Individual insecticides. Medical search. Frequent questions

Mosquitoes were resistant to During May-September 2011, mosquito larvae were insecticides of all approved classes. (cdc.gov)
DNA was extracted from individual mosquitoes malaria cases ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
However, these gains are threatened by according to the LIVAK method ( 8 ), and a subsample of the rapid development and spread of insecticide resistance 500 mosquitoes were all found to be the M molecular form among major malaria vectors in Africa ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Only 4 classes of insecticide, which share thirds of mosquitoes survived the diagnostic dose for 2 modes of action, are approved by the World Health 4 of the 5 insecticides tested (Table 1). (cdc.gov)
The insecticides that are used for treating bed nets kill mosquitoes, as well as other insects. (cdc.gov)
The insecticides also repel mosquitoes, reducing the number that enter the house and attempt to feed on people inside. (cdc.gov)
Using both laboratory isogenic strains and field-caught Culex pipiens mosquitoes, we investigated the effects of insecticide resistance on an important component of the mosquito immune system: the phenoloxidase (PO) activity. (biomedcentral.com)
We obtained, however, a marked discrepancy between laboratory and field-collected mosquitoes on the effect of insecticide resistance on PO activity. (biomedcentral.com)
In the laboratory selected strains we found evidence of strong interactions between insecticide resistance and the age and sex of mosquitoes. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we investigate whether insecticide resistance has a pleiotropic effect on the phenoloxidase activity of Culex pipiens mosquitoes. (biomedcentral.com)
In areas where individuals with malaria could have been bitten by Anopheles mosquitoes, Anopheles mosquitoes are tracked and tested to spray for the presence of malaria parasite. (cdc.gov)
To reduce the risk of infected mosquitoes causing additional malaria cases, insecticide is sprayed to suppress the populations of adult mosquitoes and to control larval habitats. (cdc.gov)
I understand that some communities are spraying insecticides against mosquitoes bearing the West Nile virus. (drweil.com)

Symptomatology was similar to that previously reported for exposure to parathion or other organophosphorus insecticides. (epa.gov)

These insecticides have been shown to pose very low health risks to humans and other mammals, but are toxic to insects and kill them. (cdc.gov)
As an insecticide, it can be sprayed onto outer clothing or mosquito nets to kill the insects that touch them. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Permethrin is the most commonly used insecticide worldwide for the protection of wool from keratinophagous insects such as Tineola bisselliella. (wikipedia.org)
Unroasted coffee beans contain proteins that kill insects, a finding that may lead to new insecticides for protecting food crops. (phys.org)
Scientists in Brazil are reporting for the first time that coffee beans contain proteins that can kill insects and might be developed into new insecticides for protecting food crops against destructive pests. (phys.org)
The results showed significant mortality with constant low-level exposure: 92 and 95 % of insects died in the 14 and 21 day experiments respectively, the remaining 8 and 5 % of living animals were immobilised by the insecticide (see Figure 1). (i-sis.org.uk)
For this reason, coinfection of individual insects by theseviruses is considered likely. (iobc-wprs.org)
An insecticide is a substance used by humans to gain some advantage in the struggle with various insects that are considered pests. (encyclopedia.com)
This biological insecticide works against target insects in multiple ways: It's toxic when ingested, it degrades insect exoskeletons, and it interferes with the molting process. (arbico-organics.com)
However, the insecticides used in the past were not only toxic to insects, but were also generally more or less poisonous to other organisms, including human beings, as well as being damaging to the environment. (buildingconservation.com)
Pyrethrins are often used in household insecticides and products to control insects on pets or livestock. (cdc.gov)
The rapid application of molecular biology methods - especially transcriptomics - has revealed changeshat occur when insects are exposed to insecticides or become adapted to survive in such stressful environments. (soci.org)
Evidence has come from these enzyme assays and also from transcriptomic and proteomic analyses comparing resistant and susceptible strains and insects exposed, or not, to insecticides. (soci.org)
Household insecticides are chemicals that are utilized to control the growth of insects. (imarcgroup.com)
The insecticides will be applied aerially starting in mid-June, with the drift putting at risk organic farms and a national wildlife refuge adjacent to the proposed spray areas, as well beneficial insects within the spray blocks. (xerces.org)
Aerial application of insecticides on this scale will eliminate millions of insects that pollinate, recycle plant nutrients and perform natural pest control," said Sharon Selvaggio, Pesticide Program Specialist with the Xerces Society. (xerces.org)
The chemical to be sprayed is called diflubenzuron, a restricted-use insecticide that kills developing insects by impeding their molt. (xerces.org)
While the insecticide is meant to kill grasshoppers, any juvenile insect that ingests the insecticide could be harmed, including insects that naturally keep grasshoppers in check. (xerces.org)
The larvae of these beneficial insects are subject to the same eradication from chemical insecticides as the grasshoppers. (xerces.org)
Insects such as caterpillars or worms (lepidopterous larvae), can be predisposed to developing resistance to insecticides when one class of insecticide is used exclusively and repeatedly. (valent.com)
Insecticide-resistant insects, herbicide-resistant weeds, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria are well-documented. (ufl.edu)

Farmers spray insecticides on the plants to get rid of these same pests, and it was thought that it had little significant effect on the spiders' behaviors. (futurity.org)
Exposure to insecticide affected the spiders' ability to leap on prey and their interest in exploring new territory, both of which are crucial to their survival and to their role in keeping down pests. (futurity.org)
The abundance and effects of almost all insect pests can be managed through the judicious use of insecticides. (encyclopedia.com)
Biological insecticides are formulations of microbes that are pathogenic to specific pests, and consequently have a relatively narrow spectrum of activity in ecosystems. (encyclopedia.com)
As with many pest, weed, and disease organisms, insect pests present continuing problems in agriculture, and their management with insecticides can give rise to resistant strains which are increasingly difficult to control. (soci.org)
Dabbing individual pests with an alcohol-soaked cotton swab or neem-based leaf shine will also work when infestations are light. (bookriff.com)
Since Melander (1914) first reported insecticide resistance, the subject has received ever greater attention due to increasing inability to control agricultural pests and disease vectors through chemical means ( Forgash 1984 , Georghiou 1986 ). (ufl.edu)
Weeds were the last category of pests to show resistance because there is a very large seed bank in the soil with many individuals that have limited pesticide exposure. (ufl.edu)
Some individuals believed that selection pressure forced pests to mutate, but this view has been largely discounted through research. (ufl.edu)
These factors include the continuing decline or elimination of effective vector/pest control programs at state and local public health agencies, increased resistance to various insecticides, and an increase in international travel, which raises the chances that the tiny pests will be unknowingly packed into luggage. (cdc.gov)

We also analyzed their compatibility with chemical insecticides (thiamethoxam, labdacyhalothrin, malathion and fipronil), which are extensively used in rice crops. (scielo.br)
However, the insect species with populations resistant to the greatest number of insecticides is the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphidae), which has documented resistance to 71 synthetic chemical insecticides ( Georghiou & Lagunes-Tejada 1991 ). (ufl.edu)
Perhaps this promising approach to reducing mosquito populations will prove safer than aerial spraying of chemical insecticides. (drweil.com)

Southern Côte insecticide resistance have been restricted by the relatively low prevalence of organophosphate/carbamate resistance d'Ivoire and the limited effect that kdr mutations alone have on pyrethroid-based interventions ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Should grasshoppers mature more quickly than expected, the agency will likely use carbaryl, a highly neurotoxic and controversial carbamate insecticide. (xerces.org)

Thirty studies have now linked neonicotinoid insecticides to the global demise of bees and is a likely cause of the Colony Collapse Disorder as ISIS was among the first to suggest (see [1] Requiem for the Honeybee , SiS 34 , [2] Emergency Pesticide Ban for Saving the Honeybee , SiS 39). (i-sis.org.uk)
He uses no insecticide or pesticide but does not call himself organic. (bbr.com)
In addition to groups or individual pesticides listed, pesticide exposure in applicators, manufacturers and agricultural workers has been associated with colorectal ca. (healthandenvironment.org)
In these situations, the individual is exposed to mixtures of pesticides or different pesticides at different times and a correlation between an individual pesticide and disease can not be made. (healthandenvironment.org)
The most common factors contributing to illness were excessive insecticide application, failure to wash or change pesticide-treated bedding, and inadequate notification of pesticide application. (cdc.gov)

and the organophosphate insecticides diazinon, malathion, and parathion-were all positively associated with depression in each case group, with ORs between 1.1 and 1.9. (cdc.gov)

This is possible for certain fungicides and insecticides that have the same mechanism of action. (bund.de)
Fungicides and insecticides increase ASMR in Brazil. (bvsalud.org)

We evaluated the effects of two insecticides (fipronil, sulfluramid) and metallic insecticide complex (magnesium complex [Mg(hesp)2(phen)] (1)) on the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and the overall antioxidant capacity using two different methodologies: total radical-trapping potential (TRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). (springer.com)
Strictly speaking, fipronil is another broadcast insecticide, but fipronil (Top Choice, Fipronil 0.0143G and similar products) is placed in a class by itself for several reasons. (msucares.com)

Pyrethroid insecticides are extensively and increasingly applied in agricultural and residential environments in China. (unboundmedicine.com)
The study aimed to assess exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in young infants and investigate the potential influence factors on pyrethroid exposure levels. (unboundmedicine.com)
To help manage resistance, some net products incorporate piperonyl butoxide (PBO) along with a pyrethroid insecticide, but there is not yet evidence that this significantly improves ITN effectiveness in areas with high levels of pyrethroid resistance, and WHO currently does not consider nets that incorporate PBO to be tools for managing pyrethroid resistance. (cdc.gov)
B ) Mortality of pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti by targeted indoor residual spraying (TIRS) with a household aerosolized insecticide over time. (ajtmh.org)

Several companies have developed long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) that maintain effective levels of insecticide for at least 3 years, even after repeated washing. (cdc.gov)
The individual whose death was linked to bed-bug related insecticide had a series of preexisting medical conditions and was exposed to high levels of insecticide through atypical applications. (cdc.gov)

The most important groups of insecticides are described below. (encyclopedia.com)
Adding a unique mode of action such as group 11 A that Dipel DF is part of, can prolong the life of other classes/groups of insecticides that the grower relies on every growing season. (valent.com)

A powerful bacillus insecticide for Lepidoptera (caterpillar) control that's labeled for use in Crop Production. (arbico-organics.com)
DiPel DF is a dust-free dry flowable insecticide that kills caterpillars and borers using the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis v. kurstaki or Btk. (arbico-organics.com)

In the future, scientists could insert genes for these insect-killing proteins into important food crops, such as grains, so that plants produce their own insecticides, the researchers suggest. (phys.org)
There are also insecticides based on nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and insect hormones. (encyclopedia.com)
Baits are "fire ant-edible" granules containing low doses of slow-acting insecticides or insect growth-disruptors that are applied by spreading them over the lawn. (msucares.com)
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphidae), is resistant to more insecticides than any other insect. (ufl.edu)
By 1984 at least 17 insect species were resistant to all major classes of insecticides ( Georghiou 1986 ). (ufl.edu)

Songbirds exposed to imidacloprid, a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, exhibit anorexic behavior, reduced body weight and delays in their migratory itinerary, according to a new study. (eurekalert.org)
Building on previous research, Margaret Eng and colleagues used automated telemetry to track individual white-crowned sparrows they experimentally exposed to sublethal yet field-realistic doses of imidacloprid during migration. (eurekalert.org)
Acephate, imidacloprid and dinotefuran are three commonly used systemic insecticides that are effective against scale. (bookriff.com)
Systemic applications of the insecticides imidacloprid or abamectin also provide effective season long control. (ucr.edu)

Municipalities and individual homeowners often treat with either foliar or systemic insecticides. (ucr.edu)

These findings haveimportant implications for the in vivo production of virus based insecticides using mass-rearedinsects and the efficacy of these products in controling pest populations that may be coinfectedby iflaviruses. (iobc-wprs.org)
The extensive use of chemicals to control mosquito populations and reduce the burden of disease has led to the widespread emergence and spread of insecticide resistance [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In terms of the total number of insecticides to which populations are resistant, the two candidates closest to the champion are the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), resistant to 37 compounds as of 1989, and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidopotera: Plutellidae), resistant to 51 compounds, also in 1989. (ufl.edu)
Additionally, these cases highlight the importance of monitoring pest populations for insecticide resistance and incorporating resistance management into integrated control measures. (ufl.edu)
Many would therefore argue that the rapidity with which populations of these two species develop resistance to newly applied insecticides, leading to inherent difficulties in their chemical control, would make them the champions of the category 'resistant to most insecticides. (ufl.edu)
In these large populations, several individuals will be tolerant of chemical-control measures, perhaps only one in a million or one in a billion. (ufl.edu)
The objective of this study was to survey insecticides susceptibility levels of 3 vector species in wild sand fly populations in different foci of the diseases in Kerman province. (bvsalud.org)

According to the latest report by IMARC Group, titled 'Household Insecticides Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2023-2028,' the global household insecticides market reached a value of US$ 15.6 Billion in 2022. (imarcgroup.com)
Moreover, individuals are becoming more aware of the disease transmission and infestations, which, in turn, is propelling the sales of household insecticides. (imarcgroup.com)

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (or organochlorines) are synthetic insecticides, including DDT (dichlorodiphe-nyltrichloroethane) and its relatives DDD (dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane) and methoxychlor, lindane, and cyclodienes such as chlordane, heptachlor, aldrin, and dieldrin. (encyclopedia.com)

A new study shows neonicotinoid insecticides are lethal to freshwater invertebrates following low but constant exposure. (i-sis.org.uk)
For a new study, researchers looked at changes in the behavior of individual bronze jumping spiders both before and after exposure to Phosmet, a widely used broad-spectrum insecticide. (futurity.org)
These results are consistent with our model and provide further support for the hypothesis that concurrent genetic vulnerability and environmental OP exposure may possibly contribute to autism pathogenesis in a sizable subgroup of North American individuals. (nature.com)

Scientific research confirms that human health is impacted by these herbicides, insecticides, and industrial chemicals. (alexanderlaw.com)
Herbicides increase ASMR in the Northeast and Midwest regions and insecticides increase ASMR in the Northeast, Southeast, and Midwest regions. (bvsalud.org)

Adding DiPel® DF Biological Insecticide Dry Flowable to your worm and caterpillar (lepidopterous larvae) control program can help break the resistance cycle, while also providing excellent control with the additional benefit of having a zero day pre-harvest interval. (valent.com)

The use of laboratory-selected insecticide-resistant strains is still the most widely used method to investigate the pleiotropic effects of insecticide resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
The assays for the Bt strains interaction with insecticides revealed the compatibility of the six strains with the four insecticides tested. (scielo.br)
It suggests that different species of arthro- increasing insecticide resistance, is often pods, strains within species, and individuals problematic. (who.int)

Organophosphates (OPs) are routinely used as pesticides in agriculture and as insecticides within the household. (nature.com)
To better understand the problem of illness associated with bed bug-related insecticide, investigators looked for cases using the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR) Pesticides program and data from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (cdc.gov)

What insecticide kills pine needle scale? (bookriff.com)

Six individual chemicals have active insecticidal properties in the pyrethrum extract, and these compounds are called pyrethrins. (cdc.gov)
The majority of insecticide exposures were to pyrethroids and/or pyrethrins, and were in toxicity category III and are considered to be slightly toxic. (cdc.gov)

In addition to the normal resistance mechanisms ( Table 1 ), resistant individuals may also have higher proteolytic activity as part of their survival tool chest in an insecticidal situation. (soci.org)
A population is considered resistant if its response to an insecticide in detection tests drops significantly below its normal response ( Georghiou & Mellon 1983 ). (ufl.edu)
In this paper, 'most resistant' is limited to degree of cross and multiple resistance, the champion being the species with documented resistance to the greatest number of insecticides. (ufl.edu)
However, the green peach aphid, while receiving less attention in terms of its resistance, has a greater number of documented cases of resistance to individual insecticides, and therefore is the most resistant according to the definition utilized here. (ufl.edu)

During the past decade, increased use of insecticide- control paper for 1 hour, according to standard WHO treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying have made procedures ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
Instead, the insecticide they contain leaches into the soil where it provides residual contact kill of foraging workers and newly settled queens. (msucares.com)
Perimeter applications of a residual insecticide will intercept many individuals attempting to enter. (pestweb.com)
Residual spraying to control adult sand flies, is the only way to decrease the spreading of the diseases but, following control treatment against malaria vectors in endemic areas in Iran, resistance or tolerance to insecticides emerged in some sand fly species. (bvsalud.org)

However, while the controversial neurotoxic insecticide is advertised to pose a low risk to vertebrates, a growing body of evidence has shown that neonicotinoids may have significant negative impacts on a number of species, including birds. (eurekalert.org)

alexandri are highly susceptible to all the evaluated insecticides in the study areas. (bvsalud.org)

and Ace-1R alleles and unprecedentedly high levels of and Hilary Ranson phenotypic resistance to all insecticide classes available for Malaria control depends on mosquito susceptibility to malaria control. (cdc.gov)

Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are a form of personal protection that has been shown to reduce malaria illness, severe disease, and death due to malaria in endemic regions. (cdc.gov)
Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are a major intervention for malaria control. (cdc.gov)
Only two insecticides classes are approved for use on ITNs (pyrroles and pyrethroids). (cdc.gov)

There are numerous cases of people being poisoned by accidental exposures to toxic insecticides. (encyclopedia.com)
More information on work-related insecticide exposures is provided below. (cdc.gov)

Cases listed as organophosphates (and the other categories as well) may also include other insecticides such as carbamates and organochlorines in a single product. (missouri.edu)

worldwide, this method to 1 of 5 insecticides (0.1% bendiocarb, 1.0% fenitrothion, accounts for more than half of malaria control expenditures 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% deltamethrin, 4% DDT) or a ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)

Tuesday, June 15, 2021---The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is currently soliciting contract bids for insecticide sprays across Eastern Montana. (xerces.org)
Insecticide sprays on this scale across native ecosystems are short-sighted and unsustainable. (xerces.org)

More commonly, ecological damage may be caused by the use of insecticides, sometimes resulting in the deaths of large numbers of wildlife. (encyclopedia.com)

Fifth, vector control is a force multiplier that can reduce the risk from many viruses that would require the development of individual vaccines. (cdc.gov)

Data are derived from nationally-representative household surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), Malaria Indicator Surveys (MIS) (The number of individuals who slept under insecticide-treated mosquito nets the night prior to the survey / Number of individuals who spent the previous night in surveyed households) x 100. (who.int)

This includes granular insecticides containing active ingredients such as bifenthrin, gamma-cyhalothrin or cyfluthrin that are applied by spreading the granules over the yard. (msucares.com)
Applications of insecticide granules to potted soils may be effective as well. (pestweb.com)

Prevalence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles multiple insecticide-resistance mechanisms ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
One of the approaches discussed is also used in other countries: substances with the same mechanisms of action are added together and substances with different effects are treated as individual substances. (bund.de)

Objective Mass long-lasting insecticide net (LLIN) distribution campaigns are rolled out, as a part of the Ghana Malaria Strategic plan (2021-2025) which seeks to protect at least 80% of the population at risk with effective malaria prevention interventions. (bmj.com)
Periodically, the National Malaria Control Programme rolls out mass long-lasting insecticide net (LLIN) distribution campaigns in communities. (bmj.com)

Inorganic insecticides are used much less than in the past, having been widely replaced by synthetic organics. (encyclopedia.com)

The Egyptians used unspecified chemicals to combat fleas in their homes about 3,500 years ago, and arsenic has been used as an insecticide in China for at least 2,900 years. (encyclopedia.com)
Almost all insecticides are chemicals. (encyclopedia.com)
Insecticides are an extremely diverse group of chemicals, plus additional formulations based on living microorganisms. (encyclopedia.com)

Natural organic insecticides are extracted from plants. (encyclopedia.com)
More minor groups of synthetic organic insecticides include the formamidines (e.g., amitraz, formeta-nate) and dinitrophenols (e.g., binapacryl, dinocap). (encyclopedia.com)

For suppression of seed maggots, wireworms, symphylans, cutworms, white grubs and plant-parasitic nematodes, apply Arber Bio Insecticide as a soil drench directly into the seed furrow. (arbico-organics.com)
For individual plants, such as tomatoes and peppers, apply the mixture as a soil drench at the rate of 4 fluid ounces per plant. (arbico-organics.com)

Group 28 chemistries like Coragen® are effective but should be rotated with other modes of action such as DiPel DF to delay the development of resistance to specific insecticide groups. (valent.com)
DiPel DF is a great rotational or tank mix partner to reduce the potential of worms developing resistance to insecticides with other MOAs. (valent.com)

Today of course, insecticide use is much more prevalent. (encyclopedia.com)

2005 ). As an effective alternative to the use of sulfluramid, a metallic insecticide complex with lower ecological impact was developed (Bonomo et al. (springer.com)

insecticide-treated bed nets. (cdc.gov)
Nets were retreated by simply dipping them in a mixture of water and insecticide and allowing them to dry in a shady place. (cdc.gov)
Individual donations of nets can be made through organizations such as CDC Foundation External or Malaria No More External . (cdc.gov)

Insecticide resistance counters control methods by increasing vector population sizes above the critical thresholds required for disease management. (biomedcentral.com)
Insecticide resistance costs growers in both yield and increased control costs - the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) notes that, "in some years [these costs are] more than $1 billion in cotton for the budworm/bollworm complex alone. (valent.com)

Use 2 tablespoons of Arber Bio Insecticide per gallon of water for all application methods. (arbico-organics.com)
By the end of this call we would like all of you to be able to describe when to suspect malaria, define preferred methods for malaria diagnosis, identify an optimal treatment regimen for an individual patient infected with malaria using available clinical and laboratory information, and to identify strategies to prevent mosquito transmitted malaria in the United States. (cdc.gov)

Insecticides that are sprayed in orchards and fields across North America may be more toxic to spiders than scientists previously believed. (futurity.org)
When the scale feed on the sap, they ingest the toxic insecticide and are killed. (bookriff.com)

An FBI agent wrote in court papers that Peter Moloney appears to have come to the Capitol "prepared for violence," with protective eyewear, a helmet and a can of insecticide - wasp, hornet & yellow jacket killer. (wtrf.com)

In general, once the insecticide penetrates the individuals, it overstimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Bhattacharyya et al. (springer.com)
In 1984 there were 1797 cases of resistance in arthropods (including all species and all insecticides), and by 1991, resistance to at least one insecticide had been recorded for 504 species ( Georghiou 1986 , Georghiou & Lagunes-Tejada 1991 ). (ufl.edu)

In general, the behavior of spiders became more "unpredictable" and individuals behaved less according to their personality type once they were exposed to insecticide, possibly because some individuals are much more sensitive to the insecticide than others. (futurity.org)

Examples of insecticides include Paris green (a mixture of copper compounds), lead arsenate, and calcium arsenate. (encyclopedia.com)

Those surviving individuals, depending on the type of resistance/insensitivity/tolerance that they are carrying, can reproduce and pass those traits to the offspring/next generation. (valent.com)

Organisms33

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs67

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes7

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Health Care12

Geographicals12

Mosquitoes13

Organophosphorus Insecticides1

Insects21

Pests10

Chemical insecticides3

Carbamate2

Pesticide5

Malathion1

Fungicides2

Fipronil2

Pyrethroid4

Levels of insecticide2

Groups of insecticides2

Bacillus2

Insect5

Imidacloprid4

Systemic insecticides1

Populations7

Household insecticides2

Synthetic insecticides1

Exposure3

Herbicides2

Biological1

Strains3

Pesticides2

Kills1

Pyrethrins2

Resistant4

Residual4

Neurotoxic1

Susceptible1

Susceptibility1

ITNs3

Exposures2

Carbamates1

Fenitrothion1

Sprays2

Commonly1

Vector Control1

Mosquito nets1

Granules2

Mechanisms2

LLIN2

Widely1

Chemicals3

Organic2

Soil2

DiPel DF2

Prevalent1

Ecological1

Nets3

Control2

Methods2

Toxic2

Protective1

Species2

Behavior1

Mixture1

Tolerance1