• In mammals, a limb amputation or spinal cord transection is followed by inflammation and fibrotic scarring that leaves the animal with a permanent disability. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, in response to amputation, levels of cell death were decreased and failed to localize near the injury site. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, the neoblast mitotic response was increased around the amputation area but the regenerative blastema failed to form. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After amputation, granular hemocytes infiltrate the blastema of regenerating cephalic tentacles of the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata. (unimore.it)
  • Histological studies focusing on the early cephalic tentacle regeneration in P. canaliculata, have demonstrated that wound closure and blastema formation took place within 24 h post amputation (hpa). (unimore.it)
  • Amongst the vertebrates, only mammals and birds have kidneys that can produce urine more concentrated (hypertonic) than the blood plasma, but only in mammals do all nephrons have the loop of Henle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mammals are the only class of vertebrates in which only the kidneys are responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of the extracellular fluid in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • The kidney is a complex organ composed of several cell types, and it is conformed approximately by 11,000 nephrons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Advances in tissue engineering technology have led to the production of novel human skin equivalents and organoids that reproduce cell-cell interactions with tissue-scale tensional homeostasis, and enable us to evaluate skin tissue morphology, functionality, drug response and wound healing. (mdpi.com)
  • Embryonic or adult SCs by definition are characterized by their self-renewal and potentiality, peculiarities that allow them to give rise to more SCs and differentiate into various cell lineages under appropriate conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to their potentiality, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are classified as totipotent and pluripotent, both of them can differentiate into the three germ lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Planarians are flatworms with large populations of stem cells capable of dividing to support adult tissue renewal and regeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results also reveal novel roles for Akt signaling during regeneration, specifically for the timely localization of cell death near the injury site. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This paucity is likely due to the ubiquitous nature of this signaling pathway and the difficulty of analyzing stem cells in their natural environment during physiological cell turnover and regeneration in conventional animal models [ 15 - 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nonetheless, there is limited understanding of how Akt signaling controls the response of stem cells during cellular turnover and tissue injury in the complexity of the whole organism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Planarians contain an abundant and accessible population of somatic adult stem cells called neoblasts [ 18 - 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • therefore, new researches focused on regenerative medicine have been developed, including the use of stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this research, we generate differentiated kidney cells (DKCs) from mouse pluripotent stem cells (mPSCs) analyzing their morphological, genetic, phenotypic, and spectroscopic characteristics along differentiation, highlighting that there are no reports of the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to characterize the directed differentiation of mPSCs to DKCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, because of the increased rate of RF in terminal stage and few alternative treatments, new investigations focused on regenerative medicine have been developed, including the use of stem cells (SCs) [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mammalian kidneys are the paired organ of the urinary system of mammals, which is a type of metanephric kidney. (wikipedia.org)
  • The kidney in mammals is usually bean-shaped, located retroperitoneally on the back (dorsal) wall of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • The simplest type of kidney in mammals is the unipapillary kidney with single lobe. (wikipedia.org)
  • ESCs are obtained from inner cell mass, characterized by unlimited self-renewal and pluripotentiality, which allow them to differentiate into various specialized cells types in a morphologically and functionally way, characteristics that make them attractive for developing differentiated kidney cells (DKCs) [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In both processes, rapid proliferation gives rise to new tissue, cell fate has to be specified within that tissue, and distinct positional identities have to be established to generate a properly patterned structure. (frontiersin.org)
  • In mammals, Akt is ubiquitously expressed and is associated with regulation of cellular proliferation, metabolism, cell growth and cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functional disruption of Smed-Akt alters the balance between cell proliferation and cell death leading to systemic impairment of adult tissue renewal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study defined the role of Smed-Akt in abnormal cell proliferation triggered by the abrogation of the phosphatase PTEN, an upstream component of the Akt signaling pathway, which is highly mutated in human cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The neoblasts are the only dividing cells in planarians and constantly proliferate to repair tissues and support systemic cellular turnover [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Nitrogen-containing waste products are excreted by the kidneys in mammals mainly in the form of urea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • An improved ontological representation of dendritic cells as a paradigm for all cell types. (philarchive.org)
  • The Cell Ontology (CL) is designed to provide a standardized representation of cell types for data annotation. (philarchive.org)
  • Currently, the CL employs multiple is_a relations, defining cell types in terms of histological, functional, and lineage properties, and the majority of definitions are written with sufficient generality to hold across multiple species. (philarchive.org)
  • One of the key factors that determine the shape and morphology of the kidneys in mammals is their mass. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, mtDNA stress in TFAM-deficient mouse melanoma cells produces tumours that are more resistant to doxorubicin in vivo. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Depending on the species, the kidneys can be unilobar (single lobe) or multilobar, unipapillary (single papilla), with several papillae or multipapillary, may be smooth-surfaced or lobulated, also the kidneys may be reniculate, which are found mainly in marine mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently, we described that the genome of S. mediterranea contains a single Akt ortholog termed Smed-Akt , which affects cell division and impairs planarian locomotion [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, Akt signaling regulates neoblast biology and mediates in the distribution of injury-mediated cell death during tissue repair in planarians. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mechanisms responsible for this decay are both cell intrinsic, such as cellular senescence, as well as cell-extrinsic, such as changes in the regenerative environment. (mdpi.com)
  • This review will focus on the cardiovascular pathologies correlated to senescence, the effect of aging on the cardiac endogenous resources of stem cells, and the potential strategies of regenerative medicine to be applied to maintain the heart younger and healthier. (hindawi.com)
  • In contrast to mammals, adult zebrafish cardiomyocytes have the capacity to proliferate in response to a cardiac injury, contributing to the regeneration of the heart and its functional restoration ( Foglia and Poss, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The distal region of the dental lamina interacts with mesenchymal cells and forms a cup that is composed of the outer dental epithelium and the inner dental epithelium. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, Activated cdc42 kinase interacts with Expanded and induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Expanded on multiple sites. (sdbonline.org)
  • However, their mechanisms and functions, particularly in the context of human cells, are still unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • and, therefore, there is a growing interest in elucidating the mechanisms driving exercise-induced cardioprotection in health and disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recombinant XeFGF protein has mesoderm-inducing activity with a specific activity similar to bFGF. (silverchair.com)
  • Since vitamin A is stored in PE cell but is utilized in the photoreceptor cell for visual process, it is probable that this protein functions as an extracellular vehicle for retinoid transport between the two tissues. (nih.gov)
  • Microvesicles loaded with MCs encoding a thymidine kinase (TK)/nitroreductase (NTR) fusion protein produced prolonged TK-NTR expression in mammary carcinoma cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Phosphorylation of β-catenin on a conserved sequence within the N-terminus (referred to as a phosphodegron sequence) induces βTrcp-dependent ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. (wormbook.org)
  • We previously demonstrated that microvesicles can functionally deliver plasmid DNA to cells and showed that plasmid size and sequence, in part, determine the delivery efficiency. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Wnt proteins trigger a wide variety of responses, ranging from cell fate specification through the activation of specific target genes to the control of cell polarity and migration through pathways that directly modulate the cytoskeleton ( Angers and Moon, 2009 ). (wormbook.org)
  • Conversely, CKI depletion in S2 cells impairs Expanded degradation downstream of Crumbs. (sdbonline.org)
  • Pathologies, as atherosclerosis, cardiac fibrosis, and cardiomyopathy, are often linked to the failure of cardiovascular tissue cells to reenter the cell cycle, namely, senescence, due to endogenous or exogenous causes. (hindawi.com)
  • Hippo signalling integrates diverse stimuli related to epithelial architecture to regulate tissue growth and cell fate decisions. (sdbonline.org)
  • Senescence in adult tissues can be classified in two main subcategories, based on the underlying molecular mechanism: replicative (or intrinsic), caused by telomere shortening, and stress-induced, in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or oncogenes [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In mammals, the nephron consists of the renal glomerulus inside Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, the proximal straight tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule. (wikipedia.org)
  • He went on to analyze the effect of eye movements on visual processing by single cells in the visual pathway. (nih.gov)
  • The mesenchymal cells facing the inner dental epithelium differentiate into a dental papilla. (nature.com)
  • The dental papilla cells then further differentiate into odontoblasts. (nature.com)
  • These different cell types differentiate from three distinct stem cell populations: myoepithelial cells located in the ectoderm, myoepithelial cells located in the endoderm and interstitial cells that are multipotent stem cells giving rise to neurons, mechano-sensory cells (nematocytes or cnidocytes), gland cells and gametes [3, 4]. (unige.ch)
  • Additionally, we dissect the effects of aging on the cardiac endogenous and exogenous reservoirs of stem cells. (hindawi.com)
  • In vivo delivery of TK-NTR and administration of prodrugs led to the effective killing of both targeted cells and surrounding tumor cells via TK-NTR-mediated conversion of co-delivered prodrugs into active cytotoxic agents. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • In vivo evaluation of the bystander effect in mouse models demonstrated that for effective therapy, at least 1% of tumor cells need to be delivered with TK-NTR-encoding MCs. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • These results suggest that MC delivery via microvesicles can mediate gene transfer to an extent that enables effective prodrug conversion and tumor cell death such that it comprises a promising approach to cancer therapy. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • it is synthesized by the retina but is quickly secreted into the subretinal space between the retinal photoreceptors and the adjacent pigment epithelial (PE) cell layer. (nih.gov)
  • Its cellular organization is rather simple, with two cell layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm separated by an extracellular collagenoeous matrix, the mesogolea. (unige.ch)
  • Activation of the cellular senescence genetic program prompts a series of molecular changes, mostly affecting cell cycle, extracellular matrix (ECM), secretion of growth factors, and inflammatory mediators. (hindawi.com)
  • During the development of complex multicellular organisms, series of cell fate decisions and morphogenetic movements generate the different tissues and organs of the embryo. (wormbook.org)
  • The kidneys of mammals are vital organs that maintain water, electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body, excrete nitrogenous waste products, regulate blood pressure and participate in bone formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydra differentiates all cell types required for neuro-muscular transmission, digestion, secretion and sexual reproduction. (unige.ch)
  • Wnt proteins are also important regulators of C. elegans development, with functions in processes as diverse as cell fate specification, asymmetric cell division, cell migration and synapse formation. (wormbook.org)
  • The mammalian kidneys are the paired organ of the urinary system of mammals, which is a type of metanephric kidney. (wikipedia.org)
  • Depending on the species, the kidneys can be unilobar (single lobe) or multilobar, unipapillary (single papilla), with several papillae or multipapillary, may be smooth-surfaced or lobulated, also the kidneys may be reniculate, which are found mainly in marine mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Monkeys were found highly susceptible to IRBP-induced EAU. (nih.gov)
  • Exogenous Fgf2, Fgf8, and Bmp7 expression could induce tooth placodes even in the denervated mandible. (nature.com)
  • Because of its biological properties and expression pattern, XeFGF is a good candidate for an inducing factor with possible roles both in mesoderm induction at the blastula stage and in the formation of the anteroposterior axis at the gastrula stage. (silverchair.com)
  • We demonstrated that MCs can be loaded into shed microvesicles with greater efficiency than their parental plasmid counterparts and that microvesicle-mediated MC delivery led to significantly higher and more prolonged transgene expression in recipient cells than microvesicles loaded with the parental plasmid. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Dr. Wurtz was the first to study the mid-brain structure, the superior colliculus, which is one of the major destinations of the neurons leaving the retina of the eye, and he first determined that the cells in this structure were involved in both vision and eye movements. (nih.gov)
  • We adapted this strategy to Hydra (Fig. 2) and proved that this method that is harmless, stepwise and efficient, can induce gene-specific phenotypes [10-13]. (unige.ch)
  • After the injection of clodronate liposomes, a specific computer-assisted image analysis protocol still evidenced the presence of granular hemocytes in the tentacle blastema. (unimore.it)
  • Ptp61F also regulates cell contractility and myosin activation and controls 3D cell shape by reducing cell height and horizontal cell size. (sdbonline.org)
  • the shape is unique to mammals (fish, for example, has elongated kidneys). (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the key factors that determine the shape and morphology of the kidneys in mammals is their mass. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atherosclerosis and heart failure are particularly correlated with aging-related cardiovascular senescence, that is, the inability of cells to progress in the mitotic program until completion of cytokinesis. (hindawi.com)
  • In all these experiments Dr. Wurtz has emphasized the functional approach to the nervous system, that is, how brain cells are organized to produce behavior. (nih.gov)