• Incretins are a group of metabolic hormones that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • It works by blocking the breakdown of incretin hormones in the body. (europa.eu)
  • By blocking the breakdown of incretin hormones in the blood, vildagliptin prolongs their action, stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin when blood glucose levels are high. (europa.eu)
  • DPP-4 is an enzyme that breaks down two gut hormones called incretins. (northwestpharmacy.com)
  • Saxagliptin is marketed as Onglyza and is another oral medication that helps boost levels of insulin that the body produces after eating by breaking down incretin hormones. (diabetesdaily.com)
  • It controls blood glucose levels by selectively and continually inhibiting DPP-4, an enzyme that causes the inactivation of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, two incretin hormones that play an important role in blood glucose regulation. (takeda.com)
  • DPP4-inhibitors (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) increase levels of a group of gastrointestinal hormones called incretins, which increase insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon release. (healthxchange.sg)
  • This enzyme is involved in the degradation of two incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent-insulinotropic polypeptide, which increase the production and release of insulin. (unich.it)
  • The drug works by inhibiting the action of DPP-4 and increasing levels of incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1, which not only increase insulin synthesis and release from the pancreas but also lead to reduced hepatic glucose production. (drugtopics.com)
  • The two most important incretin hormones are called hormones, incretin effect amplifiers act by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase-4. (web.app)
  • GIP and GLP-1, originally characterized as incretin hormones, have additional effects in adipose cells, bone, and the cardiovascular system. (web.app)
  • Incretin, on the other hand, are those hormones of the gastro-intestinal tract that enhance the secretion of insulin from pancreas after eating before sugar is elevated in the bloodstream. (all-about-beating-diabetes.com)
  • The incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagons-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are a group of gastrointestinal hormones that cause an increase in the amount of insulin released from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans after ingestion of food. (eaglebio.com)
  • Sitagliptin is categorized as a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. (northwestpharmacy.com)
  • To describe and analyze the patterns of adverse events associated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, vildagliptin, and alogliptin) from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and to highlight areas of safety concerns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 0001). The influence of sitagliptin treatment on incretin plasma concentrations was similar to previously published results obtained in patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin treatment only.ConclusionsSitagliptin, in patients already treated with a GLP-1 receptor agonist (liraglutide), increased intact GLP-1 and GIP concentrations, but with marginal, non-significant effects on glycaemic control. (ku.dk)
  • 9 Dec 2014 Drugs in the incretin mimetic class include exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon), liraglutide (Victoza), sitagliptin (Januvia, Janumet, Janumet XR, The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin on the incretin effect in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (web.app)
  • Drugs in the incretin mimetic class include exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon), liraglutide (Victoza), sitagliptin (Januvia, The incretin system and its role in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Jens Juul Holst, Tina Vilsbøll To cite this version: Jens Juul Holst, Tina Vilsbøll. (web.app)
  • It is a combination of Sitagliptin Phosphate Monohydrate and Metformin Hydrochloride.Sitagliptin is in a class of medications called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. (nationaldrughouse.com.np)
  • Saxagliptin inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) to prevent the breakdown of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). (mims.co.uk)
  • Some incretins (GLP-1) also inhibit glucagon release from the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two main candidate peptides that fulfill criteria for an incretin are the intestinal peptides glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP, also known as: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). (wikipedia.org)
  • Both GLP-1 and GIP are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and are members of the glucagon peptide superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a peptidase that degrades incretins such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists. (medscape.com)
  • 30] DPP4 inhibitors enhance incretin-stimulated insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon release, thereby helping to normalize blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, guidelines recommend glucose‐lowering drugs, such as the relatively new sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, as well as glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs), to slow progression of kidney disease and reduce CV risk. (medpagetoday.com)
  • More recent incretin-based treatment strategies include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics and inhibitors of the enzyme that degrades GLP-1, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). (ddw-online.com)
  • Analyses showed the risk of fractures was not increased with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors and remained consistent regardless of the incretin-based comparator drug, including dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA). (hcplive.com)
  • primary endpoint) and insulin, C-peptide, glucagon and incretin concentrations were measured. (ku.dk)
  • The mechanism of action of these incretin drugs that impacts beta cells (glucose-dependent insulin secretion) and alpha cells (glucagon suppression) provides a plausible explanation for the development of pancreatic inflammation or possible neoplasm. (patientcareonline.com)
  • Incretin hormone includes glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from L-cells and glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide from K-cells of the small intestine. (e-dmj.org)
  • Incretin therapy (GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors) has been widely vuxna patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2, som först också ska ha provat The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl Diabetes and the cardiovascular risk challenge. (web.app)
  • The incretin system Drucker D J, Nauck M A. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 dia-betes. (web.app)
  • Fernandes, R. The incretin system ABCs in obesity and diabetes-Novel Recently, incretin-based therapeutic agents, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and In Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular intake are disturbed in type 2 diabetes. (web.app)
  • However, Type 2 diabetes has several consequences, which include augmented hepatic glucose production, abnormal islet β-cell function, incretin system abnormalities and insulin resistance of The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. (web.app)
  • Such novel pathways include induction of mitochondrial stress, inhibition of mitochondrial shuttles, alteration of intestinal microbiota, suppression of glucagon signaling, activation of autophagy, attenuation of inflammasome activation, induction of incretin receptors and reduction of terminal endoplasmic reticulum stress. (cyberleninka.org)
  • Incretin-related drugs, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, have been clinically available and widely used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (clinicaltdd.com)
  • glucosidase inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, bromocriptine, and bile acid sequestrants. (cdc.gov)
  • Now, however, the question of whether dual RAAS blockade is safe or effective is again at the fore, with the introduction of SGLT2 inhibitors, incretin-based agents such as GLP-1 RAs and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). (medpagetoday.com)
  • 7 This plethora of new treatment options for DKD led a prominent nephrologist to refer to the tetrad of RAAS inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, incretin-based therapeutic agents, and nonsteroidal MRAs by the comic-book-inspired moniker, the "fantastic four" of DKD. (medpagetoday.com)
  • It is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor which works by lowering the amount of sugar that the body absorbs by having the body secrete extra sugar through the urine. (diabetesdaily.com)
  • Dapagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. (diabetesdaily.com)
  • The use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with similar or lower risks of fractures as incretin-based drugs, even in the high-risk patient population. (hcplive.com)
  • The use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors was associated with a similar risk of fracture as incretin-based drugs among postmenopausal individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) , according to new research. (hcplive.com)
  • 1 Given this gap in data, Shin and colleagues conducted a nationwide, population-based cohort study to separately compare SGLT2 inhibitors with incretin-based drugs in 2 independent cohorts: SGLT2 inhibitors vs. DPP4i and SGLT2 vs. GLP-1 RA. (hcplive.com)
  • The index date was the date of the first prescription of either SGLT2 inhibitor or comparator incretin-based drug from September 2014 to December 2020. (hcplive.com)
  • Of eligible participants, the investigative team excluded those with severe kidney impairment within the year prior to the index date, to consider for contraindication to SGLT2 inhibitors. (hcplive.com)
  • A total of 369,570 patients were chosen for the first cohort: 37,532 patients initiating SGLT2 inhibitors (mean age, 60.6 years) and 332,039 patients initiating DPP4 inhibitors (mean age, 66.0 years). (hcplive.com)
  • For the second cohort, a total of 121,803 patients were selected: 113,622 patients initiating SGLT2 inhibitors (mean age, 61.4 years) and 8181 patients initiating GLP-1 RA (mean age, 62.5 years). (hcplive.com)
  • Upon analysis, in the first cohort, users of SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4i yielded a weighted incidence of 1.41 and 1.81 events per 100 person-years for the overall fractures, respectively. (hcplive.com)
  • Over a mean follow-up of 1.43 years and 0.82 years, the weighted incidence of overall fractures was 1.67 per 100 person-years for SGLT2 inhibitors and 1.92 per 100 person-years for GLP-1 RA. (hcplive.com)
  • Similar trends for the secondary outcome were identified across both study cohorts where SGLT2 inhibitors did not increase the risk of fractures, regardless of the comparator drug. (hcplive.com)
  • SGLT2 inhibitors are the newest diabetes drugs on the market. (healthxchange.sg)
  • This Peer Exchange * will explore the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • However, GLP-1 has a short half-life of 1 to 2 minutes due to degradation by didpeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which has been a limitation for its use as an anti-hyperglycemic agent. (e-dmj.org)
  • Compounds that suppress the degradation of INCRETINS by blocking the action of DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV. (bvsalud.org)
  • Medications based on incretins are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. (wikipedia.org)
  • He also proposed that such incretins could be used as a treatment for diabetes mellitus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although guidelines and treatment recommendations from professional diabetes societies may slightly differ from each other, 1-4 the goals of therapy for diabetes are to correct the metabolic abnormalities of the disease and to prevent the development of associated microvascular and macrovascular complications. (primeinc.org)
  • 4 In light of current therapeutic uncertainty, the large proportion of patients requiring second-line therapy over time 3 , 6 and the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, 7 the utilization and cost of second-line therapy are likely to continue to grow. (cmaj.ca)
  • I hope that this treatment, a once-weekly DPP-4 inhibitor, will become a new option for Type 2 diabetes patients. (takeda.com)
  • Therefore, DPP-4 inhibitors are considered as one of the well-established therapies available for type 2 diabetes mellitus. (unich.it)
  • On July 26, 2013 the European Medicines Agency (EMA), in a press release, stated that it sees no reason for concern about pancreatitis and pancreatic neoplasm in incretin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. (patientcareonline.com)
  • The US Food and Drug Administration and the American Diabetes Association (US FDA/ADA) have empanelled a similar committee to consider the safety of incretins. (patientcareonline.com)
  • CONTEXT: Loss of the incretin effect (IE) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) contributes to hyperglycemia and the mechanisms underlying this impairment are unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • I do have one minor correction to make to the outline- in the table on medications for patients with type 2 diabetes, just the other day, the FDA rejected the drug dapagliflozin, a sodium-coupled glucose co-transporter inhibitor (see reference 22). (endodoc.org)
  • mechanisms for prevention of diabetes complications - focus on the incretin system. (web.app)
  • av BR Kim · 2020 · Citerat av 2 - Recently, incretin-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus have begun to appear, one of which is DPP-IV inhibitors [16]. (web.app)
  • Condition or disease 25 Jul 2009 Type-2 diabetes, Pharmacotherapy, Incretins, Exenatide of incretin, or inhibiting incretin metabolism to enhance the effect, are new strategies Together, they are responsible for an "incretin effect", which refers to the Reis, F. (web.app)
  • These disturbances-defects in the incretin system-contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes in manifold Incretins: an update on new therapies in type 2 diabetes. (web.app)
  • 2009-01-15 · The incretin system and its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus 1. (web.app)
  • incretin mimetic drugs for type 2 diabetes. (web.app)
  • Diabetes type 1 er ikke en livsstilssykdom. (nhi.no)
  • We previously published prospective clinical trials focused on flow-mediated dilation in patients with type 2 diabetes, who did not have severe atherosclerosis, using two different incretin-related drugs: a DPP-4 inhibitor and a GLP-1 analogue. (clinicaltdd.com)
  • She presents at her local community pharmacy with a prescription for increasing doses of metformin and initiation of the DPP-4 inhibitor, linagliptin, after a follow-up visit at her primary care physician. (primeinc.org)
  • Two dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are on the market, and just recently linagliptin became available. (medscape.com)
  • Among these single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the TCF7L2 rs7903146 (intron 4) shows the strongest association with T2DM. (medscape.com)
  • Incretin-based T2DM therapy is not a direct cause of pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer asserts the European Medicines Agency. (patientcareonline.com)
  • Our findings do not support combination treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, but longer-term trials are needed to support clinical recommendations. (ku.dk)
  • Several long-lasting GLP-1 analogs having insulinotropic activity have been developed, and several, including dulaglutide (Trulicity), exenatide (Byetta), liraglutide (Victoza), semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy and Rybelsus) and exenatide extended-release (Bydureon), have been approved for use in the U.S. Another approach is to inhibit DPP-4, the enzyme that inactivates GLP-1 and GIP. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2-4 Recommended treatment options include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which are known as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors. (medpagetoday.com)
  • GIP is rapidly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase- 4 (DPP- 4) to GIP (3-42) with a blood half-life of only several minutes. (eaglebio.com)
  • Treatment with other agents, including thiazolidinediones and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, had unfavourable cost-effectiveness estimates compared with sulphonylureas. (cmaj.ca)
  • 4 , 5 Numerous second-line agents are available in Canada, including older oral agents, such as sulphonylureas, and more recently introduced agents, such as thiazolidinediones and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. (cmaj.ca)
  • Incretins are released after eating and augment the secretion of insulin released from pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans by a blood-glucose-dependent mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • The inhibition of DPP-4 increases insulin secretion depending on blood glucose concentration, thereby controlling blood glucose levels. (takeda.com)
  • DPP-4 inhibitors reduce blood glucose as measured by HbA1c. (diabetesdaily.com)
  • Of cycles pregnancies % patients may present as small yellow nodules of multinodular goitre and solitary adenomas clinical features classic a-hydroxylase :, :, salt wasting, activation of blood glucose readings can lead to a previous history of iv potassium in asthmatics maternal pyrexia and tachycardia, prematurity, and perinatal records, and adjustment of dosage according to the local investigator and sponsor. (familytreecounseling.com)
  • Almost a decade ago incretin therapies made their appearance in the US, first as exenatide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA). (patientcareonline.com)
  • These ads tout the risk of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer associated with the use of incretin therapies. (patientcareonline.com)
  • The incretin-related therapies are available and are widely used. (medscape.com)
  • Can you explain sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors? (medscape.com)
  • The incretin effect describes the phenomenon whereby oral glucose intake elicits a higher insulin response compared to intravenously introduced glucose that produces the same levels of serum glucose levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • SGLT-2 inhibitors help patients achieve improved glycaemic control by reducing the reabsorption of glucose from the blood and enabling its removal via the urine. (diabetesdaily.com)
  • 1, 4 Following an oral glucose load, GLP-1 is secreted from the intestinal mucosa and augments the insulin response to hyperglycaemia. (web.app)
  • In healthy subjects, a DPP-4 inhibitor elevated both active GLP-1 and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), metformin increased total GLP-1 (but not GIP), and the combination resulted in additive increases in active GLP-1 plasma concentrations. (ku.dk)
  • In 1932, Belgian physiologist Jean La Barre used the word "incretin" for a gut hormone, which stimulates the endocrine pancreas including insulin release. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhibiting the DPP-4 hormone results in the incretins being able to do their job. (northwestpharmacy.com)
  • The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, of metformin, and of the combination of the two agents, on incretin hormone concentrations. (ku.dk)
  • SGLT-2 inhibitors, including Farxiga (dapagliflozin), have demonstrated reductions in HbA1c and have also been shown to reduce weight and blood pressure. (diabetesdaily.com)
  • Moreover, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is 2-4 times higher in diabetics (2). (ddw-online.com)
  • Metformin did not inhibit plasma DPP-4 activity either in vitro or in vivo. (ku.dk)
  • 4 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. (e-dmj.org)
  • In patients with early Parkinson's disease, selegiline and other drugs in a class called monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors are cheap and effective treatments that reduce disability and the need for levodopa, researchers reported in the British Medical Journal. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Active and inactive (or total) incretin plasma concentrations, plasma DPP-4 activity, and preproglucagon (GCG) gene expression were determined after administration of each agent alone or in combination to mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and to healthy human subjects. (ku.dk)
  • The study results show that metformin is not a DPP-4 inhibitor but rather enhances precursor GCG expression in the large intestine, resulting in increased total GLP-1 concentrations. (ku.dk)
  • DPP-4 inhibitors and metformin have complementary mechanisms of action and additive effects with respect to increasing the concentrations of active GLP-1 in plasma. (ku.dk)
  • Furthermore, clinical trials have not comprehensively examined the efficacy of lipid-lowering drugs (i.e., statins, fibrates, and NPC1L1 inhibitors) for the treatment of NAFLD. (hindawi.com)
  • The trelagliptin group also showed sustained inhibition of DPP-4 activity throughout the treatment period. (takeda.com)
  • Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) are a valuable addition to the antidiabetic treatment modalities and have been widely used [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DPP- 4 inhibitor can prolong the half-life of GIP, that expecting treatment of incretin effect. (eaglebio.com)
  • Importantly, however, guidelines recommend against using ACEis and ARBs in combination with each other-a strategy known as dual RAAS inhibition or dual RAAS blockade-because combinations of RAAS inhibitors have not proven to be renal protective over the long term. (medpagetoday.com)
  • It's possible that dual RAAS blockade with some combination of ACEi, ARB, MRA, or direct renin inhibitor can achieve more-complete inhibition of RAAS, and thereby confer greater CV and kidney protection versus any single agent. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Unfortunately, these compounds are not immune from side effects associated with the inhibition of other substrates, indicating that DPP-4 inhibitors are likely multi-target drugs. (unich.it)
  • Accordingly, insulin sensitizers, antioxidative agents, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) inhibitors, RAS blockers, and drugs that target the central nervous system may represent candidate pharmacotherapies for NAFLD and possibly NASH. (hindawi.com)
  • Although clinical evidence for RAS blockers and incretin-based agents (GLP-1 analogs and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) is also lacking, these agents are promising in terms of their insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects without causing weight gain. (hindawi.com)
  • The incretins are a specific class of agents that are centered around a naturally produced peptide out of the intestinal L cell, called glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP-1). (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Research design and methods Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials that compared incretin-based drugs with placebo or other antidiabetic drugs. (web.app)
  • These findings indicate that SGLT2i has either similar or lower risks of fractures than incretin-based drugs even in a population at higher risk for fractures, providing reassurance to and helping health care professionals with their clinical decision-making," wrote the investigative team, led by Ju-Young Shin, PhD, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University. (hcplive.com)
  • Spontaneous reporting systems (SRS) of AEs generate large pharmacovigilance databases, which can be used for safety assessments on drug utilization in clinical practice [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The EMA said that based on all available clinical and non-clinical data, no new concerns for use of incretins are identified. (patientcareonline.com)
  • In this article, we discuss how incretin-related drugs contribute, if at all, to vascular endothelial cell function, atherosclerosis, and beta-cell function, based on our clinical trials and previous evidence. (clinicaltdd.com)
  • In the last section, we briefly discuss the patents containing the formulations or associations of DPP-4 inhibitors with other drugs. (unich.it)
  • It is important to assess and manage early-phase atherosclerosis, but whether diabetic therapeutics including incretin-related drugs improve or maintain vascular endothelial cell function has not been fully determined. (clinicaltdd.com)
  • After four or five years of increasing dosages their effect becomes sporadic and unpredictable (the "on-off syndrome") and patients become increasingly helpless and depressed. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • The first one I'd like to mention is going to be the incretin effect. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Introduction: the incretin effect. (web.app)
  • giving a better therapeutic effect was restricted to poor outcomes following an approximately four-fold increased risk of provoking medication. (familytreecounseling.com)
  • One of the most frequent questions I'm asked in my office is "Am I in any danger taking my incretin therapy? (patientcareonline.com)
  • Data mining of the FAERS is useful for examining DPP-4 inhibitors-associated adverse events. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proinsulin is a precursor molecule of insulin (INS) and C-peptide (CP) that is synthesized by pancreatic ß-cells within the Islets of Langerhans 2,3,4 . (stratech.co.uk)
  • It is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor which was also made by Bristol-Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca. (diabetesdaily.com)