• Results showed differences between four and five year-old kids concerning the kind of identified feeling, indicating a cumulative effect of experience and providing indirect empirical evidence to Skinner's formulations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Empirical Evidence Suggests Negligible Indirect Land Use Effect of Corn Ethanol in the U.S. (renewable-carbon.eu)
  • This rare empirical evidence of both tactical concealment and retaliatory aggression offers a potential model system for examining the co-occurrence of deception and punishment in natural settings. (nature.com)
  • However, this indirect evidence suggests a smaller effect, a 2.5% reduction in cardiovascular mortality. (givewell.org)
  • Indirect evidence suggests that the mutant protein, delta F508 CFTR, is misfolded. (nih.gov)
  • The epidemiological evidence suggests that you actually have to have dogs pretty much in direct contact with each other to get transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, an indirect estimate of the benefit of A over B can be obtained by comparing trials of A v C with trials of B v C, 3 - 5 even though indirect comparisons produce relatively imprecise estimates. (bmj.com)
  • This study aims to estimate indirect and total (direct plus indirect) effects of vaccination in residents of LTCFs in Spain in a high-incidence context. (cdc.gov)
  • Loops- Two or more head-to-head comparisons that contribute to an indirect estimate. (bmj.com)
  • Vaccination as a source of indirect evidence. (ukrainianpost.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ La vaccination de tous les nouveau-nés contre le virus de l'hépatite B est appliquée en République islamique d'Iran depuis 1993. (who.int)
  • In May 1992, study, we assessed the impact of the mass the World Health Assembly, the governing vaccination programme on the carrier rates body of the World Health Organization, en- of HBV in the Iranian population by com- dorsed recommendations stating that all paring the rates before and after the pro- countries should have hepatitis B vaccine gramme began. (who.int)
  • In the absence of a collection of large, high quality, randomised trials comparing all eligible treatments (which is invariably the situation), we have to rely on indirect comparisons of multiple treatments. (bmj.com)
  • 6 We describe comparisons of three or more treatments, based on pair-wise or multi-arm comparative studies, as a multiple treatment comparison evidence structure. (bmj.com)
  • Concerns have been expressed over the use of indirect comparisons of treatments. (bmj.com)
  • 4 5 The Cochrane Collaboration's guidance to authors states that indirect comparisons are not randomised, but are "observational studies across trials, and may suffer the biases of observational studies, for example confounding. (bmj.com)
  • 7 Some investigators believe that indirect comparisons may systematically overestimate the effects of treatments. (bmj.com)
  • Network meta-analysis (NMA), combining direct and indirect comparisons, is increasingly being used to examine the comparative effectiveness of medical interventions. (bmj.com)
  • Using an example of a published NMA, we show that the quality of evidence supporting NMA estimates varies from high to very low across comparisons, and that quality ratings given to a whole network are uninformative and likely to mislead. (bmj.com)
  • Decisions about optimal care, and the clinical practice guidelines that inform these decisions, rely on evidence based evaluation of the different treatment options. (bmj.com)
  • Such indirect systems rely on tyre vibration and wheel rotations to detect low pressure, while the more effective direct TPMS have sensors to accurately measure the pressure in each wheel. (transportenvironment.org)
  • The incidence of indirect tax imposed on a good or service depends on price elasticity of demand (PED) and price elasticity of supply (PES) of a concerned good or service. (wikipedia.org)
  • The quality of evidence depends on the appropriateness of the study in terms of the question being evaluated and on how well the study was designed, implemented, analyzed, and interpreted. (vicc.org)
  • The level of evidence required for informed decision making about genetic testing depends on the circumstances of testing. (vicc.org)
  • Minimal guidance exists on how to rate the quality of evidence supporting treatment effect estimates obtained from NMA. (bmj.com)
  • We present a four-step approach to rate the quality of evidence in each of the direct, indirect, and NMA estimates based on methods developed by the GRADE working group. (bmj.com)
  • Network meta-analysis (NMA) that simultaneously addresses the comparative effectiveness and/or safety of multiple interventions through combining direct and indirect estimates of effect is rapidly gaining popularity and influence. (bmj.com)
  • By quality of evidence, we mean the degree of confidence or certainty one can place in estimates of treatment effects. (bmj.com)
  • Among the more familiar propositions is the conclusion that direct and indirect taxes will have substantially different effects on the prices of particular commodities. (cmu.edu)
  • Legume presence improves N availability due to their ability to fix atmospheric N due to symbiosis with root bacteria called rhizobia (Burris and Roberts 1993 ), which can have direct and indirect effects on neighboring plants. (springer.com)
  • 2016 ). In contrast, we here refer to indirect facilitative effects when neighboring species have additional soil N available as legumes use atmospheric N instead (Bessler et al. (springer.com)
  • Cannibalism is a social behavior where individual survival is affected by direct genetic effects (DGE) and indirect genetic effects (IGE). (springer.com)
  • For evaluating outcomes of both medical and social interventions, the strongest evidence is obtained from well-designed and well-conducted randomized clinical trials. (vicc.org)
  • The chief goal of WIDER is to transform institutions of higher education into supportive environments for STEM faculty members to substantially increase their use of evidence-based teaching and learning practices. (nsf.gov)
  • The first recommendation in the Report of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), 'Engage to Excel,' is to increase widespread implementation of evidence-based practices in order to increase persistence in STEM and contribute to the goal of producing 1 million additional STEM graduates. (nsf.gov)
  • Applicants may apply for WIDER grants to begin institutional planning efforts, to support implementation efforts for evidence-based teaching and learning practices, and for research on how to increase the importance placed on evidence-based practices in institutional strategic planning and faculty rewards. (nsf.gov)
  • This evidence is examined by means of indirect indicators, such as similar tactical marks and slogans, and very direct indicators, such as identical tanks being photographed in the war zone and back on base in Russia months later. (bellingcat.com)
  • Below is an English translation of the post (translated by Aric Toler ), which concerns the open source evidence proving the participation of Russia's 200th Separate Motorized Infantry Brigade (military unit 08274) in the Ukrainian conflict during the summer and autumn of 2014. (bellingcat.com)
  • For evaluating other questions, particularly those related to the prevalence of gene variants and inherited syndromes and determining the clinical validity of genetic tests, the strongest evidence is obtained from well-designed descriptive studies. (vicc.org)
  • In evaluating evidence, the most important consideration is the relevance of the available data to the patient for whom a genetic assessment is being considered. (vicc.org)
  • Recognizing the limits inherent in certain observations will alter the weight given to recommendations based on that evidence and serves to keep minds open to new improved information as it comes along. (vicc.org)
  • Here, we present a geomagnetic field model based on indirect observations over the past 9,000 y and identify potential ancient analogs. (lu.se)
  • Devereux, M, B Lockwood and M Redoano (2004), 'DP4470 Horizontal and Vertical Indirect Tax Competition: Theory and Some Evidence From the USA', CEPR Discussion Paper No. 4470. (cepr.org)
  • I do not have a list of all the evidence easily at hand, but I believe the theory of evolution by natural selection is by far the best explanation for the origins of all known species including humans. (issuepedia.org)
  • Risks and hazards faced by health discipline students in clinical placement settings are commonly subtle, and occur in both direct and indirect fashions to the student. (bmj.com)
  • Indirect restorative materials differ in composition, physical and mechanical properties, processing methods and clinical indications, all of which need to be considered to determine a material best suited for a particular case. (ada.org)
  • Indirect restorations can be conventionally cemented or may require adhesive bonding to the tooth depending upon the material properties and clinical scenario. (ada.org)
  • Although a coagulation profile (prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], and fibrinogen) should also be evaluated, its clinical value is unclear when the platelet count is 100,000/mm 3 or more with no evidence of bleeding. (medscape.com)
  • Our results confirm vaccine effectiveness in this population and suggest indirect protection in nonvaccinated persons. (cdc.gov)
  • What is its evidence of effectiveness? (givewell.org)
  • Evidence from Lebanon on the effectiveness of increased taxation may help initiate national debate on the need to raise taxes. (bmj.com)
  • If this singular case is removed from the roster of evidence for primate tactical deception, the evidence supporting such behaviour is reduced to anecdotes from the wild and reports from captive studies (with one possible exception of 'functional' deception in the context of food competition 21 ). (nature.com)
  • Certainly, evidence for tactical deception is difficult to document in wild primates where experimental manipulations can be challenging. (nature.com)
  • Consequently, the question arises as to whether this constitutes an absence-of-evidence or rather evidence-of-absence for tactical deception in wild primates. (nature.com)
  • Shifting indirect patient care duties to after hours in the era of work hours restrictions. (ahrq.gov)
  • With greater work hour restrictions on the horizon , strategies to manage indirect patient care activities may include using them as opportunities to teach system-based practice improvement. (ahrq.gov)
  • With respect to our second objective, we found no evidence that partial restrictions, such as those over wetlands or for waterfowl shooting, nor calls for voluntary restraint, had resulted in a measurable reduction in lead concentrations in game meat. (researchgate.net)
  • 1 Although advances in technologies (particularly CAD-CAM) since 2003 have blurred the division between direct and indirect materials, this Oral Health Topic follows the 2003 classification generally (see our Oral Health Topic on Direct Restorative Dental Materials ). (ada.org)
  • Our findings combined with the estimated exciton binding energy further indicate that monolayer WSe2 exhibits an indirect quasiparticle gap, which has to be reconsidered in further studies for its fundamental properties and device applications. (edu.sa)
  • Step 4 will help you gather credible evidence to strengthen your evaluation findings and the recommendations that follow to improve the program component or activity you are evaluating. (cdc.gov)
  • We find that unstrained monolayer WSe2 is actually an indirect gap material, as manifested in the observed photoluminescence intensity-energy correlation, from which the difference between the direct and indirect optical gaps can be extracted by analyzing the exciton thermal populations. (edu.sa)
  • Gathering credible evidence means that the data you collect answer the evaluation questions you developed. (cdc.gov)
  • This dearth of evidence, particularly among primates, limits our understanding of the evolution of deception and punishment. (nature.com)
  • Together with evidence from a meta-analysis of RCTs demonstrating that blood pressure-lowering drugs reduce the risk of high-burden cardiovascular diseases, we believe this constitutes moderately strong evidence that the intervention reduces the risk of cardiovascular events and deaths. (givewell.org)
  • Whether you are providing services directly or indirectly, you can be an evidence-based practitioner, and have your time valued by the IEP team! (applyebp.com)
  • Peggy will then tie all the concepts learned via a flexible service delivery grid that will demonstrate to your team the value of your time and contributions for providing indirect and direct services to help your student's success in school. (applyebp.com)
  • Yet, GWAS results revealed SNPs with large DGE and a link of DGE and IGE for survival time in layers with the GABAergic system, which supports existing evidence for the involvement of GABA in the development of abnormal behaviors. (springer.com)
  • New independent research points to carmakers again manipulating official tests - this time on safety by adjusting indirect tyre pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) to pass the lab test but failing to perform on the road. (transportenvironment.org)
  • There is also increasing evidence that work organization factors, such as shift work, long work hours, and jobs with high demand, low control and poor social support, impact health directly and can also indirectly affect health by influencing lifestyle behaviors - such as eating habits, leisure time exercise, and sleep, as well as ability to manage chronic diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Aggressive marital conflict, maternal harsh punishment, and child aggressive-disruptive behavior: Evidence for direct and indirect relations. (fasttrackproject.org)
  • This post will detail the indirect evidence surrounding the brigade's participation in the conflict in the Donbass, complementing the direct evidence found in Part 1 ( EN / РУ ). (bellingcat.com)
  • In addition, established methods for evaluating the quality of the evidence are available for some, but not all, aspects of cancer genetics. (vicc.org)
  • We did not identify direct evidence that community salt substitution reduces cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. (givewell.org)
  • Before the indirect evidence is presented, it is necessary to mention that I have discovered new direct evidence since the first post of this series. (bellingcat.com)
  • even the most knowledgeable scientists must accept large parts of it without direct evidence. (issuepedia.org)
  • 1 2 Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials are the main sources of evidence. (bmj.com)
  • Alternatively, if the entity who pays taxes to the tax collecting authority does not suffer a corresponding reduction in income, i.e., impact and tax incidence are not on the same entity meaning that tax can be shifted or passed on, then the tax is indirect. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indirect taxes constitute a significant proportion of total tax revenue raised by the government. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indirect taxes have several uses, the most prominent one (same as for direct taxes) is to raise government revenue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Apart from the role in raising government revenue, indirect taxes, in the form of tariffs and import duties, are also used to regulate quantity of imports and exports flowing in and out of the country. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, indirect taxes in the form of excise taxes are used to reduce the consumption of goods and services that create negative externalities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tax incidence of indirect taxes is not clear, in fact, statutory (legal) incidence in most cases tells us nothing about economic (final) incidence. (wikipedia.org)
  • The general trend in direct vs indirect tax ratio in total tax revenue over past decades in developed countries shows an increase in direct tax share of total tax revenue. (wikipedia.org)
  • General characteristics of classes of indirect dental materials. (ada.org)
  • Evidence from a sample of high-risk families may be sufficient to provide useful information for testing decisions among people with similar family histories but is likely to be insufficient to make early recommendations for, or decisions about, testing in families with less dramatic histories or in the general population. (vicc.org)
  • In this sense, the term indirect tax is contrasted with a direct tax, which is collected directly by government from the persons (legal or natural) on whom it is imposed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Supreme Court has generally been more permissive of indirect financial aid programs, where the government does not give funds directly to religious organizations but gives them instead to third parties who make "genuinely independent and private choices" to support religious entities. (cornell.edu)
  • One 1973 case, Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist , suggested that the Supreme Court might view at least some types of indirect aid programs with heightened scrutiny. (cornell.edu)
  • MONTREAL - BMO Financial Group plans to close its indirect retail auto finance business in order to reroute resources, as borrowers dig deep to stay on top of recent interest rate hikes. (yahoo.com)
  • Nyquist struck down an indirect aid program that assisted only private schools, providing tuition reimbursements and tax benefits to parents. (cornell.edu)
  • The TPMS are designed to alert the driver when their tyres are deflating or are at a dangerously low pressure, but €10-cheaper indirect systems have failed most of the on-road tests commissioned by green group Transport & Environment (T&E), putting drivers, passengers, pedestrians and cyclists at greater risk of dangerous blow-outs. (transportenvironment.org)
  • Indirect restorations generally consist of five categories of materials: noble metal alloys, base metal alloys, ceramics, resin-based composites, and metal-ceramics. (ada.org)
  • As in other areas of medicine, testing and treatment decisions must be based on information that sometimes falls short of the optimal level of evidence. (vicc.org)
  • An indirect tax (such as sales tax, per unit tax, value added tax (VAT), or goods and services tax (GST), excise, consumption tax, tariff) is a tax that is levied upon goods and services before they reach the customer who ultimately pays the indirect tax as a part of market price of the good or service purchased. (wikipedia.org)
  • An indirect tax is collected by an intermediary (such as a retail store) from the person (such as the consumer) who pays the tax included in the price of a purchased good. (wikipedia.org)
  • You will learn to plan a treatment sequence that closely adheres along the continuum of the least restrictive environment and provide a gamut of service from indirect and direct services. (applyebp.com)
  • Serological evidence of possible deployment-related infection with B. pseudomallei was found in 13 Marines. (health.mil)
  • The work environment can have both direct and indirect adverse impacts on health. (cdc.gov)
  • There are three installments to this investigation: Part One, here (EN) and here (РУ) , this post, and the final part, "Hero of Russia," here (EN) and here (РУ) . (bellingcat.com)
  • Analysis of pre- and post-deployment serum samples obtained from the Department of Defense Serum Repository identified serological evidence of possible infection with B. pseudomallei in U.S. Marines who trained in Australia during 2012-2014. (health.mil)
  • We are proposing that the evidence is sufficient to determine that cochlear implantation may be covered for treatment of bilateral pre- or post-linguistic, sensorineural, moderate-to-profound hearing loss in individuals who demonstrate limited benefit from amplification. (cms.gov)
  • Creating evidence-based summaries on cancer genetics is challenging because the rapid evolution of new information often results in evidence that is incomplete or of limited quality. (vicc.org)
  • 1 2 3 4 5 6 Although NMA approaches appear attractive, 6 7 8 application of their results requires understanding the quality of the evidence. (bmj.com)