Induce apoptosis and senescence induces cell senescence. Medical search. Frequent questions

Cellular senescence refers to an irreversible growth arrest that is triggered by various intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. (korea.ac.kr)
Two powerful tumour suppressor pathways, controlled by the p53 and retinoblastoma (pRB) proteins, are important for establishing and maintaining the senescence growth arrest. (nature.com)
Proliferating cells can initiate an additional response by adopting a state of permanent cell-cycle arrest that is termed cellular senescence. (nature.com)
The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the cellular mechanisms whereby Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro in keratinocytes, the target cells in psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
Tan IIA inhibited proliferation of mouse keratinocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis, resulting in S phase arrest accompanied by down-regulation of pCdk2 and cyclin A protein expression. (hindawi.com)
Oxaliplatin causes cell-cycle arrest promotes accelerated senescence and induces apoptosis in Bexarotene (LGD1069) cancer cells7 8 9 The p53 protein is involved in many biological processes the best known of which are cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair10 11 p53 also regulates apoptosis after exposure to hypoxia and cytotoxic drugs and is one of the most commonly mutated genes in many types of cancer12. (immune-source.com)
The tumor suppressor gene p53 regulates cell cycle arrest to allow time for DNA repair. (villajoyosacf.info)
Conversely, intact damage can lead to transcription and replication arrest, leading to cell death and senescence (Hoeijmakers, 2009). (villajoyosacf.info)
P19ARF can prevent the inactivation of p53, which induces cell growth arrest, senescence and apoptosis. (docksci.com)

Many recent studies have demonstrated that cellular senescence plays a crucial role in the regression of tumors exposed to ionizing radiation (IR), but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. (korea.ac.kr)
Here we show that the activation of integrin β4 is essential for IR-induced cellular senescence. (korea.ac.kr)
Cellular senescence is a multifaceted process that arrests the proliferation of cells that are at risk of neoplastic transformation. (nature.com)
There is now substantial evidence that cellular senescence is a barrier to malignant tumorigenesis in vivo . (nature.com)
There is also mounting evidence that cellular senescence contributes to ageing. (nature.com)
Understanding the causes and consequences of cellular senescence has provided novel insights into how cells react to stress, especially genotoxic stress, and how this cellular response can affect complex organismal processes such as the development of cancer and ageing. (nature.com)
Campisi, J. Cellular senescence as a tumor-suppressor mechanism. (nature.com)
We studied whether cellular senescence induced by HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate in E1a+cHa-Ras -transformed rat embryo fibroblasts (ERas) and A549 human Ki-Ras mutated lung adenocarcinoma cells would enhance the tumor suppressor effect of MEK/ERK inhibition. (aging-us.com)
Treatment of control ERas cells with PD0325901 for 24 h results in mitochondria damage and apoptotic death of a part of cellular population. (aging-us.com)
2021). The antiandrogen enzalutamide downregulates TMPRSS2 and reduces cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells . (essex.ac.uk)
13 Thus, the application of radiation therapy following surgery appears to prevent keloid scar recurrence by decreasing fibroblast proliferation, arresting the cell cycle and inducing premature cellular senescence. (jcadonline.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

We further reveal that the IR-induced phosphorylation of integrin β4 is regulated by the cholesterol content and membrane fluidity. (korea.ac.kr)
C3G inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 without inducing the phosphorylation of JNK. (spandidos-publications.com)
MDM2 can inhibit both p53 and NBS1 to regulate multiple physiological processes and/or induce genomic instability, in which ATM plays a central phosphorylation regulatory role. (villajoyosacf.info)
Cell cycle distribution and phosphorylation of histone variant H2AX as a surrogate marker for DNA damage was quantified by flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
P16INK4a can directly inhibit cell proliferation by inhibiting Rb phosphorylation and preventing cells from entering S phase (DNA synthesis phase). (docksci.com)

Such non-mutational processes are largely driven by tumor cell plasticity, which renders tumor cells insusceptible to the drug-targeted pathway, thereby facilitating the tumor cell survival and growth. (scienceopen.com)
It is now becoming clear that the tumour microenvironment, which is largely orchestrated by inflammatory cells, is an indispensable participant in the neoplastic process, fostering proliferation, survival and migration. (scienceopen.com)
Results Senescent PA cells upregulate BCL-XL upon senescence induction and show dependency on BCL-XL for survival. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Conclusions Our data demonstrate that BCL-XL is critical for survival of senescent PA tumor cells and provides proof-of-principle for the use of clinically available BCL-XL-dependent senolytics. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) plays an important role in cancer cells survival upon various conditions of intra- and extracellular stress. (aging-us.com)
CYP2S1 knockdown conferred a cell survival advantage after oxaliplatin treatment to cells harboring wild-type p53 and cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. (immune-source.com)
Autophagy usually serves as a survival mechanism in response to stress conditions, but excessive induction of autophagy results in cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
The oncoprotein murine double minute 2 (MDM2) promotes cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and therapeutic resistance in many types of cancer. (villajoyosacf.info)
P53 deficiency results in reduced repair activity and decreased cell survival after UV-induced DNA damage, suggesting the involvement of p53 in nucleotide excision repair (NER) (Smith et al. (villajoyosacf.info)
MTA thereby interferes with the proliferation and survival of replicating cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Sirtuins are NAD + -dependent histone deacetylases regulating important metabolic pathways in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are involved in many biological processes such as cell survival, senescence, proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, cell metabolism, and caloric restriction. (biomedcentral.com)

Further studies showed that UASR1 activated AKT and AKT-mediated mTOR signaling pathway to stimulate cell proliferation and growth. (jcancer.org)
Taken together, our data suggest that UASR1 plays an oncogenic role in breast cancer cells through activation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, being a novel RNA oncogene. (jcancer.org)
Oncogenic Ras induces the constitutive activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which, in turn, activates other effector pathways, in particular, PI3K-mTOR signaling [ 17 ]. (aging-us.com)
TMZ caused apoptosis in glioma cells via activation of MAPK signaling pathway, inhibition of STAT3, and affected a transition through G2/M phase of cell cycle. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
Bmi-1 expression is also associated with the Hedgehog signaling pathway, which regulates of human mammary stem cell self-renewal [6]. (docksci.com)

Braig, M. & Schmitt, C. A. Oncogene-induced senescence: putting the brakes on tumor development. (nature.com)
Oncogenic MAPK-signaling drives the majority of cells into oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). (ibecbarcelona.eu)
In Basal Cell Carcinoma we are investigating the role of paracrine Hedgehog (HH) signalling between the stroma and epithelium and the role of oncogene induced senescence (OIS). (qmul.ac.uk)

A classic paper that describes the limited replicative lifespan of normal human cells. (nature.com)
At an advanced age, the pools of Type B and Type C cells become depleted in part because of replicative senescence and the cells remaining in the pools lose their ability to differentiate as necessary to replace Type D cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Prolonged treatment with MTA induces replicative stress in the form of single stranded DNA, which, if not repaired, can lead to the formation of double stranded DNA breaks [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Oxaliplatin induces the formation of DNA adducts and interstrand cross-links owing to the restricted freedom of movement of the platinum atom thus impeding DNA replication and transcription6. (immune-source.com)
Pemetrexed is a folic acid antagonist that inhibits the synthesis of precursor nucleotides, whereas cisplatin directly induces DNA adducts, the repair of which is dependent on sufficiently high nucleotide levels. (biomedcentral.com)

Figure 1: The senescent phenotype induced by multiple stimuli. (nature.com)
According to recent data, Ras-transformed cells require autophagy to survive and maintain malignant phenotype [ 5 - 10 ]. (aging-us.com)
Interestingly, a cell population was identified that displayed an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and which had a stem cell phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)

The intracellular roles of NPM include a wide range of metabolic processes such as ribosome biogenesis, proliferation, cell cycle control, migration, DNA repair, non-programmed cell death, stress sensor ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
BH3 mimetics with high affinity for BCL-XL (BCL-XLi) reduce metabolic activity and induce mitochondrial apoptosis in senescent PA cells at nano-molar concentrations. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Indeed, it has been shown that miRNAs play an important role in gene expression, mainly when associated with the monitoring of several cell and metabolic pathways, being also an essential component of the gene silencing machinery in most eukaryotic organisms ( 4 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Glycolysis is an important metabolic pathway that generates energy in various cells of the blood vessel wall. (wjgnet.com)
Cancer cells produce greater levels of ROS than normal cells do because of increased metabolic stresses. (biomedcentral.com)
E6 and Metabolic syndrome and risks of colon and rectal renal cell carcinoma. (who.int)

The concept of tumor cell plasticity highlights the significance of re-activation of developmental programs that are closely correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, acquisition properties of cancer stem cells, and trans-differentiation potential during drug exposure. (scienceopen.com)
For example CYP2S1 which is usually most highly expressed in intestinal tract epithelial cells may be involved in metabolizing aromatic hydrocarbons and other xenobiotic substrates20 21 Madanayake also identified that human CYP2S1 is an important enzyme in the metabolism of COX-derived prostaglandins at nanomolar concentrations and the authors suggested that CYP2S1 may play an important role in modulating the inflammatory process23. (immune-source.com)
Our experiments confirm and extend the involvement of CYP2S1 as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing oxaliplatin efficacy in colorectal epithelial cells. (immune-source.com)
Telomerase is excessively activated in most of tumors and is involved in the regulation of cell cycle proteins, such as p16Ink4a and p21WAF1, which induce epithelial cell apoptosis [7]. (docksci.com)

In this study, we examined the cytoprotective effects of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) isolated from mulberry fruit against pancreatic β-cell apoptosis caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
The MIN6 pancreatic β-cells were used to investigate the cytoprotective effects of C3G on the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Taken together, our results suggest that C3G isolated from mulberry fruit has potential for use as a phytotherapeutic agent for the prevention of diabetes by preventing oxidative stress-induced β-cell apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Recent studies have demonstrated that antioxidants present in natural products protect cells by reducing H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo ( 5 - 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Oxidative stress induced trabecular meshwork cells death is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). (molvis.org)
We are also investigating the role of oxidative stress, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on balding hair follicle senescence and the role of TGF-β. (qmul.ac.uk)
Overexpression of IRS-1 resulted in inhibition of basal autophagy, and reduced oxidative stress-induced autophagy and cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Knockdown of autophagy-related gene 5 inhibited basal autophagy and diminished oxidative stress-induced autophagy and cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results suggest that overexpression of IRS-1 promotes cells growth, inhibits basal autophagy, reduces oxidative stress-induced autophagy, and diminishes oxidative stress-mediated autophagy-dependent cell death. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, Tan IIA-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential changes were also further demonstrated by DNA fragmentation, single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE), and flow cytometry methods. (hindawi.com)
Immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and western blot analysis were also used to determine apoptosis and the expression of proteins associated with apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Changes in gene expression and apoptosis rate were measured by flow cytometry. (docksci.com)

Given that OKSM (Yamanaka) factors convert somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, alterations in transcriptional state could affect destiny of the cells. (intechopen.com)
EMT endows cells with migratory and invasive properties, induces stem cell properties, prevents apoptosis and senescence, and contributes to immunosuppression. (scienceopen.com)
I am especially interested in the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in this process. (essex.ac.uk)
Life depends on constant replenishment of human body cells with new cells created by differentiation of adult stem cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
According to a simplified model of this theory a newly-conceived human embryo consists of pluripotent stem cells (Type A), ones that can potentially divide into any body cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
With growth, these proliferate and, in a remarkably articulated manner, progressively differentiate into multipotent stem cells (Type B), progenitor cells (Type C), mature body somatic cells (Type E), and many eventually become senescent cells (Type E). (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
According to the best current understanding of stem cells this is an open-loop process. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
At maturity there are relatively very few Type A cells and a mix of Type B, C and D cells, Type B and C cells typically live in protected stem cell niches where they reproduce and, as-needed differentiate to become the normal working body Type D cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Stem cell gene expression evolves with age. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Although in principle stem cells can replicate indefinitely, in fact they age as the organism ages, continuing to change their gene expression. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
In essence, early-on the body sets up pools of stem and progenitor cells to replace lost somatic cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
That is the essence of the Stem Cell Supply Chain Breakdown theory of aging. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
IF we could find a way to rejuvenate adult stem cells in their niches, then the stem cell supply chain could possibly be transformed from being a once-through-in-life process to a continuing closed-loop process. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Stem Cells. (qmul.ac.uk)
In addition, a subpopulation of therapy resistant cells with EMT and cancer stem cell features was identified that was resistant to the standard treatment regimen but sensitive to pemetrexed pretreatment combined with cisplatin. (biomedcentral.com)
Bmi-1 (B cell-specific Moloney leukemia virus integration site-1) was the first gene discovered in the polycomb protein family, and it plays an important role in cell immortalization and differentiation and embryonic stem cell development [1]. (docksci.com)
Studies have shown that Bmi-1 is important for maintaining proliferation and selfrenewal of neural stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and cancer stem cells [3]. (docksci.com)

Importantly, inhibition of miR-146a-3p upregulated SIRT1 protein and suppressed M1 polarization in PM 2.5 treated RAW264.7 cells. (medsci.org)
Senescent ERas cells do not develop cytoprotective autophagy upon inhibition of MEK/ERK pathway due to spatial dissociation of lysosomes and autophagosomes in the senescent cells. (aging-us.com)
Oxaliplatin treatment upregulates p53 and activated p53 enhances growth inhibition in CRC cells treated with oxaliplatin. (immune-source.com)
This study is the first to report that inhibition of oxaliplatin-induced cell growth may be dependent on p53 and may involve increased expression of cytochrome enzymes (CYP2S1) in CRC cells. (immune-source.com)
Results Inhibition of CRC cell growth by oxaliplatin is usually associated with Bexarotene (LGD1069) the presence of wild-type p53 To investigate the cytotoxicity of the anticancer agent oxaliplatin in CRC cells CCK8 assays were performed using HCT116 SW480 and HT29 cells treated with various concentrations of oxaliplatin for 24?h. (immune-source.com)
Body 1 Inhibition of colorectal tumor cell development by oxaliplatin. (immune-source.com)

Increasing studies have found that TMZ treatment could induce autophagy that may link to therapeutic resistance in GBM, but, the precise mechanisms are not fully understood. (nature.com)
DAB2IP sensitized GBM to TMZ and suppressed TMZ-induced autophagy by negatively regulating ATG9B expression. (nature.com)
The knockdown of ATG9B expression in GBM cells suppressed TMZ-induced autophagy as well as TMZ-resistance. (nature.com)
Despite a large number of promising inhibitors for Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, recent works show that cancer cells often develop an autophagy-dependent resistance to inhibitors of Ras pathway [ 16 ]. (aging-us.com)
Given that autophagy is initiated upon suppressed mTORC1 activity, a protective autophagy in Ras-transformed cells with a high level of mTORC1 activity appears to be mTORC1-independent [ 20 , 21 ]. (aging-us.com)
One of the mechanisms of high basal autophagy activity in cancer Ras-expressing cells might be associated with high PP2A phosphatase activity targeting directly ULK1-Ser757 that could explain apparent contradiction: maintenance of high mTORC1 functions and high autophagic activity simultaneously [ 22 ]. (aging-us.com)
Evidence for GO induced autophagy includes increased levels of isoform B-II microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), aggregation of green fluorescence protein-tagged LC3, and increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles in cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Kanzawa T, Germano IM, Komata T, Ito H, Kondo Y, Kondo S. Role of autophagy in temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity for malignant glioma cells. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)

These pathways respond to somewhat different stimuli but interact and cooperate to control the senescence response. (nature.com)
Figure 4: Senescence controlled by the p53 and p16-pRB pathways. (nature.com)
The mechanisms of radioresistance are still poorly understood, despite it has been suggested that miRNAs play an important role in cell signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, Bmi-1 and hTERT may inhibit apoptosis through different pathways and affect the expression levels of other genes in return. (docksci.com)

Hayflick, L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. (nature.com)
We investigated the effects of various concentrations of Tan IIA (5-10 μ g/mL) on mouse keratinocytes and human HaCat cells in vitro to confirm this hypothesis. (hindawi.com)
We have made stable Gli1 and Gli2 expressing cell lines as well as PTCH knockdowns (in both N/TERT-1 and NEB-1) keratinocytes and these are being used as in vitro models to investigate the HH pathway in skin cancer and in conjunction with BCC derived stromal cells to develop novel in vitro models of BCC as alternatives to animals. (qmul.ac.uk)
Here, we present data about an enhancement of TMZ treatment effect towards rat and human glioma cells in vitro by immobilizing this drug with a new nanoscale polymeric-phospholipidic delivery system. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)

Mitochondrial regulation of apoptosis further downstream was investigated, showing changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, and enhanced activation of cleaved caspase-3 and Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). (hindawi.com)

Some lncRNAs affect the growth and development of breast cancer by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, and others are involved in invasion and metastasis and drug resistance of breast cancer [ 6 ]. (jcancer.org)
While OIS induces resistance to antiproliferative therapies, it represents a potential vulnerability exploitable by senolytic agents. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Co-Treatment of Prostate Cancer Cells with Mscs Expressing Trail and Iap Inhibitors Reduce Trail Resistance and Production of Trail-Induced Cytokines. (essex.ac.uk)

This expanded knowledge of tumor cell plasticity contributes to developing novel therapeutic strategies or combination therapy regimens using available anticancer drugs, which are likely to improve patient outcomes in clinical practice. (scienceopen.com)

Numerous harmful factors that affect the human body from birth to old age cause many disturbances, e.g., in the structure of the genome, inducing cell apoptosis and their degeneration, which leads to the development of many diseases, including cancer. (mdpi.com)

Interestingly, NPM interacts with Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 in these cells and activates an NF-kB-dependent inflammatory pathway upregulating interleukin IL-6 and COX-2 gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, NPM is crucial for inflammatory gene expression induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in fibroblasts and macrophages ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Gene expression must be appropriately maintained to regulate development, differentiation, and proliferation of cells. (intechopen.com)

In contrast silencing p53 significantly decreases the inhibitory effects of oxaliplatin suggesting an important role for p53 in this process13 14 The p53 protein regulates a group Bexarotene (LGD1069) of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in human and mouse liver cells and influences the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatment regimens15 16 However a role for p53 in regulating CYP450 genes in the intestinal tract has not yet been reported. (immune-source.com)
Our previous work demonstrated that life-long intake of 2% of total energy from TFA (an intake typical of the American diet [ 9 ]) in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8 strain) was associated with increases in plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol, suggesting an effect of TFA on the liver - an organ that regulates plasma fat and cholesterol [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Molecular mechanisms of the initiation of transcription from TATA box have been well known as the most essential nuclear events in mammalian cells. (intechopen.com)
Cancer cells exploit a variety of protective mechanisms that allow them to acquire selective advantage and proliferate under unfavorable conditions. (aging-us.com)
Further study on the mechanisms of p38MAPK in human TM cell apoptosis may help to illuminate the pathogenesis of POAG. (molvis.org)

On the basis of our finding that, integrin α6β4 is specifically activated and acts primarily to induce premature senescence in irradiated cancer cells, we propose that this integrin may be a valuable target and biomarker for radiotherapy. (korea.ac.kr)

Cell Death and Differentiation , 26 (2), 245-259. (korea.ac.kr)
Thus, the mesenchymal state is associated with the capacity of cells to migrate to distant organs and maintain stemness, allowing their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types during development and the initiation of metastasis. (scienceopen.com)
As Type D cells die from trauma or apoptosis they are replaced by new cells resulting from differentiation of Type B and Type C cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

Immune cells that infiltrate tumors engage in an extensive and dynamic crosstalk with cancer cells, and some of the molecular events that mediate this dialog have been revealed. (scienceopen.com)
Methods We established new patient-derived PA cell lines that preserve molecular features of the primary tumors and can be studied in OIS and proliferation depending on expression or repression of the SV40 large T antigen. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Bmi-1 can also induce downstream expression of hTERT, which prevents cell aging and results in immortalization. (docksci.com)

However, the excessive generation of ROS, such as super oxide anions (O 2 − ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) due to environmental stress results in significant oxidative damage to cell structures, such as DNA, the mitochondria and cell membranes ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Senescent cells are unable to form the autophagolysosomes and to remove the damaged mitochondria resulting in apoptotic death. (aging-us.com)

Therefore, based on clinical experience as well as cytotoxic activity against multiple human cancer cells, we hypothesized that induction of apoptosis is the underlying mechanism for the treatment of psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
Cell growth and colony formation as well as senescence induction were quantified after treatment. (biomedcentral.com)

Confronting PM 2.5 , macrophages are able to be activated and induce inflammatory responses. (medsci.org)
These results suggested that PM 2.5 induces the inflammatory M1 polarization and TLR4/NF-κB signal transduction pathway might be involved in the process. (medsci.org)

Cell viability was examined by MTT assay and lipid peroxidation was assayed by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
Cell viability was analyzed using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2h-tetrazolium bromide assay. (molvis.org)

Roos WP, Batista LF, Naumann SC, Wick W, Weller M, Menck CF, Kaina B. Apoptosis in malignant glioma cells triggered by the temozolomide-induced DNA lesion O6-methylguanine. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)

We previously showed that genotoxic stress induced an active extracellular release of nucleophosmin (NPM) in human cardiac mesenchymal progenitor cells, and that serum deprivation provokes NPM secretion from human endothelial cells, eliciting inflammation via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) transcriptional activation. (frontiersin.org)

Many stimuli elicit a senescence response. (nature.com)
Both the innate stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharides and Poly inositol-cytosine and adaptive stimuli, that is, cytokine mix, were able to induce the extracellular release of NPM in immortalized keratinocytes and human skin fibroblasts in the absence of cytotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)

The MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was transfected with the vector, and cytotoxicity was tested by MTT assays. (docksci.com)

One of the treatments applied in cancer is radiotherapy (RT), a therapeutic modality that uses ionizing radiation to induce damage in unwanted cells. (frontiersin.org)

The scope of the special issue is to summarize and enlarge the knowledge in signalling processes and networks in diverse cells and tissues. (mdpi.com)
Our results revealed that H2O2 increased the rate of apoptosis by stimulating various pro-apoptotic processes, such as the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation. (spandidos-publications.com)
Afterwards, whether Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) an important intermediate regulator in various physiological processes takes part in the macrophage polarization induced by PM 2.5 is unknown. (medsci.org)
Many Type D cells senesce and become Type E cells which make the corresponding organs shrivel and be susceptible to cancers and other disease processes. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Responsible for such pivotal processes, p53 can deliver considerable damage if mutated, thus becoming "the guardian of the cancer cell" [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Cells generate partially reduced forms of oxygen, collectively referred to as "reactive oxygen species" (ROS), during respiration and enzymatic processes. (biomedcentral.com)

Finally, we show that siRNA- or inhibitor-mediated blockade of integrin α6β4-Src-AKT signaling switches the post-irradiation fate from senescence to apoptosis, under p53 activated condition, in both cancer cells and tumor tissues of xenograft mice. (korea.ac.kr)
References 2 and 3 describe the characteristics of cancer cells and the importance of mutations in cancer development. (nature.com)
Ectopic expression of UASR1 promoted proliferation and clonogenic growth of breast cancer cells MCF7 and MDA-MB-231. (jcancer.org)
However, excessive production of ROS kills cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
It is not fully understood how cancer cells grow rapidly and survive in the presence of high ROS levels. (biomedcentral.com)
We hypothesized that prolonged pretreatment with pemetrexed could be beneficial, as prior depletion of nucleotide pools could sensitize cancer cells to subsequent treatment with cisplatin. (biomedcentral.com)
Published June 15, 2015 Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a targeted siRNA nano-delivery system to silence the expression of Bmi-1 and hTERT, and to verify the toxicity of this delivery system in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (docksci.com)

Genes involved in cell proliferation and extracellular matrix production are down-regulated while genes promoting apoptosis are upregulated. (jcadonline.com)

We have learned that genes in mammalian cells are transcribed into messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are to be translated into polypeptides (proteins). (intechopen.com)

As main findings, 23 miRNAs were already identified as being involved in genetic regulation of PCa cell response to RT. (frontiersin.org)

For example, steroid and thyroid hormones directly bind to nuclear receptors, which induce expression of specific genes. (intechopen.com)

Important recent specific progress was brought to my attention by Dr. Victoria Lunyak , a lab director at the Buck Institute who presented on her recent work at the Cell signaling, inflammation and aging symposium in Las Vegas last week, where I was also a presenter. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

In mammalian organisms, cells that express markers of senescence have been shown to accumulate with age and at sites of certain age-related pathologies. (nature.com)

As shown in Fig. 1A oxaliplatin inhibited cell growth in these three CRC cell lines in a Bexarotene (LGD1069) dose-dependent manner with HCT116 cells being more sensitive to oxaliplatin than SW480/HT29 cells (Fig. 1A). (immune-source.com)
Our results demonstrate that tumor growth, peritoneal dissemination and peritoneum or organ metastasis implanted MKN45 cells were significantly decreased in shAhR and Biseugenol-treated mice and that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was caused. (oncotarget.com)
low dosages of GO promoted cell growth, while high doses induced cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Prolonged pemetrexed pretreatment for 48 h prior to cisplatin treatment maximally delayed long-term cell growth and significantly reduced the number of recovering clones. (biomedcentral.com)

In this study, we investigated the effects of a trans -fatty acid (TFA) diet on the liver in adult (25 wk) and old (60 wk) senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8 strain) of both sexes. (biomedcentral.com)

BDS: Lectures on Cell cycle, epithelium, skin and glands. (qmul.ac.uk)

Trends Cell Biol. (nature.com)
J Cell Biol (2006) 173 (4): 533-544. (rupress.org)

Apoptosis was partially blocked by the caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO. (hindawi.com)
MiR-146a-3p mimic and inhibitor were pre-transfected into RAW264.7 cells and the effects on M1 polarization induced by PM 2.5 were evaluated. (medsci.org)
The human trabecular meshwork cells were treated with t BHP for 1 or 2 h with or without pretreatment of SB203580, an inhibitor of MAP kinase homologs. (molvis.org)

Once inhaled, PM 2.5 deposits in lung tissues and diffuses in blood inducing lung and systematic injuries [ 3 , 4 ]. (medsci.org)
The main goal of RT consists in delivering a precise dose of radiation in a target volume, such as tumor, promoting the tumor cells eradication with as minimal damage as possible in surrounding normal tissues ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)

In particular, it plays a vital role in the physiological and pathological activities of the three important cells, Endothelial cells, macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. (wjgnet.com)

Figure 5: Potential deleterious effects of senescent cells. (nature.com)
Dependence of senescent PA cells on anti-apoptotic BCL-2 members was investigated using a comprehensive set of BH3 mimetics. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Our data show that suppression of MEK/ERK pathway in senescent cells provides a new strategy for elimination of Ras-expressing cells. (aging-us.com)
Starting at conception and throughout life, all cells on this list except the senescent ones will selectively reproduce and possibly differentiate into cells of types further down in the list. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

Hair follicle and skin glands and appendages, Steroid synthesis and function in skin, hair follicles and sebaceous glands, Basal cell carcinoma Gli and Sonic Hedgehog. (qmul.ac.uk)

The successful strategy based on the activation of cell death in Ras-expressing cells is associated with the suppression of kinases involved in Ras pathway. (aging-us.com)
Activation of p38MAPK plays an important role in t BHP-induced apoptosis of iHTM cells. (molvis.org)

Anatomy27

Organisms13

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs119

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes70

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Arrest9

Cellular12

Phosphorylation5

Survival11

Signaling pathway5

Oncogene3

Replicative3

Adducts2

Phenotype3

Metabolic6

Epithelial4

Oxidative stress9

Flow cytometry3

Stem17

Inhibition6

Autophagy8

Pathways4

Vitro4

Mitochondrial1

Resistance3

Contributes1

Genome1

Gene3

Regulates2

Mechanisms3

Premature1

Differentiation3

Molecular2

Downstream1

Mitochondria2

Induction2

Inflammatory2

Viability2

Malignant1

Mesenchymal1

Stimuli2

Cytotoxicity1

Therapeutic1

Processes6

Cancer cells7

Extracellular matrix1

Proteins1

Regulation1

Genes1

Inflammation1

Mammalian1

Growth4

Mice1

Cycle1

Biol2

Inhibitor3

Tissues2

Physiological1

Senescent4

Basal1

Activation2