downregulation decreased expression of NFATc1, a key transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis. (molcells.org)
  • 10 - 12 ] c-Fos also induces the expression of NFATc1, contributing to the induction of osteoclast-specific marker genes such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase ( TRAP ). (e-jbm.org)
  • The researchers found elevated GM-CSFRβ expression in CIS-deficient neutrophils following GM-CSF stimulation, suggesting CIS targets the receptor. (scienceboard.net)
  • 2021 ) Conditional genetic deletion of CSF1 receptor in microglia ameliorates the physiopathology of Alzheimer's disease. (neurotree.org)
  • Supporting proteome analyses confirmed that organic PM extracts induce a hierarchical oxidative stress response in macrophages and epithelial cells, in which the induction of electrophile-response element (EpRE) regulated genes (for example, heme oxygenase 1, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) at lower levels of oxidative stress prevented the more damaging pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects seen at higher levels of oxidative stress [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In an unusual experiment, an investigator injected himself subcutaneously with quinolinic acid, an L-tryptophan metabolite, resulting in peripheral blood eosinophilia and dermal and subcutaneous inflammatory lesions resembling those of eosinophilic fasciitis and increased transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) deposition. (medscape.com)
  • Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various processes such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis, mitotic recombination, genetic instability and histone modifications. (caslab.com)
  • We show that both CD1c(+) and CD14(+) dDC subsets were infected, but viral load greatly increased in CD14(+) dDCs upon IL-4 stimulation, which correlated with upregulation of virus-binding lectins Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin (DC-SIGN/CD209) and mannose receptor (CD206). (cnrs.fr)
  • INDIGO's nuclear receptor assays utilize proprietary human and non-human mammalian cells engineered to provide constitutive, high-level expression of the designated receptor. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • Do INDIGO's nuclear receptor assays express the native, full-length receptor? (indigobiosciences.com)
  • INDIGO's other nuclear receptor assays, however, include reporter cells that express hybrid nuclear receptors. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • SDF, stromal cell-derived factors. (cdc.gov)
  • and induced increase of GATA-1 expression and decrease of erythroid Kruppel-like factor and cMyb expression in the FL cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • On the other hand, in E8.0 yolk sac erythropoiesis, both substances had a similar effect on erythroid colony formation, but hGM-CSF induced an increase of β-major globin expression, while EPO did not. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Quantifying changes in luciferase expression in the treated reporter cells provides a sensitive surrogate measure of the changes in receptor activity. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • Because airway smooth muscle (ASM) is the principal cell determining airway contractile responsiveness, while also possessing immunomodulatory functions [ 8 ], human ASM cells in culture were stimulated with OxPAPC, a family of OxPCs containing several whose expression was shown to be increased in the (+AHR) and (allergen-challenged) samples. (ersjournals.com)
  • To determine which cells produce GM-CSF during a type of arthritis called T cell-independent, autoantibody-mediated serum transfer-induced arthritis (STIA), the researchers used a GM-CSF reporter mouse model to monitor GM-CSF expression at the single-cell level. (scienceboard.net)
  • Cytokine-induced expression of transcriptional regulators including cebpb, Ets2, Bcl3, c-Myc, Jun, and Fosl2 are differentially regulated in Socs3-deficient cells. (nih.gov)
  • To investigate which genes are regulated in response to CSF-1-stimulation in murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMM), we employed mRNA differential display reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR to identify cDNA species induced by CSF-1. (edu.au)
  • Here we investigated how dermal dendritic cells (dDCs) and macrophages (dMs) react to DENV and impact on immunopathology. (cnrs.fr)
  • Pre-treatment of cells with a cPKC inhibitor significantly inhibited OxPAPC-induced COX2, IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF, implicating PKC activity as a likely early event in the signalling induced by OxPAPC. (ersjournals.com)
  • In addition, the number and the migratory activity of these cells are inversely correlated with risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. (intechopen.com)
  • Previous studies have demonstrated that haptens induce several phenotypic and functional changes of dendritic cells in vivo as well as in vitro. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • Herein, we demonstrate that myostatin propeptide expands primitive CML and normal BM cells, as shown by increased colony-forming capacity. (haematologica.org)
  • they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Macrophages are phagocytic cells present in tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Surrounding sequences provide binding sites for several regulatory transcription factors similar to those for α chain (GATA, C/EBP, NF-κB). (wikipedia.org)
  • Macrophages are a major component of the innate immune system, responding efficiently to tissue damage and infection ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In this scenario, however, critical questions remain as to what kind of chemicals can induce this maturation process through what kind of mechanisms. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • Imaging temozolomide-induced changes in the myeloid glioma microenvironment. (ukm.de)
  • Studies using zebrafish allow non-invasive, real-time visualization of macrophage recruitment and phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Erythropoietin-induced recruitment of Shc via a receptor phosphotyrosine-independent, Jak2-associated pathway. (uchicago.edu)
  • In this case, ubiquitinated substrates (such as bacterial components or damaged membrane) are recognized by autophagy receptors, including p62 and NDP52, which direct formation of the autophagic membrane around the targeted pathogen ( 18 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) larvae provide a unique platform to study macrophage-microbe interactions in vivo , from the level of the single cell to the whole organism. (frontiersin.org)
  • Together, this study reveals that PSTPIP2 regulates synovial macrophages polarization and dynamics via ERβ to form an immunological barrier (F4/80 + PSTPIP2 hi cell-enriched zone) for the joints. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoclast formation was performed using a mouse calvarial model. (e-jbm.org)