• During drying of a wet porous material, volume shrinkage or vapor overpressure may lead to high internal stresses which can induce crack generation. (hindawi.com)
  • The volume of corrosion products expanded, accumulating large internal stresses locally. (mdpi.com)
  • In most cases, internal stresses remain locked in the structures as residual stress. (iucr.org)
  • During injection molding, the variation in shrinkage both globally and through the cross section of a part creates internal stresses or residual stresses. (thomasnet.com)
  • Compressive stresses of 13 and 32 MPa are required to initiate extension of maximum grain size microcracks for Cathedral Peak and Half Dome granodiorites, assuming a fracture toughness value of 1.6 MPa(m) obtained by averaging five values for granitic rock from the literature. (unr.edu)
  • The academic task force therefore investigated laser shock peening (LSP), which introduces compressive stresses to a much greater depth via plasma created by a powerful pulsed laser. (themanufacturer.com)
  • We discovered that this method generates deep compressive stresses which remain stable during air travel. (themanufacturer.com)
  • Li, D , Yang, F & Nychka, J 2008, ' Indentation-induced residual stresses in 45S5 bioglass and the stress effect on the material dissolution ', Engineering Fracture Mechanics , vol. 75, no. 17, pp. 4898-4908. (uky.edu)
  • As the manufacturing process induces mechanical strains and stresses within the compact, in some circumstances, dangerous cracks may appear. (hindawi.com)
  • In this scenario, the use of methods aimed at reducing the computational effort to estimate local stresses and strains in welded structures can be effective. (intechopen.com)
  • Neutron scattering can be used to validate the DIC-measured surface strains or to provide residual stress data inside the component. (programmaster.org)
  • In contrast, all the Beijing genotype strains studied showed residual growth in most colonies in the first 24 hours after rifampin exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, distortion and residual stresses can be introduced during quenching from the solution heat-treatment cycle. (machinedesign.com)
  • These lattice structures consist of thin struts and are thus susceptible to internal stress-induced distortion and even cracks. (iucr.org)
  • In Directed Energy Deposition (DED), transient thermal fields induce scan strategy dependent residual stresses and distortion. (programmaster.org)
  • abstract = "Using microindentation technique, localized residual stresses were created in 45S5 bioglass. (uky.edu)
  • Compared to the conventional weld deposition, laser cladding induces much less heat input to the substrate and also produces a refined microstructure in the coating due to a relatively fast cooling inherent in the process. (canada.ca)
  • While the cladding layers enhance corrosion resistance, the induced residual stresses due to the deposition of weld layers are of major concern. (open.ac.uk)
  • The post-forming deformation-induced residual stress state was expected to depend upon the microstructure, the amount of strain and the prestrain path. (pitt.edu)
  • Considering the vast differences in mechanical properties, microstructure, and composition, the IF steel and the HSLA steel showed remarkably similar post-forming tensile stress/strain behavior for all prestrain modes considered. (pitt.edu)
  • C'est ma volonté d'aller plus loin dans la compréhension des phénomènes associés à la « Réactivité des Solides » et, en particulier, pour maîtriser les différentes étapes conduisant à la formation d'un massif dense à microstructure contrôlée à partir d'une poudre, qui a toujours été le fil conducteur de mes activités de recherche. (u-bourgogne.fr)
  • The interaction of the residual strain and the heterogeneous microstructure degrades the mechanical performance of fusion components. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • The stress ranges at fatigue-prone locations are generally higher in railway bridges than in road traffic bridges. (tudelft.nl)
  • Welded details in orthotropic steel decks (OSD) are susceptible to fatigue cracks which are caused by local weld defects, geometric stress concentrations and residual tensile stresses. (tudelft.nl)
  • Despite the fact that newly developed in-process contour parameters are able to reduce the surface roughness significantly, only a minor improvement in fatigue properties could be observed: Crack initiation is caused by sharp, microscopic notches at the surface in combination with high tensile residual stresses at the surface, which are present on all in-process contour parameter specimens. (researchgate.net)
  • The post-process parameter sets, turning and shot peening, both improve fatigue behaviour significantly: Turned specimens show lowest surface roughness, while, for shot peened specimens, the tensile residual stresses of the surface radially shifted from the surface towards the centre of the specimens, which counteracts the crack initiation at the surface. (researchgate.net)
  • The intensity of the residual singular stress distribution can be quantified by the residual notch stress intensity factor (R-NSIF), which might be a useful stress parameter to include in local approaches for fatigue strength assessments of welded joints. (intechopen.com)
  • To reveal the stress state in the notch vicinity, finite element analysis was performed, simulating the conditions of the used 20 kHz ultrasonic fatigue loading. (mdpi.com)
  • Thermally induced fatigue and residual stress introduced during fabrication are sources of failure in microelectronics, which raises reliability concerns for MDA and its system integrators. (sbir.gov)
  • Various studies indicated that this improved fatigue life is mainly due to the peening-induced layer compressive stress, which retards crack initiation and slows down crack propagation under cyclic loading conditions [1-3]. (mfn.li)
  • In the paper, an Artificial Neural Network model was trained to predict the residual shear strength ratio based on the case histories of lateral spreading. (hindawi.com)
  • The Artificial Neural Network model was used to predict the residual shear strength of liquefied soil, and the post-liquefaction yield acceleration corresponding with the residual shear strength was obtained by conducting limit equilibrium analysis. (hindawi.com)
  • In this investigation, a modified explicit finite element analysis (FEA) method was used to predict the residual stress distribution in 2050- T8 aluminum alloy induced by LSP. (oldcitypublishing.com)
  • Compared to the laboratory test, the case histories make it possible to consider the effect of voids redistribution, inertial effect, geometry effect, and the other factors on the residual shear strength of liquefied soil, so the method estimating the residual shear strength back-calculated from the case histories is widely used in the seismic displacement calculation and stability analysis of the level or sloping ground. (hindawi.com)
  • It has been shown that the PSM can successfully be used to estimate R-NSIFs values, provided that the stress redistribution induced by plasticity in the zone very close to the notch tip is negligible. (intechopen.com)
  • Velocity change is shown to be of importance in assessing the stress redistribution and stability of rock masses. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the excessive generation of ROS, such as super oxide anions (O 2 − ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) due to environmental stress results in significant oxidative damage to cell structures, such as DNA, the mitochondria and cell membranes ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These findings suggest that JsFLS5 overexpression in calli effectively mitigates the oxidative damage induced by osmotic stress and reduces Na+ toxicity by enhancing flavonoid synthesis under salt stress conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • The effects of most shot peening parameters on the residual stresses have been studied by theoretical and numerical analyses as well as through experimental work. (mfn.li)
  • It was found that an optimal combination of grinding conditions could produce the desired magnitude of compressive residual stresses at the surface of the machined workpiece. (hal.science)
  • and the magnitude of average local residual stress decreased with the increase in the distance to the indent center. (uky.edu)
  • The magnitude and the direction of residual stress are discussed. (iucr.org)
  • If the most prominent direction is not measured, the error in the calculated stress magnitude increases considerably. (iucr.org)
  • It is also shown that omitting phase transformations could lead to a strong difference in the prediction of residual stresses. (hal.science)
  • However, there is still certain amount of process induced residual stresses in the clad, which may adversely affect the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the parts being clad. (canada.ca)
  • After the cladding, a series of heat treatments were performed on the clad specimens to alleviate the process induced residual stresses. (canada.ca)
  • This study was performed to obtain a better understanding of the nature of the residual stresses in the laser clad CPM-9V and CPM-10V tool steel coatings. (canada.ca)
  • Other contributions include stresses due to thermal fluctuations in the rock surface and gravitational loading. (unr.edu)
  • In the course of eutectically bonding MEMS sensors to a substrate, residual thermal stresses can be induced in the sensor. (berkeley.edu)
  • Samples of each steel were subjected to various prestrain levels in various plane-stress forming modes, including uniaxial tension, plane strain and balanced biaxial stretching.Neutron diffraction experiments confirmed the presence of large post-forming deformation-induced residual stresses in the ferrite phase of the DP steel. (pitt.edu)
  • The internal stress field induced by uniaxial pressing and subsequent convective drying of a green ceramic powder was simulated by the finite element method. (hindawi.com)
  • The residual stress in the strut was found to be uniaxial and to follow the orientation of the strut, while the residual stress in the knots was more hydro-static. (iucr.org)
  • In the present paper the Contour Method was conducted to measure residual stresses in an austenitic steel cladded plate that was fabricated from a ferritic steel base plate with three layers of austenitic stainless steel weld metal cladding deposited on the top surface. (open.ac.uk)
  • Second, it is not limited by the thickness of components or microstructural variations and finally it should potentially capture the variation of residual stresses in each individual weld beads and due to the possible phase transformation in the ferritic base material. (open.ac.uk)
  • The determination of the residual stress in lattice structures through nondestructive neutron diffraction is described in this work. (iucr.org)
  • The residual shear strength of liquefied soil is critical to estimating the displacement of lateral spreading. (hindawi.com)
  • Comparing the predicted residual shear strength ratios to the recorded values for different case histories, the correlation coefficient, R , was 0.92 and the mean squared error (MSE) was 0.001 for the predictions by the Artificial Neural Network model. (hindawi.com)
  • The results showed that the probability of the lateral spreading calculated with the Newmark sliding block method using the residual shear strength was 98% if a lateral spreading ratio of 2.0 was expected and a truncated distribution was used. (hindawi.com)
  • An exponential relationship was proposed to correlate the residual shear strength ratio to the equivalent clean sand corrected SPT blow count of the liquefied soil. (hindawi.com)
  • The residual shear strength, which corresponds to the minimum shear strength at which the lateral spreading is mobilized, is one of the main factors to determine the lateral spreading induced by seismic liquefaction. (hindawi.com)
  • There are disadvantages when utilizing the residual shear strength relationship developed from case histories. (hindawi.com)
  • As the development of the estimation methods is based on in-site investigation and the soil resistance parameters (Standard Penetration Test or Cone Penetration Test values of the liquefiable soil) of case histories, the limited number of the case histories will result in the uncertainties in estimating the residual shear strength. (hindawi.com)
  • On the other hand, the back-calculation of residual shear strength is depending on the case histories of flow failures, initially proposed by Seed [ 1 ] and then modified by the other researchers. (hindawi.com)
  • The postliquefaction residual shear strength of the liquefied soil is smaller than the driving force provided by the static stress. (hindawi.com)
  • Regarding the lateral spreading, the postliquefaction residual shear strength is usually greater than the static driving force, so the movement of the soil above the liquefied soil will cease once the earthquake stops. (hindawi.com)
  • It may not be appropriate to use the residual shear strength of liquefied soil derived from the case histories of flow failures to calculate the residual shear strength of liquefied soil at the lateral spreading sites. (hindawi.com)
  • The stresses-assisted dissolution of the 45S5 bioglass was demonstrated by studying the growth behavior of radial cracks in phosphate buffer solution. (uky.edu)
  • These cracks appear where the process induced stresses reach the material mechanical strength. (hindawi.com)
  • Over time, these stresses can create microscopic cracks in the blades which can lead to issues in service. (themanufacturer.com)
  • The shallow indentations create compressive residual stresses that stop cracks growing. (themanufacturer.com)
  • The map of longitudinal residual stresses was measured by sectioning the test component along a transverse plane at mid-length. (open.ac.uk)
  • Longitudinal studies are needed, however, to support inclusion of stress management or mindfulness techniques in workplace obesity prevention efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent studies have demonstrated that antioxidants present in natural products protect cells by reducing H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo ( 5 - 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Because the plasticity of the cementite was almost zero, it was torn apart under stress, forming many microcracks and fissures up to several microns. (mdpi.com)
  • Nine examples of gable mode buckling failure of surficial granodiorite slabs yield, through back-calculation, original .in-situ stresses ranging from 5 to 16 MPa. (unr.edu)
  • Several methods have been proposed to estimate the residual strength of liquefied soil based on the back-calculation of the case histories or laboratory tests. (hindawi.com)
  • To verify these models, two experimental measurements have been done, using digital image correlation (DIC) technique to capture the radial displacement around the notch during loading, and residual stress measurement by X-ray diffraction method after unloading. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • Among these, the peak stress method has been proposed to estimate the notch stress intensity factors (NSIFs) at sharp V-notches, using coarse finite element patterns. (intechopen.com)
  • To simulate buildup and relaxation of flow-induced stresses and molecularorientation in injection molding process, a mathematical model is derivedthat describes the unsteady and non-isothermal flow of compressibleviscoelastic polymer melts in the thin wall mold cavity on the base of thinfilm lubrication approximation. (cstam.org.cn)
  • Microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a bio-geochemical process that induces calcium carbonate precipitation within the soil matrix. (wikipedia.org)
  • If residual stresses due to the compaction operation were taken into account, the maximum value of the tensile stress at the top external edge of the wheel and at the beginning of the drying process was two times higher than for a stress free green ceramic compact. (hindawi.com)
  • As these wheels rotate at a high angular velocity, strong centrifugal forces can cause the wheel to break if damaged by initial precrack induced by the elaboration process. (hindawi.com)
  • Residual tensile stresses are formed during the welding process and the distribution depends on many factors. (tudelft.nl)
  • This has been attributed to the residual stresses induced in cold expansion process. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • In order to calculate the residual stress fields by means of welding process simulations, the mesh adopted in numerical models has necessarily to be very fine. (intechopen.com)
  • Modified surface characteristics by the severe shot peening process were analyzed in terms of residual stress distribution measured by X-ray diffraction methods and near-surface microstructural observations by scanning electron microscopy. (mdpi.com)
  • Based on the method, the effects of LSP parameters such as overlapping percentage, number of impacts, laser power density, laser spot size on the average surface residual stress and average in-depth residual stress of 2050-T8 aluminum alloy were analyzed. (oldcitypublishing.com)
  • A set of previously conducted, 15 full-scale tests on T-connections of the pre-Northridge design provide fracture moments to calibrate parameters of the Weibull stress model. (astm.org)
  • For the first time, and by direct experimental correlation, it was shown that deformation-induced residual stresses greatly affect the post-forming tensile stress/strain behavior of DP steels. (pitt.edu)
  • Experimental studies have demonstrated that acute stress affects dietary behaviors, especially among people with certain eating behaviors, such as restrained eating (ie, intentional caloric restriction) (7,10). (cdc.gov)
  • Measures of stress are imperfect, but measures of perceived stress are valuable because they account for differences in the appraisal of what is stressful, exposure to stressors, and coping ability (6). (cdc.gov)
  • High near-surface compressive stress in massive granodiorite of the central Sierra Nevada produces natural rock failure characteristics occasionally seen in mining and quarrying operations. (unr.edu)
  • The Weibull stress model for cleavage, coupled with 3-D analyses of connections containing crack-like defects, provides a quantitative estimate of the cumulative failure probabilities with increasing beam moment. (astm.org)
  • Several mechanisms have been identified by which bacteria can induce the calcium carbonate precipitation, including urea hydrolysis, denitrification, sulfate production, and iron reduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was hypothesized that, in dual-phase (DP) steels, strain partitioning between ferrite and martensite during deformation results in a distribution of post-deformation residual stresses that, in turn, affects the subsequent strength, work hardening behavior and formability when the strain path is changed. (pitt.edu)
  • The primary objective of this research program was to understand the influence of deformation-induced residual stresses on the post-forming tensile stress/strain behavior of DP steels. (pitt.edu)
  • Residual Stress Analysis on Welded Joints by Means of Numerical S. (intechopen.com)
  • Bulk inspection reveals residual strain distribution of laser-welded Eurofer97 joints. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • Professor Philip Withers, Regius Professor of Materials, received the Armourers and Brasiers' Company Prize from The Royal Society in 2010 in recognition of his use of neutron and hard X-ray beams to map stresses and image defects. (themanufacturer.com)
  • It is found that the laser welding technique generates a uniform residual strain field in the through-thickness direction. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • Closure to "Discussion of 'A Study of Residual Stress Induced During Rolling'" (1969, ASME J. Lubr. (asme.org)
  • Manchester researchers worked with Rolls-Royce to study the fundamental nature of LSP-induced compressive residual stress. (themanufacturer.com)
  • The volume underlying Region 4 was selected as a representative volume to study intensity, saturation and average residual stress profiles. (mfn.li)
  • In this study, we examined the cytoprotective effects of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) isolated from mulberry fruit against pancreatic β-cell apoptosis caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of C3G isolated from mulberry fruit against the H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis of MIN6N pancreatic β-cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This study presents the residual strain distribution in the bulk of the weldment using volumetric tomographic reconstruction. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • This study shows that the upregulation of JsFLS5 significantly elevates the overall flavonoid content by modulating the expression of genes associated with flavonoid synthesis under salinity stress conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Consequently, this study offers a novel perspective for comprehending the role of JsFLS5 in the response to abiotic stress in J. sigillata. (bvsalud.org)
  • 7] Other investigators from Japan have attempted to study the effect of DPA in mice and have discovered the possibility for injury to Purkinje cells due to oxidative and nitrosative stress following exposure to DPA, which may lead to cerebellar symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • The objective of this study was to examine associations between perceived stress, dietary behavior, physical activity, eating awareness, self-efficacy, and body mass index (BMI) among healthy working adults. (cdc.gov)
  • Once calibrated, the model is used to examine the importance of welding-induced residual stresses in the lower-flange and the effects of seismic loading rates. (astm.org)
  • In order to incorporate the latter, we then calculate the leading- order quantum correction to the classical Einstein equations due to metric fluctuations induced by the non-perturbative vacuum fluctuations of the gluon and quark fields in the quasiclassical approximation. (lu.se)
  • Numerical analysis of flow-induced residual stresses in injection molding for polymer[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2005, 37(3): 272-279. (cstam.org.cn)
  • Besides smoke sources, indoor sources include consumer product off-gassing of residual styrene monomer in polymer and copolymer materials. (who.int)
  • The principal component of the stress was elastically induced by erosional removal of overburden. (unr.edu)
  • Using thermo- mechanical analyses, the goal of this work is to characterize the residual stresses and seek ways to ameliorate their effects on sensor packaging and operation. (berkeley.edu)
  • The effects of the Peclet number and heat transfer coefficient on the phase transformations and residual stresses have been analyzed. (hal.science)
  • This acts on a part with effects similar to externally applied stresses. (thomasnet.com)
  • The MIN6 pancreatic β-cells were used to investigate the cytoprotective effects of C3G on the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The founder gene mutation common among South Africans encodes an enzyme with little or no residual activity that may be lethal in homozygotes. (medscape.com)
  • however, the magnitudes of which are such that post-forming tensile stress/strain behavior was not significantly affected. (pitt.edu)
  • In a subsequent work, it has been shown that the heterogeneous compact exhibited much larger circumferential tensile stress at the top external layer (where the material was denser) than that exhibited by the homogeneous one [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The deformation-induced residual stress state varied systematically with the prestrain mode, where the principal residual stress components are proportional to the principal strain components of the prestrain mode, but opposite in sign. (pitt.edu)
  • As previously reported in the literature, the formability (residual tensile ductility) of the IF steel and the HSLA steel was adversely affected by strain path changes. (pitt.edu)
  • Additionally, it is shown that strain measurements in at least seven independent directions are necessary for the estimation of the principal stress directions. (iucr.org)
  • Residual strain tomography was reconstructed using neutron Bragg edge imaging projections. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • However, an inspection of bulk residual strain distribution is still challenging. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • The 3D volumetric strain map is reconstructed from 2D residual strain projections using the filtered back projection technique. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • The results also demonstrate the potential of reconstructing volumetric residual strain distribution in bulk materials using fewer projections to reduce data redundancy and acquisition time for the neutron Bragg edge imaging technique. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • Although the fracture behaviour of both composites exhibited similar extrinsic toughening mechanisms, the μL composites with longer ceramic walls displayed superior mechanical properties in terms of strength and fracture toughness in comparison with the BM composites comprising short ceramic walls (i.e. bricks), due to the effectiveness of stress transfer of load-bearing ceramic phase within the composites. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • Flavonoids, a crucial category of secondary metabolites, have been extensively studied for their role in modulating plant growth and development mechanisms in the face of biological and abiotic stress. (bvsalud.org)
  • Possible explanations include static stress buildup that enhances the wave propagation before mainshocks and static stress reduction that weakens the waveform propagation. (cdc.gov)
  • https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=r5. (utah.edu)
  • We recently reported that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) slows DNA replication and induces replication stress by downregulating the regulatory subunit RRM2 of ribonucleotide reductase, perturbing deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) supply. (nature.com)
  • Assembling and maintaining the structural integrity of these in-vessel components requires remote joint techniques, such as laser welding, although it induces immersive residual stress. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • Utilizing fracture mechanics principles, a maximum stress estimate of 13 MPa at Tuolumne Meadows yields estimates of fracture toughness for Half Dome and Cathedral Peak granodiontes of 0.4 and 1.7 MPa(m) respectively. (unr.edu)
  • The determination of residual stresses becomes more complicated with increasing complexity of the structures investigated. (iucr.org)
  • a ) the correct alignment of the lattice structures within the neutron beam and ( b ) the correct determination of the residual stress field in a representative part of the structure. (iucr.org)
  • Laser shock peening (LSP) is a competitive innovative surface treatment technique, which can induce compressive residual stresses in metal materials. (oldcitypublishing.com)
  • Knowledge about the residual stress distribution is. (tudelft.nl)
  • Stress is an individual-level factor associated with environmental phenomena and individual-level disease processes (5). (cdc.gov)
  • The residual stresses were evaluated using a hole-drilling method. (canada.ca)
  • In this work, the peak stress method (PSM) has been used to calculate the R-NSIF of a full penetration welded T-joint. (intechopen.com)
  • The occurrence of mainshocks caused damage and stress relaxation in the rock mass, leading to a significant velocity decrease. (cdc.gov)
  • These agents have since been produced for two purposes: as riot-control agents and as emesis-inducing agents to promote removal of personal protective gear, thereby increasing susceptibility to subsequent chemical warfare agent exposure. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, the frequency of 10 -3 resistant CFUs selected on rifampin may represent not the frequency of preexisting mutants but rather frequency of mutants generated by a population of persisting (stressed) cells during exposure to low levels of antimicrobial drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • The temperature history is the key loading that induces a complex residual stress field generated per dilatation and solid-state phase transformations, in addition to the normal and tangential mechanical loading. (hal.science)
  • Stresses induced by shrinkage are created at low temperature and low heating rate for materials like clay [ 1 - 4 ] and ceramic powder [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Stresses induced by the overpressure, on the contrary, are generated at high temperature and high heating rate for materials like refractory concrete [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Inheritance of two mutant protoporphyrin oxidase genes causes a more profound reduction in residual enzyme activity to 25% or less, leading to more severe disease manifestations. (medscape.com)
  • Under various tissues and stresses, many RNA-related genes in walnut produced abundant, selective expression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, the overexpressing callus exhibited enhanced resistance to salt stress compared to the wild-type callus, as evidenced by reduced levels of reactive oxygen species accumulation, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde content in the overexpressing callus relative to the wild type (WT). (bvsalud.org)
  • Beyond the residual stress onset, the compaction operation induced density heterogeneities which had important consequences on the mechanical behavior of the compact. (hindawi.com)
  • These induced changes can be removed by deforming the metal (for example, stretching). (machinedesign.com)