Individual atoms. Medical search. Frequent questions

At the microscopic level, there are loads of electrons whizzing around the atoms and molecules that make up any solid. (britannica.com)
The capacity of investigate and tailor the materials properties down to nanoscale created new perspectives for the development of functional devices using single atoms or molecules. (europa.eu)
In 2012, these far-field diffraction experiments could be extended to phthalocyanine molecules and their heavier derivatives, which are composed of 58 and 114 atoms respectively. (wikipedia.org)
Review: Arthur Edward Ruark and Harold Clayton Urey, Atoms, Molecules and Quanta ," Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Bull. (projecteuclid.org)
Nanowerk News ) A new approach to control forces and interactions between atoms and molecules, such as those employed by geckos to climb vertical surfaces, could bring advances in new materials for developing quantum light sources. (nanowerk.com)
Closely spaced atoms and molecules in our environment are constantly interacting, attracting and repelling each other," said Zubin Jacob, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue University. (nanowerk.com)
Typically, these interactions occur when atoms and molecules are between 1 to 10 nanometers apart. (nanowerk.com)
These include Van der Waals forces that take place between atoms and molecules only when they are very close together. (nanowerk.com)
The dipoles from numerous atoms and molecules sometimes interact with each other, and these dipole-dipole interactions are the basis for Van der Waals and other forces between the closely-spaced atoms and molecules. (nanowerk.com)
They also have shown that it's possible to achieve the dipole-dipole interactions even when the atoms and molecules are relatively distant, with a separation approaching one micron, or 100 times farther apart then would normally be required. (nanowerk.com)
Dipole-dipole interactions also cause many fluorescent atoms and molecules to emit light in a synchronized manner. (nanowerk.com)
Use this 'Acrostic Form: Atom & Molecules (elem/upper elem)' printable worksheet in the classroom or at home. (abcteach.com)
By constructing a microscope apparatus that achieves resolution never before possible in living cells, researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have illuminated the molecular interactions that occur during one of the most important 'trips' in all of biology: the journey of individual messenger Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules from the nucleus into the cytoplasm (the area between the nucleus and cell membrane) so that proteins can be made. (nanowerk.com)
Matter is the "stuff" of the universe, the atoms, molecules and ions that make up all physical substances. (livescience.com)
In crystalline solids, the atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in an ordered and symmetrical pattern that is repeated over the entire crystal. (livescience.com)
Scientists at Atomic Physics are pursuing research on the properties of atoms and molecules, mainly using advanced laser techniques. (lu.se)
The celebrated physicist and Nobel laureate Richard Feynman was the first to predict the opportunities presented by the manipulation of matter at the level of individual atoms and molecules. (cdc.gov)
Photoionization of atoms and molecules is one of the fastest processes in nature. (lu.se)
Quantum optics describes how individual quanta of light, the photons, interact with atoms, molecules and larger pieces of matter. (lu.se)

The recent development of "quantum-gas microscopes" allows for the direct observation of the spatial distribution of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice, with single-atom and single-site resolution, shedding a new light on the behaviour of strongly-correlated quantum phases. (europa.eu)
Now, in a paper published today in the journal Science , researchers at MIT have unveiled a new system in which ultracold atoms are used as a model for electrons within superconducting materials. (mit.edu)
Entangled pairs of ultracold atoms interfere in a double waveguide. (aps.org)
One way to produce pairs of correlated atoms is by delivering a single quantum of vibrational energy to every atom in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)-a low-density gas of ultracold atoms-which then loses that surplus energy by emitting pairs of atoms. (aps.org)
The condensate used was comprised of Rubidium atoms cooled to an ultracold temperature of 0.000 000 1 Kelvin above absolute zero. (uni-heidelberg.de)
These models can be implemented by laser coupling ensembles of ultracold atoms to Rydberg states. (aps.org)

To be more specific, the d-shell electrons of the iron atom have only one lowest-energy configuration, in which the total magnetic moment of the iron vanishes, even upon the application of a small external magnetic field. (sciencedaily.com)
An atom is a bunch of positively charged protons with a bunch of negatively charged electrons whizzing around them. (britannica.com)
Electrons in atoms are accurately and complicatedly described by quantum mechanics, but the gist of the story is that electrons congregate in shells around the nucleus. (britannica.com)
However, in a half-filled shell, all of the electrons are unpaired and their tiny magnets point in the same direction and add up, meaning that it's the intrinsic magnetism of the electrons in the outer shell that gives an atom the majority of its magnetic field. (britannica.com)
The model is just atoms or electrons hopping around on a lattice, and then, when they're on top of each other on the same lattice site, they can interact," he says. (mit.edu)
So instead, the researchers have built a physical emulator in which atoms act as stand-ins for the electrons. (mit.edu)
Researchers have precisely measured the electrical-transport properties of a highly ordered Wigner solid-a crystalline state formed of electrons rather than atoms. (aps.org)
The state of the bit can be measured using the same microscope tip by exploiting magnetoresistive tunneling (electrons will tunnel differently depending on whether or not the tip and atom spins are parallel or antiparallel). (ieee.org)
Topics covered in the lesson are Introduction, Rutherford's scattering experiment, Discovery of neutrons, Dalton's Atomic theory, Bohr's model of an atom, Discovery of electrons and protons, Some important definitions, Thomson's model of an atom. (successcds.net)
According to Dalton, an atom was indivisible but later on, it was proved that atom can be subdivided into sub atomic particles called electrons, protons & neutrons. (successcds.net)
The Rydberg formula only works well for the low-lying states of hydrogen, because interactions between the electrons in more complicated atoms (i.e., everything else) shift all the energy states. (scienceblogs.com)
Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that share electrons (called covalent bonding ) and function in a compound as if they constituted a single charged ion. (livescience.com)
Because covalent bonding involves sharing electrons rather than outright transfer of those particles, the shared electrons may spend more time in the electron cloud of the larger atom, causing weak or shifting polarity. (livescience.com)
An atom is excited when it receives/stores energy by shifting its electrons to a position with higher energy (generally farther from the atomic core). (lu.se)

The mass spectrometer permits ions at each mass to be detected in rapid sequence, allowing individual isotopes of an element to be determined. (cdc.gov)
By measuring the bulk, we gained insight on how the individuals ions behave. (lu.se)
This gene provides instructions for making a sodium channel, which normally transports positively charged sodium atoms (ions) into heart muscle cells. (medlineplus.gov)

The researchers then studied how the strength of the interactions between atoms affects how well spin can flow, according to MIT graduate student Matthew Nichols, the lead author of the paper. (mit.edu)
We found that large interactions can limit the available mechanisms which allow spins to move in the system, so that spin flow slows down significantly as the interactions between atoms increase," Nichols says. (mit.edu)

Tomasz Smolenski and co-workers from the Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw have examined how the properties of the iron atoms are affected by the high strain produced by semiconductor nanostructures. (sciencedaily.com)
Additionally, an appropriately adjusted amount of the iron atoms was added during the formation of the quantum dots, so that some of them contained exactly one iron atom. (sciencedaily.com)
IBM's Andreas Heinrich and colleagues made the bits out of two side-by-side rows of iron atoms with alternating magnetization. (ieee.org)

The magnetic behavior of any everyday object is influenced by a fascinating combination of effects ranging from the level of particles, to atoms, collections of atoms, and collections of collections of atoms. (britannica.com)
First, individual particles. (britannica.com)
Quantum entanglement can also occur between more massive particles, including two individual atoms. (aps.org)
By measuring the momentum correlations between the atoms in the pairs after they had passed through the waveguide and observing the fringe pattern produced by interference between the two possible quantum paths, the team deduced that the particles behaved as a single quantum object. (aps.org)
This matter is made up of small particles called atoms. (successcds.net)
Atoms are nanometre-sized particles. (rsc.org)
Atoms and sub‑atomic particles. (rsc.org)

Using optically dense, ultra-cold clouds of rubidium atoms, researchers have made advances in three key elements needed for quantum information systems - including a technique for converting photons carrying quantum data to wavelengths that can be transmitted long distances on optical fiber telecom networks. (nanowerk.com)

Light patterns can be spatially and dynamically changed by a spatial light modulator and projected at a microscopic scale onto the atoms using a quantum gas microscope. (europa.eu)
IBM has been playing around with individual atoms for a long time: two of its Zurich-based researchers invented the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and won the Nobel Prize in Physics for it in 1986. (time.com)
The microscope needs "a low temperature in a very, very clean environment, so the only atoms that are there are the ones we want to be there," says IBM researcher Andreas Heinrich. (time.com)
Using the microscope to position individual atoms, Heinrich explains, is a bit like placing eggs in an egg cartoon: you push them in a general direction, and they plop into the precise spot where they want to sit. (time.com)
In this session, students explore how the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) can be used as a tool for investigating atoms. (rsc.org)

Although the iron is usually associated with magnetism, it is known already from the 60's that the iron atom of 2+ charge state becomes non-magnetic after incorporation into a typical semiconductor. (sciencedaily.com)
The proton tiny magnets are about 1,000 times weaker than the electron ones, so the nucleus of the atom has almost no effect on the magnetism of the atom as a whole. (britannica.com)
Recent experimental advancements in the magnetism of single standing lanthanide atoms place them as the cutting-edge of data storage research. (europa.eu)
Concerning magnetism, the stabilization of magnetic remanence in single atoms represents the ultimate limit on the size reduction of storage devices. (europa.eu)
Classically, magnetism is about collective behavior of a large group of atoms. (lu.se)
Quantum magnetism instead describes the magnetic properties of individual atoms. (lu.se)

The straightforward application of energy and linear momentum conservation to the absorption/emission of photons by atoms--first outlined by Schrödinger in 1922--allows to establish the essential features of laser cooling of two levels atoms at low laser intensities. (arxiv.org)

A "Rydberg atom" is an atom in a highly excited state, very close to the ionization limit-- technically, it probably ought to be "quantum information with atoms in Rydberg states," but "Rydberg atom" is well established jargon and there's nothing to be done about it now. (scienceblogs.com)
The name comes from the Rydberg formula, which was the first really good description of the emission spectrum of hydrogen, which Niels Bohr eventually showed could be interpreted as describing transitions between discrete electronic states of the atom. (scienceblogs.com)
Rydberg states in other atoms have quantum numbers of 30 or more, sometimes as high as a couple hundred. (scienceblogs.com)
You do get a lot of possible decay paths, but it turns out that the lifetime of a Rydberg atom increases as you increase the quantum number-- it scales like the quantum number n cubed , so if you go to high Rydberg states, the atoms will stay there a good while. (scienceblogs.com)
More importantly, the interactions between them scale like n to the fourth power, so two atoms in Rydberg states will interact strongly while they're separated by distances so large that neutral atoms wouldn't notice each other at all. (scienceblogs.com)

A team of scientists has demonstrated that by using sufficiently large strain it is possible to tailor the energy spectrum of the iron atom to obtain doubly degenerate (magnetic) ground state. (sciencedaily.com)
image: Since ancient Greek times, philosophers and scientists have pondered the atom. (eurekalert.org)
Spooky entanglement is no longer constrained to the sub-atomic as scientists have now entangled whole atoms! (interfaith.org)
A slew of complicated problems, including sample preparation errors and an inability to capture the change at the buried interface and in real time, have kept scientists from being able to fully study atoms going through oxidation or reduction. (phys.org)
In a major physics breakthrough with international significance, University of Otago scientists have developed a technique to consistently isolate and capture a fast-moving neutral atom - and have also seen and photographed this atom for the first time. (nanowerk.com)
Today, IBM researchers published a breakthrough technique that measures how long a single atom can hold information, and giving scientists the ability to record, study and 'visualize' extremely fast phenomena inside these atoms. (nanowerk.com)

Students write the definition of an atom and molecule then complete an acrostic form. (abcteach.com)
In these processes, the individual photon's interaction with an atom or molecule is described, and the energy of the photon is therefore crucial. (lu.se)

Light travels the typical distance between atoms in solids (~3 Ångström) in one attosecond. (lu.se)

The Vienna group previously leveraged this behavior, exciting a BEC on a tiny chip, called an atom chip, that traps atoms just above the chip's surface. (aps.org)

The team used a finely tuned laser to excite a group of closely spaced erbium atoms inside a crystal. (iflscience.com)
begingroup$ 'hart' here means 'very close' or 'extremely close': The beam of silver atoms passes extremely closely by the edge of the blade-shaped pole shoe of an electromagnet. (stackexchange.com)

They may be simple binary salts like sodium chloride (NaCl), or table salt, where one atom of a metallic element (sodium) is bonded to one atom of a nonmetallic element (chlorine). (livescience.com)
The rate of individual congener metabolism depends on the number and position of chlorine atoms. (cdc.gov)

The minimum attainable average kinetic energy of the atoms depends on the ratio $\Gamma/E_R$ between the natural linewidth and the recoil energy and tends to $E_R$ as $\Gamma/E_R$ tends to zero. (arxiv.org)
Using a two-photon interferometry technique based on extreme ultraviolet and infrared ultrashort pulses, we measure the phase and amplitude of the individual angular momentum channels as a function of kinetic energy in the outer-shell photoionization of neon. (lu.se)

The presence of such an atom, owing to its magnetic properties, modified the character of the light emission from such quantum dots. (sciencedaily.com)
Therefore, by means of the photoluminescence studies of a single quantum dot containing an individual iron atom it was possible to determine both the electronic configuration and the magnetic properties of the iron atom. (sciencedaily.com)
Coordinating these atoms in networks that preserve their outstanding magnetic properties would enable real-world applications. (europa.eu)
The next step to further advance towards practical devices is the coordination of these atoms in networks preserving their outstanding magnetic properties. (europa.eu)
The 4f-Mag project aims to find out suitable combinations of surface and molecular linkers to design regular networks of lanthanides maintaining their functionality as single atom magnets and enhancing their remarkable magnetic properties. (europa.eu)

The experiment could be a starting point for developing integrated quantum circuits and quantum-information processing devices that use pairs of atoms. (aps.org)
They found their chip emitted pairs of atoms that propagated in opposite directions because of conservation of momentum. (aps.org)
Surprisingly enough, the properties of individual atoms and pairs can be observed through measurements of the whole material. (lu.se)

The experimental proof of magnetic moments of silver atoms), Zeitschrift fur Physik 8.1 (1922): 110-111. (stackexchange.com)

Researchers from Princeton University have developed a new technique that can distinguish individual atoms even when they are too close to be discerned by optical microscopes. (iflscience.com)
The laser comes in by delicately exciting the atoms, providing the researchers a measurement of the spin without disrupting it. (iflscience.com)
The emulator allows the researchers to measure the transport, or motion, of the atoms' spin, and how this is affected by the interaction between atoms within the material. (mit.edu)
KAIST researchers observed the 3D atomic structure of a nanoparticle at the atom level via neural network-assisted atomic electron tomography. (statnano.com)
Big Blue's researchers have set a Guinness record with their new cartoon - every pixel's an atom. (time.com)
Researchers from Heidelberg University have now succeeded in creating a special quantum state between two mesoscopic gases with approximately 500 atoms. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Now a group of researchers from Lehigh and Seoul National University in South Korea and the University of Cambridge in the UK have worked together to produce the first open-source all-atom models of a full-length S protein. (medicalxpress.com)

420-1 Atom interferometers have many uses in fundamental physics including measurements of the gravitational constant, the fine-structure constant, the universality of free fall, and have been proposed as a method to detect gravitational waves. (wikipedia.org)
This means that in principle, individual measurements of the two gases randomly produce many different values. (uni-heidelberg.de)

The erbium atoms were placed in the gaps between the atoms of a crystal. (iflscience.com)
To plug these and other gaps, leading-edge companies are applying algorithms to the world of atoms to solve previously intractable problems. (forrester.com)
In order to succeed in the world of the revenge of the atoms, those silos between digital and physical, and the skills gaps between bits-oriented and atoms-oriented leaders, must be overcome. (forrester.com)

Using new "quantum emulator," physicists can observe individual atoms moving through these materials, and measure their speed. (mit.edu)
Physicists have demonstrated that energy quantization can improve the efficiency of a single-atom heat engine to exceed the performance of its classical counterpart. (phys.org)

It is common to see, say, solar abundances expressed as the number of atoms of the element relative to a scale upon which the abundance of hydrogen is defined as 10 12 . (webelements.com)
Each chain consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms with varying single or double-bonded chains, depending on the degree of saturation or unsaturation. (medscape.com)

This second issue -- thermal energy -- places limits on how small individual bits can be and still work at room temperature. (ieee.org)
We study this regime experimentally, and we describe methods to measure the oscillation frequencies and the temperature of a single atom in the trap with a high accuracy. (open.ac.uk)
Atoms in the gaseous phase are always moving, with an average speed determined by their temperature. (stackexchange.com)

In many experiments with atoms, the roles of matter and light are reversed compared to the laser based interferometers, i.e. the beam splitter and mirrors are lasers while the source instead emits matter waves (the atoms). (wikipedia.org)
Atom lasers could lead to advances in, among other things, Nanolithography and Holography. (foresight.org)

There were six tightly packed atoms in this crystal and, thanks to the excitation response, they were able to measure the behavior of these atoms. (iflscience.com)

One problem with current atom optics experiments is that they are really quite big. (foresight.org)
We present a brief overview of optical trapping experiments of individual neutral atoms. (open.ac.uk)

And since the 1920s, we've known that each individual electron or a proton is basically a tiny magnet, which brings us to the level of atoms. (britannica.com)

Our approach to address this long-standing challenge utilizes dynamically reconfigurable arrays of entangled neutral atoms, shuttled by optical tweezers in two spatial dimensions (Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
Atom shuttling is performed using optical tweezers, with high parallelism in two dimensions and between multiple zones allowing selective manipulations. (nature.com)
Similar to optical interferometers, atom interferometers measure the difference in phase between atomic matter waves along different paths. (wikipedia.org)
Shortly afterwards, an optical version of a Ramsey spectrometer typically used in atomic clocks was recognized also as an atom interferometer at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Braunschweig, Germany. (wikipedia.org)
They then confined around 400 atoms within this optical lattice, in a square box. (mit.edu)
Then we describe in more details an experiment using a very small optical dipole trap, that is designed to store and manipulate individual atoms. (open.ac.uk)
Ground-state neutral atoms in optical lattices are one possible system, and they offer good insulation from the environment-- it takes a substantial amount of energy to excite an atom from the ground state, and by definition, they don't have anywhere to decay to, so they can have very long lifetimes. (scienceblogs.com)

The atoms also needed to be cooled down to just a few degrees above absolute zero to cut down on the thermal fluctuations that can easily wipe a bit. (ieee.org)
The thermal energy atomizes the sample and then ionizes the atoms. (cdc.gov)

However, a nanometer size crystals, nanocrystals, are able to sustain such a built-in stress, which substantially modifies the physical properties of the atoms embedded inside these nanocrystals. (sciencedaily.com)
Engineering diffraction-limited patterns, we will address individual atoms and reveal the fascinating properties of the quantum phases obtained. (europa.eu)
Introduce the learning activities by asking students what they think atoms look like, for a list of items too small to see and for their ideas about the kinds of properties atoms have. (rsc.org)
Probing even down to individual atoms on functional nanostructure materials is relevant as just one impurity in one specific location can have significant influence on physical properties. (lu.se)

Furthermore, it was also found that the magnetic moment of this atom can be induced by light. (sciencedaily.com)
By careful tailoring of the shape and dynamical evolution of the light patterns, we aim at realising novel cooling techniques, bringing the atoms down to unprecedentedly low temperatures. (europa.eu)
While the use of atoms offers easy access to higher frequencies (and thus accuracies) than light, atoms are affected much more strongly by gravity. (wikipedia.org)
Instead of making an image in light as done in conventional holography, atom optics would make the hologram of atoms. (foresight.org)
This theory, that light is a wave, can be easy understood by using the atomic model proposed by Ernest Rutherford (1871 1937), the 'layman's' view of the atom. (informit.com)
Light is emitted when excited atoms dispose of their excess energy, through several physical, chemical and biological processes. (lu.se)

Now, in a controlled experiment, Filippo Borselli of the Vienna University of Technology, Austria, and colleagues create traveling beams of entangled atoms that are reliably produced from a reservoir source using two parallel waveguides [ 1 ]. (aps.org)

Atoms are like small magnets, so applying a magnetic force pushes them around, here, to the left (top left). (mit.edu)
Due to the very small dipole trap volume, a "collisional blockade" mechanism locks the average number of trapped atoms on the value 0.5 over a large range of loading rates. (open.ac.uk)
Even though the number of atoms in both gases (marked in red and blue) fluctuates extremely, their difference (marked in black) is very small. (uni-heidelberg.de)

The 2008 comprehensive review by Alexander D. Cronin, Jörg Schmiedmayer, and David E. Pritchard documents many new experimental approaches to atom interferometry. (wikipedia.org)

Atoms of different elements combine in a fixed simple whole number ratio to form compounds. (successcds.net)
Too few leaders have the competencies to combine bits and atoms. (forrester.com)

The degree project in physics, at bachelor's or master's level, is an individual project that you do in a research group. (lu.se)

In some apparatuses, the atoms are ejected upwards and the interferometry takes place while the atoms are in flight, or while falling in free flight. (wikipedia.org)
The pixels are individual atoms, nudged into place to form a picture. (time.com)
Even one atom out of place could change what we are able to see," said professor Guangwen Zhou from Binghamton University. (phys.org)

Today's hard drives have bits that contain a million or so atoms. (ieee.org)

The early atom interferometers deployed slits or wires for the beam splitters and mirrors. (wikipedia.org)
Interference of atom matter waves was first observed by Immanuel Estermann and Otto Stern in 1930, when a sodium (Na) beam was diffracted off a surface of sodium chloride (NaCl). (wikipedia.org)
A silver atom beam of $1 / 20 \mathrm{~mm}$ diameter passes in high vacuum $(10^{-4}$ to $10^{-5} \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{ Hg})$ very close by the edge of the blade-shaped pole shoe of an electromagnet (half-ring electromagnet according to du Bois). (stackexchange.com)

The EU-funded 4f-Mag project will explore the use of versatile molecular linkers to coordinate lanthanide atoms. (europa.eu)
This project will explore the high versatility of molecular linkers to coordinate lanthanides atoms. (europa.eu)

According to it, whenever the compound is formed, it is formed as a result of the combination of atoms in a fixed simple ratio. (successcds.net)

He later wrote a book - Being Digital - predicated on the shift of value from atoms to bits , which was a revolutionary idea back in 1995. (forrester.com)

4. Bohr's theory of the H-atom . (lu.se)

C. Gross, H. Strobel, E. Nicklas, T. Zibold, N. Bar-Gill, G. Kurizki and M.K. Oberthaler: Atomic homodyne detection of continuous-variable entangled twin-atom states. (uni-heidelberg.de)

The STM is used to photograph and move atoms. (rsc.org)

For conventional hard disks, the individual grains that make up a single bit become unstable when they're smaller than about 6 nanometers, roughly the size of the bits that IBM made. (ieee.org)

A team at IBM Research Almaden in San Jose, California has shown they can store data in bits that contain just 12 atoms. (ieee.org)
Until now, the worlds of bits and atoms have long been treated differently by organizations, generating internal silos. (forrester.com)

Consequently, the new system -- a quantum dot with a single iron atom -- has become next excellent candidate for applications involving storage and manipulation of the quantum information both in the field of spintronics -- electronics utilizing spins instead of electric charges, and solotronics -- optoelectronics based on solitary dopants. (sciencedaily.com)

You can do coordinate refinement (individual_sites), B-factor refinement (individual_adp), occupancies (occupancies). (lu.se)

Anatomy1

Organisms10

Chemicals and Drugs129

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment41

Phenomena and Processes60

Disciplines and Occupations13

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science11

Health Care2

Molecules19

Ultracold6

Electrons14

Ions3

Interactions between atoms2

Iron atoms3

Particles7

Rubidium1

Microscope5

Magnetism6

Photons1

Rydberg5

Scientists6

Molecule2

Solids1

Traps1

Closely2

Chlorine2

Kinetic energy2

Magnetic properties5

Pairs3

19221

Researchers7

Measurements2

Gaps3

Physicists2

Hydrogen2

Temperature3

Lasers2

Behavior1

Experiments2

Electron1

Optical7

Thermal2

Properties4

Light6

Controlled experiment1

Small3

Experimental1

Combine2

Physics1

Place3

Today's1

Beam3

Molecular2

Ratio1

Shift1

Bohr's1

Twin-atom1

Photograph1

Conventional1

Bits2

Spins1

Coordinate1