• Against the background of inconclusive evidence about the inequality-growth relation, this paper suggests that the level of inequality increases via the human capital channel with credit market imperfections and that this increasing inequality negatively affects economic growth. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality (CEMA Working Paper No. 512). (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Inequality, Human Capital Formation and the Process of Development (NBER Working Paper No. 17058). (uni-muenchen.de)
  • From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality and the Process of Development. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Inequality, Human Capital and Development: Making the Theory Face the Facts (MPRA Paper No. 18973). (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Economic Growth and Income Inequality. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • In addition, given the labour-intensive nature of the sector, higher wages and salaries accrue to a larger population, reducing income inequality. (lse.ac.uk)
  • The Rise and Fall of Income Inequality in Mexico, 1989â. (repec.org)
  • Consistent with the model, we empirically document that countries with more progressive labor income tax schedules have (i) significantly lower before-tax wage inequality at different points in time and (ii) experienced a smaller rise in wage inequality since the early 1980s. (federalreserve.gov)
  • First, we show that countries with more progressive labor income tax schedules have significantly lower wage inequality at different points in time. (federalreserve.gov)
  • Second, we show that countries with more progressive income taxes have also experienced a smaller rise in wage inequality over time, and this relationship is especially strong above the median of the wage distribution. (federalreserve.gov)
  • The data and the social science understanding are strongest for income inequality in relation to race. (nationalacademies.org)
  • This column exploits US data to argue that inequality affects negatively the future income growth of the poor and positively that of the rich. (cepr.org)
  • This relationship is largely driven by inequality of opportunity, which limits the growth prospects at the bottom of the income distribution. (cepr.org)
  • Much has been written about the relationship between inequality and economic growth, yet a consensus on (even) the sign of this relationship has yet to emerge: Is high inequality today good or bad for future income growth prospects? (cepr.org)
  • Early thinking viewed inequality as a positive factor. (cepr.org)
  • Kaldor (1956), for example, considers income inequality as necessary for the provision of savings (the rich save more than the poor), and thus key for capital accumulation and economic growth. (cepr.org)
  • More recently, studies have explored the conditions under which inequality may act as a negative factor. (cepr.org)
  • The rationale is that inequality of opportunity may harm economic growth because it favours human capital accumulation by individuals with better social origins, rather than by those with more talent. (cepr.org)
  • To study how inequality of opportunity affects the income growth of individuals at different steps of the socio-economic ladder, one must also understand growth. (cepr.org)
  • Using individual-level data from the US covering the period from 1960 to 2010, we compute state level measures of inequality of opportunity, total inequality, and income growth rates at different steps of the income distribution. (cepr.org)
  • Finally, we find that targeted search substantially reduces income inequality across married couples, even when compared with random matching, by producing a large number of matches between low income and high income individuals. (stlouisfed.org)
  • Defining wealth can be a normative process with various ethical implications, since often wealth maximization is seen as a goal or is thought to be a normative principle of its own. (wikipedia.org)
  • The United Nations definition of inclusive wealth is a monetary measure which includes the sum of natural, human, and physical assets. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wealth has been defined as a collection of things limited in supply, transferable, and useful in satisfying human desires. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scarcity is a fundamental factor for wealth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wealth' refers to some accumulation of resources (net asset value), whether abundant or not. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, the notion of "natural capital" was viewed in terms of the stock of physical properties and natural-material use values constituting real wealth and was seen as opposed to the growing "sense of capitalism" as a system of mere exchange value or cash nexus. (monthlyreview.org)
  • Finally, prices of manufactured products tend to increase overtime, a classic breakthrough to wealth accumulation and economic competitiveness. (lse.ac.uk)
  • However greater middle class wealth and consumption is only one factor in the region's increasing importance. (riazhaq.com)
  • The desire for wealth permeates all human activity. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • This ownership allows for the accumulation of wealth and the pursuit of profit. (jittery.com)
  • In contrast, wealth is a storehouse of resources, it's what families own and use to produce income. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Wealth signifies a control of financial resources that, when combined with income, provides the means and the opportunity to secure the "good life" in whatever form is needed-education, business, training, justice, health, material comfort, and so on. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Until recently, the social sciences and the policy arena neglected wealth, intergenerational transfers, and policy processes that result in differential life chances based on racial criteria. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The final report re- ties in income, wealth, and power also exist across other population vealed that a boy in the deprived (WHO, 2010), are a reflection of the groups and communities (defined area of Calton had an average life levels of justice and fairness in so- by sex, age, race or ethnicity, geo- expectancy of 54 years compared ciety. (who.int)
  • The problem she saw in Volume Two of Capital revolved around a central question for all socialists - can capitalism go on forever? (marxists.org)
  • Like Marx, Luxemburg understood that capitalism was not the end of human development, but a historical system that would give way to change sooner or later. (marxists.org)
  • As revolutionary Marxists, however, we understand capitalism not merely as a collection of economic processes but as an integrated system of socioeconomic relationships. (isreview.org)
  • Under capitalism, the only measure of success is how much more is sold every day, every week, every year - involving the creation of vast quantities of products that are directly harmful to both humans and nature, commodities that cannot be produced without spreading disease, destroying the forests that produce the oxygen we breathe, demolishing ecosystems, and treating our water, air and soil like sewers for the disposal of industrial waste. (blogspot.com)
  • both capital (physical and human) accumulation and improvements in economic efficiency are central to the growth process. (jobsanddevelopment.org)
  • The resulting improvements to capital mobility, Haber argues, promoted rapid industrial growth after 1890. (eh.net)
  • According to Galor and Moav (2006), the key to fast growth in modern societies is not capital accumulation but improvements in human capital. (cepr.org)
  • At the same time, the Bank has down-played the importance for growth of accumulating more human or physical capital. (jobsanddevelopment.org)
  • Physical (or "manufactured") capital includes such things as machinery, buildings, and infrastructure. (wikipedia.org)
  • This nineteenth-century notion of "natural capital," conceived in physical, use-value terms, was to be revived in the 1970s and '80s as part of an emerging ecological critique. (monthlyreview.org)
  • This implies that they have reallocated their physical, human and financial resources towards more productive sectors such as manufacturing. (lse.ac.uk)
  • There are relatively few analyses of inter-country disparities in physical capital accumulation1 and of disparities in the composition and the technological level of the physical capital stocks.2 This paper intends to contribute to the closing of this gap by examining the manufacturing sector from the point of view of the factors involved in the production activity. (idm.at)
  • The factor to be examined in the first section is physical capital, while the second section reviews how skilled and unskilled labor progressed during the transformation years. (idm.at)
  • Transformation and modernization have been accompanied by major changes in the composition of the physical capital stock of the Hungarian manufacturing sector. (idm.at)
  • On the other hand foreign direct investment (FDI) driven physical capital accumulation began, partly in the form of in-kind investments, but also in the form of purchases of used and new capital equipment. (idm.at)
  • By capital widening I mean the accumulation of physical capital which occurred as a result of the introduction of new, previously non-existing industries. (idm.at)
  • The stock of physical capital increased due to an inflow of a large volume of greenfield investments and to the quick capacity increase with the run-up of production. (idm.at)
  • With the advent of the era of the knowledge economy, knowledge workers have replaced physical capital such as traditional labor, capital, and land and have become the key to enterprise success. (hindawi.com)
  • While the former vice president prioritizes the physical security of our citizens over human dignity, Obama exalts these values rhetorically while degrading them in practice in a way far more insidious, but probably much more to the purpose. (blogspot.com)
  • The most common example of this is investing in factories, machinery, and other physical capital.There are several ways in which the accumulation of capital leads to economic growth. (acquen.online)
  • There are four types of capital that can be accumulated: human, social, financial, and physical. (acquen.online)
  • To account for these facts, I develop and estimate a life-cycle model of two types of health capital: physical and preventive. (stlouisfed.org)
  • Physical health capital determines survival probabilities, whereas preventive health capital governs the endogenous distribution of shocks to physical health capital, thereby controlling the life expectancy. (stlouisfed.org)
  • Association between overweight and fat accumulation around waist was tested considering the variables: sexual maturaten stage, income level, number of siblings, maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) and physical activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the process, Luxemburg described and also theorized how settler colonialism's primitive accumulation was not a once-off affliction. (cadtm.org)
  • Since it was published in 2001, Easterly and Levine's ideas have shaped much of World Bank thinking about growth policies, which have often stressed the importance of Total Factor Productivity (TFP), as represented by the constant term (A) in a standard Cobb Douglas Production function. (jobsanddevelopment.org)
  • But when I consulted Bosworth and Collins' " The Empirics of Growth: An Update " looking for numbers for Low-Income Countries (LICs) that would validate the thesis of "It's Not Factor Accumulation", I didn't find them. (jobsanddevelopment.org)
  • My own simple growth accounting for the fastest growing economies from 1991-2017 concurs: capital accumulation explains 50% of real GDP growth, and TFP explains 35 percent. (jobsanddevelopment.org)
  • Consistent with Chenery and Syrquin's findings, we see here that increased investment (gross fixed capital formation) drove growth in the largest countries (China, India, and Bangladesh), and a combination of net trade and investment featured in the smaller countries. (jobsanddevelopment.org)
  • But through greater openness, each was able to raise productivity through policies that supported comparative advantage in trade, and each was able to access foreign capital to help finance export-oriented and growth-enhancing investments. (jobsanddevelopment.org)
  • Public capital and economic growth. (preventionweb.net)
  • At each turn, the authors examine ways to mitigate the collateral damage of the growth process without impeding it. (city-journal.org)
  • Achieving a sustained productivity growth requires both a high rate of capital accumulation, technological upgrading, and the related changes in human resources. (idm.at)
  • The rise of its middle class is likely to aid not only the growth process, but also result in substantial social, political, and environmental changes. (riazhaq.com)
  • In turn, this requires understanding and analyzing the characteristics of the middle class, the factors contributing to its growth, and the various implications-positive and negative-of its rise. (riazhaq.com)
  • W. Schultz Theodore (1963) indicates that the human capital is a significant source of the economic growth in the book, Economic Value of Education. (scirp.org)
  • Apart from these factors, the growth of e-commerce has made it easier for consumers to access a wide range of pool cover options. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The authors find that factor accumulation played an important role in output growth, and that accumulations from policy-driven investments in human capital, and public infrastructure, were important sources of productivity gains. (worldbank.org)
  • They conclude that policies that ease constraints on factor markets, and promote public investment in people, and infrastructure, provide the best opportunities for agricultural growth. (worldbank.org)
  • In order to improve the monitoring effect of corporate human resource efficiency under the smart city management model, this paper establishes an evaluation model for the human resource management model between different growth stages of the organization, different organizations in different industries, and different organizations in the same industry. (hindawi.com)
  • The expansion of the scale of education, development of healthy environment, growth of GDP, development of skill training, and population migration could reduce the input of creative human capital and promote the technical efficiency, while development of trade and institutional change, on the contrary, would block the input of creative human capital and the promotion the technical efficiency. (hindawi.com)
  • Schultz claimed that the contribution to economic growth from the improvement of human capital such as human's knowledge or ability and health is more important than the increase of material force and the number of labor [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Studies have shown that the effects of human capital that received higher education, on individual performance, total productivity, technological progress, economic growth, and international trade, are significantly greater than the human capital which received secondary education and basic education [ 14 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Political Institutions and Economic Growth in Latin America is a book of essays that explore the important question of how, when and why institutions - the rules and regulations that permit and bound economic behavior - matter in the process of economic growth and development. (eh.net)
  • In a rich and multi-layered analysis of the textile industry from 1866 to 1934, Haber finds that the joint-stock firms formed after the 1890 reform were larger, had higher rates of investment and growth, and higher total factor productivity than the private firms formed both before and after 1890. (eh.net)
  • How does the accumulation of capital lead to economic growth? (acquen.online)
  • If a country saves too much of its income and fails to invest enough, it can become bogged down in a low-growth trap. (acquen.online)
  • But in general, the accumulation of capital is a vital ingredient in the recipe for economic growth. (acquen.online)
  • More unequal societies may then be more prone to wasting human resources, which would lead to lower growth. (cepr.org)
  • Adolescence is an important period for human growth and development. (bvsalud.org)
  • Did Trade Openness Affect Income Distribution in Latin America? (repec.org)
  • Capital flows to Latin America dried up after the 1930s and incomes have fallen farther behind both the OECD and the Asian NICs ever since. (eh.net)
  • His soon-to-be-published book La Larga Depresión Venezolana [The Long Venezuelan Depression], pinpoints the origins of the crisis in a closing cycle of capital accumulation that was based on oil exports. (links.org.au)
  • Davidson's is an outstanding comprehensive account of the involved and often contradictory processes that went into the making of neoliberalism as a "political-economic" strategy developed by ruling class "vanguards" (such as Margaret Thatcher in the UK) from the mid-1970s in response to capitalism's crisis of profitability. (isreview.org)
  • He shows neoliberalism to be both (a) a new economic strategy of capital accumulation adopted after the crisis of 1973-1974, and (b) a set of political policies to enable capital to accumulate and to smash the working class and its organizations. (isreview.org)
  • First, Luxemburg's Accumulation gives us the basic tools to work through why there is a "ceaseless flow of capital from one branch of production to another, and finally in the periodic and cyclical swings of reproduction between overproduction and crisis" (2003, 76). (cadtm.org)
  • The fundamental change in the economic processes and social forces, triggered by the canonisation of financialisation during the most recent phase of capitalisation, defines a range of very particular challenges in relation to the political action of progressive forces in the course of the present crisis. (transform-network.net)
  • Ironically, these social actors, who played a key role in this crisis, have learned their lessons from history and are using them to profit from the destructive spread of profound objective processes underway. (transform-network.net)
  • Even though a study of capitalism's internal regularities, which generated the crisis, reveals that only large-dimension systemic changes can make possible a way out of the current tendencies, it must be understood that the immense process of concentration of capital and power in recent decades, exacerbated in the last few months, results in very different priorities of profitability. (transform-network.net)
  • The violent way in which the crisis is developing tests each human being's capacity to act. (transform-network.net)
  • The crisis exacerbates commodity fetishism which makes one perceive the economic world as outside of, and opposed to, human will. (transform-network.net)
  • The enormous process of concentration and centralisation of capital in the last three decades is nothing compared to what has occurred in these three months of open crisis. (transform-network.net)
  • If the answer is yes, then human survival is indeed at stake in the environmental crisis. (transcend.org)
  • Humanity, therefore, is facing issues of ecological survival on two levels: (1) a still reversible but rapidly worsening Earth System crisis, threatening to undermine civilization as a whole and make the planet uninhabitable for the human species, and (2) accelerating extreme weather and other ecological disasters associated with climate change that are now unavoidable in the coming decades, affecting localities and regions throughout the globe. (transcend.org)
  • Each kind belongs to a factor of production: profit to capital, wages to labor, and rent to property. (links.org.au)
  • Progressive taxation compresses the (after-tax) wage structure, thereby distorting the incentives to accumulate human capital, in turn reducing the cross-sectional dispersion of (before-tax) wages. (federalreserve.gov)
  • Specifically, we construct a life cycle model that features some key determinants of wages--most notably, human capital accumulation and idiosyncratic shocks. (federalreserve.gov)
  • The interaction between peace and prosperity is well documented analytically and empirically, and the evidence shows that the probability of renewed conflict declines as per capita income rises. (unu.edu)
  • The Venezuelan economy became part of the international division of labor as a supplier of energy during [what Giovanni Arrighi called] the US' systemic cycle of accumulation . (links.org.au)
  • One of the key characteristics of the US systemic cycle of accumulation is what Alfred Chandler called "economies of speed," which require large amounts of energy. (links.org.au)
  • Historically, systemic genetic studies began in high-income countries (HICs). (bmj.com)
  • In other words, investments, both domestic and foreign are bound to increase, and this enhances efficiency in production processes. (lse.ac.uk)
  • This paper addresses the past achievements and the deficiencies of the Hungarian manufacturing sector by analyzing the changes and the challenges of the f​actor side of the well-known production function, according to which output is the function of factors (capital and labor) and efficiency. (idm.at)
  • Most papers relate income and productivity differences to efficiency differences, explaining this latter with technology absorption difficulties, an inadequate human capital stock as well as with institutional deficiencies. (idm.at)
  • Moreover, this paper uses the three-factor vector evaluation model to modify the management efficiency of the human resource model and designs the corresponding intelligent enterprise human resource efficiency monitoring model. (hindawi.com)
  • Through experimental testing, it can be seen that the enterprise human resource efficiency monitoring system under the smart city management mode proposed in this paper has good practical results. (hindawi.com)
  • Human resource management efficiency is the effect of human resource management or the degree of tasks and expectations that can be completed for the organization. (hindawi.com)
  • The improvement of human resource management efficiency can provide the organization with more competitive advantages in the market. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, the unity of human resource management efficiency with the company's development strategy goals has become the key basis for the company to make important decisions [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • All these can be achieve through an increase in the efficiency of production factors which depend on the quality of raw-material handled such as technology and human resources. (auladeeconomia.com)
  • Yet, the technical efficiency of creative human capital and its effects are still under research. (hindawi.com)
  • The research results indicate that, in this period, the entirety of creative human capital in China and the technical efficiency value in different regions and different provinces is still in the low level and could be promoted. (hindawi.com)
  • It proposes a framework for a systematic and long-term analysis of the factors and mechanisms comprising the ecosystem approach and shaping entrepreneurial outcomes across a broad spectrum of historical and contemporary contexts. (springer.com)
  • This could damage or deplete the necessary fish and crustacean stock women use to generate income and provide nutrition, leading to poor household outcomes. (theigc.org)
  • The concerted emphasis of this economic component has been labor-market processes and their outcomes, especially earnings, occupational prestige, and social mobility. (nationalacademies.org)
  • This paper studies differences in health care usage and health outcomes between low- and high-income individuals. (stlouisfed.org)
  • These income effects are normally pronounced in rural areas, where natural resource deposits and mines are mostly located, acting as a tool to promote inclusive development. (lse.ac.uk)
  • This is a novel approach-a departure from the typical, almost exclusive focus on capital accumulation that characterizes explanations for development found not only in standard economic texts but also even in Marxist thinking. (city-journal.org)
  • In the early years of the oil century, in the 30s, it was decided that the international rent would be internally distributed to promote national development and non-rentier capital accumulation. (links.org.au)
  • The economic development needs the support of human capital. (scirp.org)
  • Not only in China, the rapid economic development in Japan and Germany's after the world war two also demonstrates that the accumulation of human capital is inevitable for economics. (scirp.org)
  • Given the importance of human capital in the process of economic development, the results presented here suggest that natural disasters represent a significant threat to the development prospects of relatively poor countries. (repec.org)
  • The existence and development of entrepreneurial activities depend on many factors, spanning institutional, social, economic, and cultural (Acs et al. (springer.com)
  • Moreover, he points out that an increase in women's participation does not only generate results for women in general-a reward on its own merit-but it also provides social benefits as women are a major influence on social change, innovation and the development process (pp. 201-2). (mdpi.com)
  • The problem Luxemburg saw in Marx's account was identifying the factors that stimulated that massive development of the system. (marxists.org)
  • With the advent of the information age, smart cities will surely become the direction of future urban development, and human resource management on this basis must also keep pace with the times [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Prior to this, China's enterprise development had relatively low management requirements, and the investment and management of various resources such as human, financial, and material were relatively extensive. (hindawi.com)
  • In the new development state and cycle, China will continue to emerge a series of problems such as insufficient labor supply, reduction of human resources, lack of talents, and low quality of talents. (hindawi.com)
  • y:2023:id:878 Implementation of the long-term development strategy of Lavochkin Association, JSC, using the strategic processes model by Vladimir A. Kolmykov & Kharun Zh. (repec.org)
  • No progress will be possible until there is a skilfully managed process of coordination of progressive forces at the international level around a realistic and viable programme of change capable of uniting the broadest spectrum of forces aiming at peace and development. (transform-network.net)
  • Previous researches have proved the positive effect of creative human capital and its development on the development of economy. (hindawi.com)
  • Since American economist Schultz put forward Human Capital Theory in 1960s, the Human Capital Theory and its impact on social and economic development are one of the hot research issues for specialists and scholars at home and aboard. (hindawi.com)
  • Human capital usually has greater appreciation of space than material capital and other production factors, especially in the postindustry era and in the stage of rapid economic knowledge development. (hindawi.com)
  • As a "live" capital form, human capital, with its creativity and innovation, has greater value and development potential in the aspects of optimizing allocation of resources or speeding up the economic development and promoting the social progress. (hindawi.com)
  • A lot of researches show that human capital is playing a more and more significant role in the development of national culture or society or economy or employment or income and so on [ 5 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Stephen Haber takes the idea that access to capital is good for business development and applies it to Brazilian textiles to demonstrate how well-developed capital markets matter in economicgrowth. (eh.net)
  • Finally, the accumulation of capital provides the resources necessary to finance research and development, which can lead to the creation of new and better products and processes.Over time, the benefits of the accumulation of capital tend to compound. (acquen.online)
  • Development of human resources and increased communication between local stakeholders (groups and persons whose actions are affected by emerging infectious diseases and animal health) were instrumental for successful implementation. (cdc.gov)
  • OBJECTIVE: We describe the Nigeria NDR and its development process, including its use for surveillance, research, and national HIV program monitoring toward achieving HIV epidemic control. (cdc.gov)
  • The differences among education investment, health investment, and family economic income invariably tend to raise up the differences of human capital stock directly [ 12 , 13 ], while the differences of human capital will lead to the differences of their effects. (hindawi.com)
  • Results are worrisome considering that obesity is an illness and also a powerful risk factor for other health problems, e.g. cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, some types of cancer, diabetes mellitus, and psychosocial disturbs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some authors have shown the type of obesity with fat accumulation around the waist is associated with higher risk of metabolic diseases 7 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In this stage there are two fundamental processes: globalization and regionalization. (auladeeconomia.com)
  • This study contributes uniquely to our understanding of the supply-side factors that affect how universities adapt to the rapidly evolving landscape. (nationalaffairs.com)
  • Smith answers that the individual, in the process of providing for personal interests, unintentionally contributes to the economic wellbeing of society. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • The resulting hypoalbuminemia contributes to extravascular fluid accumulation. (medscape.com)
  • The implications of climate change for children in lower-income countries. (preventionweb.net)
  • In 1912 Luxemburg was in the process of writing a popular pamphlet, An Introduction to Political Economy , when she ran into difficulties. (marxists.org)
  • Those arguments were constructed during the critical period of primitive accumulation, and as a result, Luxemburg considered the context for land and natural resource dispossession, migrant labor, and ethno-patriarchal rule. (cadtm.org)
  • It has existed for hundreds of years and still occurs naturally in both animals and humans in many parts of the world, including Asia, southern Europe, sub-Sahelian Africa and parts of Australia. (who.int)
  • Emerging infectious diseases in animals and humans are being identified more frequently, many in low-income tropical countries, and this trend is expected to continue ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In 1913, Rosa Luxemburg's The Accumulation of Capital offered a unique contribution to the Marxist theory of imperialism partly because she drew on primary accounts of Africa's super-exploitation, with nuanced attention to the social formation emerging in South Africa. (cadtm.org)
  • Generally, the formation of human capital mainly depends on the input of education, health and income, and so forth [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Which Situation Best Illustrates the Process of Capital Formation? (acquen.online)
  • There are many situations that can illustrate the process of capital formation. (acquen.online)
  • This is because a startup company is typically starting with little to no capital, and so the process of capital formation is particularly important in this case. (acquen.online)
  • The process of capital formation for a startup company can be divided into three main stages. (acquen.online)
  • Each of these stages is important in the process of capital formation for a startup company. (acquen.online)
  • What is the most important factor in the formation of capital? (acquen.online)
  • This is the most important factor in the formation of capital because money is what is used to buy assets, which in turn generate income. (acquen.online)
  • There are a number of other factors that contribute to the formation of capital, but the most important factor is the presence of money. (acquen.online)
  • Money is the lifeblood of capital formation, and without it, the process simply cannot take place. (acquen.online)
  • From the 1980s onwards, the Keynesian steering of national economies was systematically dismantled in favor of a new mode of capital accumulation. (isreview.org)
  • Are now numerous in Italy and abroad proposed legislation, policy initiatives and declarations in favor of the introduction in Italy of some form of income support independent on employment status. (bin-italia.org)
  • Participation' involves the design and implementation of a post-war social and political decision making processes, to enhance the involvement of all stakeholders in the peace process and to enable prosperous peace building. (unu.edu)
  • China's social economy has moved from a stage of quantity accumulation to a stage of quality improvement. (hindawi.com)
  • Second, as the capital flow turns from new sectors to new spaces, imperial power helps capitalist social relations dominate non-capitalist "natural economies. (cadtm.org)
  • The reasons for this claim are inspired by the forms of the social composition of labor and the modalities of accumulation and exploitation which are today dominant. (bin-italia.org)
  • The general human capital contains social average knowledge stock and the ability of analysis, computing ability, learning ability, and adaptability, and the corresponding social role is the division of ordinary workers. (hindawi.com)
  • Social scientists have been much more comfortable describing and analyzing occupational, educational, and income distributions than examining the economic bedrock of a capitalist society- "private property. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Social capital refers to the networks and relationships that people have. (acquen.online)
  • the basis of production, then, is the social relation between wage labor and capital. (libcom.org)
  • Since capital expansion determines the course of social production, if the latter is to proceed smoothly it must be profitable enough to permit accumulation. (libcom.org)
  • The results of the analysis show that the difficulties that Ukrainian refugees face in their new country are related to both a lack of human capital--such as knowledge of the language, education, and work experience--and a lack of social capital--such as connections to the local population and Ukrainian communities. (lu.se)
  • 4.1.1 Human capital and social capital. (lu.se)
  • 4.2.1 Human capital and social capital in migration studies. (lu.se)
  • She wrote, 'If we should ask why Marx's Capital affords no solution to this important problem of the accumulation of capital, we must bear in mind above all that this second volume is not a finished whole but a manuscript that stops half way through. (marxists.org)
  • Frank cross-references superexploitation with Karl Marx's analysis of surplus value in Capital , which was developed around absolute surplus value and relative surplus value. (monthlyreview.org)
  • The period in which I wrote the Accumulation belongs to the happiest of my life. (marxists.org)
  • Individuals enter the economy with an initial stock of human capital and are able to accumulate more human capital over the life cycle using a Ben-Porath (1967) style technology (which essentially combines learning ability, time, and existing human capital for production). (federalreserve.gov)
  • These are the sectors of finance capital that created the financial structures of "shadow banking" which caused speculation to explode and unhinged the banking system. (transform-network.net)
  • Routine cross-notification between the veterinary and human health surveillance systems should be part of any zoonotic disease prevention and control programme, and close collaboration between the two health sectors is particularly important during epidemiological and outbreak investigations. (who.int)
  • As the IEG told its investors, while the asset value of the world economy is $512 trillion, the asset value of the earth's natural capital is estimated at $4 quadrillion ($4,000 trillion), all potentially for the taking. (monthlyreview.org)
  • In other words, not only is the economy dependent on oil for its insertion into the world market but, for nearly a century now, capital accumulation in the country has been driven by the oil rent. (links.org.au)
  • They find that the new technology changed the returns to fertilizers, irrigated land, and capital, all of which proved scarce to varying degrees, Complementing technology-related changes in factor use were investments - public and private - driven in part by policy. (worldbank.org)
  • This decentralized decision-making process is driven by individual self-interest and profit motives. (jittery.com)
  • Richness' refers to an abundance of such resources (income or flow). (wikipedia.org)
  • A wealthy person, group, or nation thus has more accumulated resources (capital) than a poor one. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, human resources have evolved from traditional personnel management to today's strategic human resource management in response to environmental changes and organizational needs. (hindawi.com)
  • The so-called strategic human resource management refers to planning the allocation and activities of human resources to assist the organization in achieving organizational goals. (hindawi.com)
  • Since the value of human resources can be continuously developed and improved, that is, human resources have strategic value, we can say that the purpose of human resource management is to support business performance, and it is one of the main sources for corporate organizations to gain competitive advantages [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The integration to global economy implies greater worldwide competition besides, it is the best motivation for economic agents to allocate their resources advantageously, which will provide to consumers a greater and better variety of products at competitive prices, and at the same time it will help them to improve their real income and their welfare. (auladeeconomia.com)
  • Criteria for funding and transparency: the modalities of financing of minimum income must always be set out on the basis of economic viability studies, detailing where resources are obtained based on an estimate of its cost necessary. (bin-italia.org)
  • In other words, reduction of trade protection, the opening of currency market, deregulation of production activities, simplification of foreign trade regime, and the scheduling of negotiation processes and agreements in which the country must take part, are some of the aspects encouraged. (auladeeconomia.com)
  • We review and summarise those studies that holistically assess the impact of human activities, in the sense that impacts are not restricted to the home, city, or territory of the individuals, but instead are counted irrespective of where they occur. (nature.com)
  • Individuals can choose to either invest in human capital on the job up to a certain fraction of their time or enroll in school where they can invest full time. (federalreserve.gov)
  • In addition, low-income individuals are less likely to incur any medical expenditures in a given year, yet, when they do, their expenses are more likely to be extreme. (stlouisfed.org)
  • To estimate prevalence and identify factors associated with the nutritional status of individuals aged 8 to 17 years old in schools located at 3 administrative regions in the city of Vitória, Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
  • Population-based studies in Brazil on the nutritional status of children and adolescents address critical rises on overweight during last decades, with higher concentration of cases in individuals pursuing higher incomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • This happens particularly among bellow-5-year children, with higher concentration in individuals with low incomes (8.2%) when compared to wealthier ones (3.1%) 5 , leaving space for monitoring such deficits. (bvsalud.org)
  • Capital investment both embodies technical change and makes labor more productive. (jobsanddevelopment.org)
  • The restructuring of the manufacturing sector also involved c​apital deepening i.e. the capital-labor ratio has increased. (idm.at)
  • And since this would provide amply for the need of public revenues, we would accompany this tax on land values with the repeal of all taxes now levied on the products and processes of industry - which taxes, since they take from the earnings of labor, we hold to be infringements of the right of property. (wealthandwant.com)
  • This paper studies the role of labor income tax policies for understanding these facts, focusing on male workers. (federalreserve.gov)
  • It is generally accepted that human capital is a reflection of the quality of labor capital, and human capital consists of economic value of knowledge, technology, ability, and healthy quality which condenses on laborers [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • For most, income is a quintessential labor-market outcome indicator. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The shortage of both types of capital can result in poor mental conditions, making it difficult for refugees to look for employment and integrate into the local labor market. (lu.se)
  • According to the differences of human capital stock, human capital can be divided into general human capital, professional human capital, and creative human capital. (hindawi.com)
  • Either one believes that all human beings have essential rights, no matter how "evil" they might be or one believes that national security concerns trump such legal rights. (blogspot.com)
  • The decisions of ever smaller yet powerful elites have a life-and-death impact on millions of human beings. (transform-network.net)
  • However, the most important challenge facing the health sector in the occupied Palestinian territories is the Israeli occupation itself, its continued savage aggression against Palestinians as human beings, the construction of military barriers and of the apartheid wall which separate different parts of Palestinian lands, also separating those lands from the rest of the world through the closure of crossing points and frontiers. (who.int)
  • Third, commodity production results in foregone income and robs an economy of the potential to become competitive in global markets. (lse.ac.uk)
  • The purchaser of this special commodity uses it to enlarge his capital, measured in money terms. (libcom.org)
  • In the circulation process capital alternately assumes commodity form and money form as it accumulates. (libcom.org)
  • However, in practice, establishing links between animal and human health data has been difficult because data from animal and human health surveillance systems are obtained at different resolutions and scales and for different purposes. (cdc.gov)
  • In all 3 of these countries, the rise in imports offset the rise in exports, and so in aggregate, foreign savings (the capital account or net transfers) were used to finance part of the increase in investment. (jobsanddevelopment.org)
  • While it is hard for low-income countries to build democracy, Mozambique, Botswana and India all serve as evidence that stable democracy can be attained and sustained, even in initially poor societies. (unu.edu)
  • However, there are serious barriers to establishing biobanks in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Ukraine. (bmj.com)
  • In this paper I investigate the effects of disasters on human capital accumulation using an extensive panel dataset on natural disasters, covering 170 countries over a 25 year period (1980-2004). (repec.org)
  • Despite geographic proximity, similar climate, and other shared characteristics, gains in productivity, and income differed significantly among the countries. (worldbank.org)
  • This challenge can be faced by all countries if they depend at great extend on the strength of their economies and on the clarity of their objectives and not on the possession of production factors or in the size of their economies. (auladeeconomia.com)
  • Since it was first reported in Vietnam in 2003, the disease has been responsible for human outbreaks and deaths in 15 countries in Asia, Europe, Middle East and Africa resulting in 603 human cases including 356 deaths. (who.int)
  • Because many infectious diseases are emerging in animals in low-income and middle-income countries, surveillance of animal health in these areas may be needed for forecasting disease risks to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Cash transfer programmes are one of the most common strategies to reduce poverty and now reach substantial proportions of populations living in low- and middle-income countries. (bvsalud.org)
  • Treating human capital as a long-term investment decision, it is clear that access to finance is likely to be a crucial factor in household decisions about whether or not to invest in children's health and education. (repec.org)
  • The initial investment stage is important because it provides the company with the capital it needs to get started. (acquen.online)
  • One is that it provides the funds necessary to finance investment in new capital goods. (acquen.online)
  • In general, Ghana's investment prospects remain favorable, as the Government of Ghana seeks to diversify and industrialize through agro-processing, mining, and manufacturing. (state.gov)
  • In more recent decades, however, mainstream neoclassical economics (sometimes with the help of ecological economists), together with corporate finance, have completely separated the concept of natural capital from its original use-value-based critique, the memory of which has long receded, conceiving natural capital instead entirely in exchange-value terms, as just another form of financialized capital. (monthlyreview.org)
  • Second, income in manufacturing is higher and relatively stable, a noble opportunity to alleviate poverty. (lse.ac.uk)
  • Our conclusions are, first, overeducation occurrence is relatively high mainly among senior skilled workers since the quality requirement of the professors and doctors is much higher in China, and, second, the incidence of overeducation in husbandry remains at a low level all the way which indicates that the agricultural human capital attraction and level is weak due to the inferior income. (scirp.org)
  • The income of the senior over educated technical workers is higher than the unskilled ones. (scirp.org)
  • When Bernanke announced the need for more inflation in the fall of 2010 (QE2), he meant more demand-side inflation, i.e. higher real incomes for Americans. (themoneyillusion.com)
  • Together these developments represent a sea change in the capitalization of nature, such that all natural processes that involve ecosystem services to the economy are now increasingly seen to be subject to exchange on the market for profit-all in the name of conservation and climate change. (monthlyreview.org)
  • This study delivers new insights on ecosystems developing during different historical eras, and why some ecosystem factors have an impact not only during one point in time but also in the long term. (springer.com)
  • This is, to discuss and explain how and why events or changes in specific (institutional) factors in the ecosystem impact entrepreneurial activity, which cannot be explained only by a static, spotlight analysis. (springer.com)
  • Thus, this paper poses the research question, what happens to entrepreneurial activities over time using the lens of history, where the factors underlying the ecosystem change? (springer.com)
  • Perceptions of unequal opportunities, by affecting individual aspirations, may also reduce investments in human capital. (cepr.org)
  • Each type of capital has its own unique characteristics and plays a different role in the economy. (acquen.online)
  • It is hardly surprising in this context that the first references to "natural capital" and to the "earth's capital stock" arose in this same period in the work of radical and socialist political economists, who sought to defend nature and the commons against the intrusions of the market. (monthlyreview.org)
  • Finally, the laws of the market also regulate incomes of producers. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • Since the dominant groups prioritize the export business, they ignore the low level of popular income and the consequent contraction of the domestic market. (cadtm.org)
  • Control of anthrax among humans depends on the integration of veterinary and human health surveillance and control programmes. (who.int)
  • Interest is calculated on the amount of the capital invested or borrowed, the duration of the operation and the rate that has been set. (cadtm.org)
  • and chapter 14 of volume 3, on the factors counteracting the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. (monthlyreview.org)
  • The proposed human resource management model is based on the deduction result of human resource planning and design, work system design and employee system design, and the dynamic matching of the three. (hindawi.com)
  • As a result, the economy as a whole grows larger and more prosperous.There are, of course, limits to the benefits of the accumulation of capital. (acquen.online)
  • Instead it was, and remains , a systematic way to arrange capitalist and non-capitalist relations to the benefit of the former, as a means of addressing internal contradictions within the accumulation process, albeit in a context of growing resistance. (cadtm.org)
  • In order for money to serve as effective capital, it must be able to purchase the assets needed to generate income. (acquen.online)
  • Third, industrialisation results into significant capital accumulation which enhances economic productivity. (lse.ac.uk)
  • Effects are particularly pronounced for lower-income students, but results are positive for more affluent students as well. (nationalaffairs.com)
  • The centrist strategy results in focusing on the job of deciding who is "evil" enough to lose all their human rights. (blogspot.com)
  • Financial capital refers to the money that people have available to invest. (acquen.online)
  • We expand the model presented by Galor and Zeira (1993) to represent the fact that the economy benefits from endogenous technological progress and that the government provides financial aid to reduce the financial hurdles for human capital accumulation. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • First, the implementation of the idea of financial integration was limited to the elimination of capital mobility restrictions. (europa.eu)
  • Financial integration was based on the Council Directive adopted on 24 June 1988 (before the Delors Report was submitted to the European Council, see European Council 1988), which required the abolishment of restrictions on movements of capital between the Member States. (europa.eu)
  • The public read it as more supply-side inflation, i.e. lower real incomes for Americans. (themoneyillusion.com)
  • One, the sector creates quality and better paying jobs, and can thus translate into a substantial source of income for the continent's rapidly growing population. (lse.ac.uk)
  • This has led not only to substantial c​apital widening but also to significant capital deepening. (idm.at)
  • Around this time, humans began trading burial-site tools and developed trade networks, resulting in a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. (wikipedia.org)
  • People's income disparity is expanding between the workers receiving more and less education over time. (scirp.org)
  • At the same time, the effectiveness of human resource management as an important evaluation indicator of human resource management practice can enable enterprises to find serious problems in internal human resource management and solve them in time, thereby improving the effect of human resource management and achieving organizational goals better and faster. (hindawi.com)
  • Twenty years later, it should be acknowledged that the definition of "citizenship income" has created more negative effect than positive: at that time, although starting to increase, the phenomenon of migration had not yet assumed today's proportions. (bin-italia.org)
  • In simple terms, the accumulation of capital refers to the process of saving and investing money over time. (acquen.online)
  • Such an absolute catastrophe for civilization and the human species as a whole is still avoidable with a revolutionary-scale reconstitution of the current system of production, consumption, and energy usage, though the time in which to act is rapidly running out. (transcend.org)
  • In order to develop a critical analysis of the current capitalist expropriation of world ecology, it is necessary to explore the concept of natural capital in the work of Marx and other early radical critics within classical political economy. (monthlyreview.org)
  • The rentier state can use that money-capital to motorize the national economy. (links.org.au)
  • participatory studies have shown that insecurity, illness, isolation, and disempowerment are as important to the poor as low incomes. (imf.org)
  • The most important point to note is that these elements interact in an ongoing process . (imf.org)
  • Entrepreneurship has, for many reasons, an increasingly important role to play in this process. (unu.edu)
  • The IPO stage is important because it allows the company to raise capital through the sale of shares. (acquen.online)
  • As in October 1987, there were more factors in play than just the breakdown of the US-Japanese talks-the recent tightening of interest rates by the Federal Reserve being perhaps the most important among them. (nybooks.com)
  • This means that the Venezuelan state - as the owner of the oil resource - captures an international rent from the global production process. (links.org.au)
  • The overall production process has three kinds of revenues. (links.org.au)
  • That rent is captured from surplus that is generated elsewhere in the global process of production. (links.org.au)
  • Commodities and means of production may be transformed into money and vice versa, so that possession of capital is expressed as possession of money. (libcom.org)
  • Nevertheless, while it is still possible to avoid irreversible climate change through a massive transformation in the mode of production, it is no longer feasible to circumvent accelerating environmental disasters in the present century on a scale never seen before in human history, endangering the lives and living conditions of billions of people. (transcend.org)
  • Left unchecked, global warming will have devastating effects on human, animal and plant life. (blogspot.com)
  • Chart 1 describes the flows and relationships between different plan/policy processes in Uganda. (imf.org)
  • Human capital refers to the skills and knowledge that workers possess. (acquen.online)
  • Furthermore, the political changes implemented to promote democracy could trigger violence that then stalls the democratic process. (unu.edu)
  • He favored a more democratic decision process than Greenspan or Volcker, and on average that will get you better decisions. (themoneyillusion.com)