• citation needed] The term, "extracellular signal-regulated kinases", is sometimes used as a synonym for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but has more recently been adopted for a specific subset of the mammalian MAPK family. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] In the MAPK/ERK pathway, Ras activates c-Raf, followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (abbreviated as MKK, MEK, or MAP2K) and then MAPK1/2 (below). (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) is also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). (wikipedia.org)
  • This study is to investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in tert -butyl hydroperoxide ( t BHP)-induced apoptosis of human trabecular meshwork (iHTM) cells. (molvis.org)
  • Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) comprise a large family of proteins activated by a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. (molvis.org)
  • 2004. Leptin enhances oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. (ipb.ac.id)
  • Inactivation of the PI3-kinase pathway, but not of Ras-mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling, was essential to elicit cytotoxic responses. (ashpublications.org)
  • Posttranslational modifications of histone H3, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase p38 expression and PPAR-γ expression were examined by western blotting. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DUSP14 contains the consensus DUSP C-terminal catalytic domain but lacks the N-terminal CH2 domain found in the MKP (mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase) class of DUSPs (see MIM 600714) (summary by Patterson et al. (nih.gov)
  • Ras is typically activated by growth hormones through receptor tyrosine kinases and GRB2/SOS, but may also receive other signals. (wikipedia.org)
  • They were found during a search for protein kinases that are rapidly phosphorylated after activation of cell surface tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Receptor-linked tyrosine kinases, Ras, Raf, MEK, and MAPK could be fitted into a signaling cascade linking an extracellular signal to MAPK activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Constitutively activating internal tandem duplications (ITD) of FLT3 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3) are the most common mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and correlate with poor prognosis. (ashpublications.org)
  • Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting FLT3 have developed as attractive treatment options. (ashpublications.org)
  • FLT3 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3) is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) closely related to the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor and c-Kit with important functions in the regulation of early hematopoietic cells. (ashpublications.org)
  • EGF-receptor and Notch signaling are antagonistic: EGF-receptor signaling leads to down-regulation of the Notch-like receptor LIN-12 , while LIN-12 signaling induces negative regulators of EGF-receptor signaling such as MAP kinase phosphatase LIP-1 and the tyrosine kinase ARK-1. (wormbook.org)
  • The kinase domain of Nek1, when expressed from bacteria, has dual serine-threonine and tyrosine kinase activity in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This class of noncoding RNAs is small, single stranded, and 19-25 nucleotide long that act as negative regulators involved in posttranscriptional silencing of the gene expression [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A previous report has shown that RNA hairpins, which are driven by the heat shock promoter, induce knockdown of the target gene [ 5 ], suggesting the possibility of time-specific knockdown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclin-G-associated kinase (GAK) , a PD susceptibility gene identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase involved in clathrin uncoating (see Drosophila Clathrin heavy chain ), though its PD-related function remains elusive. (sdbonline.org)
  • The AT locus was mapped to the chromosomal region 11q22-23 using genetic linkage analysis in the late 1980s and the causative gene was identified by positional cloning several years later. (bmj.com)
  • The ATM gene encodes a large protein that belongs to a family of kinases possessing a highly conserved C-terminal kinase domain related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase domain. (bmj.com)
  • The association between mutation of the ATM gene and a high incidence of lymphoid malignancy in patients with AT, together with the development of lymphoma in Atm deficient mice, supports the proposal that inactivation of the ATM gene may be of importance in the pathogenesis of sporadic lymphoid malignancy. (bmj.com)
  • The presence of inactivating mutations, together with the deletion of the normal copy of the ATM gene in some patients with T-PLL, B-CLL, and MCL, establishes somatic inactivation of the ATM gene in the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies, and strongly suggests that ATM functions as a tumour suppressor. (bmj.com)
  • STK11 is a tumor suppressor gene, in that its overexpression can induce a growth arrest of a cell at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and that somatic inactivation of the unaffected allele of STK11 is often observed in polyps and cancers from patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is caused by a mutation in the folliculin ( FLCN ) gene that has been mapped to the short arm of chromosome 17, specifically 17p11.2. (medscape.com)
  • Thymidine kinase gene amplicon sequences (339 bp) from 21 lynx were all identical to those from cowpox virus isolated from a person in Norway and phylogenetically closer to monkeypox virus than to vaccinia virus and isolates from 2 persons with cowpox virus in Sweden. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphorylation of ERKs leads to the activation of their kinase activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, treatment with CTXA resulted in reduced PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of p38, extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). (sagepub.com)
  • Conversely, loss of PKN2 or inactivation of its target phosphorylation site in PI3KC2-β represses nutrient signalling via mTORC1. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 5: mTORC2 signalling triggers PKN2 activation to control PI3KC2-β phosphorylation and sequestration with 14-3-3 proteins. (nature.com)
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase type 2α (PI3KC2α) is an essential member of the structurally unresolved class II PI3K family with crucial functions in lipid signaling, endocytosis, angiogenesis, viral replication, platelet formation and a role in mitosis. (nature.com)
  • We demonstrate that protein kinase N (PKN) facilitates mTORC1 signalling by repressing PI3KC2-β-mediated phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate synthesis downstream of mTORC2. (nature.com)
  • 8 , 9 The protein is a member of a novel family of large proteins, which show sequence homology to the catalytic domain of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, 3 and are implicated in cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, and the response to DNA damage. (bmj.com)
  • ERKs are known to activate many transcription factors, such as ELK1, and some downstream protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that the Pmk1 MAP kinase pathway and the type V myosin Myo4 act downstream of the cytokinetic function of Kin1. (hal.science)
  • Dietary sugars trigger the production of insulin or insulin-like peptides which are sensed by Insulin receptors at the cell surface and initiate a kinase cascade, leading to the activation of the downstream kinase Akt (PKB), the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface, and ultimately glucose uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The biologic function of LKB1 includes the regulation of downstream kinases, including adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the related kinases (microtube affinity-regulating kinase [MARK] 1 through MARK4 and brain-specific kinase/synapses of the amphid-defective kinase [Brsk/SAD]), which are involved in cellular metabolic regulation-stress response and cellular polarity, the latter through tubulin stabilization, tight junction formation, and E-cadherin localization. (medscape.com)
  • It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)
  • These complexes interact with 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that is part of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is involved in cellular energy, cytokinesis, cell motility, cellular adhesion, and nutrient sensing. (medscape.com)
  • The Kin1 kinase and the calcineurin phosphatase cooperate to link actin ring assembly and septum synthesis in fission yeast. (hal.science)
  • In molecular biology, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • We implemented our strategy in the software COPASI and show its applicability on two different models of mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK) signalling -- one generic model of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and one model of signalling via p38 MAPK. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mathematical modeling of signal transduction networks has previously been used to map out thermodynamical using rate equations is increasingly attracting attention as a properties of protein-folding models (6,7). (lu.se)
  • see RTKRas/MAP kinase signaling ), LIN-12 (see LIN-12/Notch signaling in C. elegans ), and WNT (see Wnt signaling ), as well as the functions of the SynMuv and mediator proteins (see Transcriptional regulation ). (wormbook.org)
  • Histatin 5 can be a major element of a small proteins family made by the parotid and submandibular glands [9]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Complexes of Vps34, the sole class III PI3K member, produce PI 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) in the endolysosomal system and during autophagy to regulate vesicle-mediated sorting en route to lysosomes 1 . (nature.com)
  • p21 and other tumor suppressor genes' inactivation are therefore most likely involved in the first steps of the cancer model, with later stages possibly involving protooncogene activation and inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with unexplained anemia, thrombocytopenia, or neutropenia without dysplasia in the bone marrow but with abnormal chromosome activity in 5, 7 or 13 the diagnosis is consistent with MDS and occurs in less than 10% of patients with MDS. (standardofcare.com)
  • Nek1 is a mammalian ortholog of the fungal kinase NIMA (never in mitosis A in Aspergillus nidulans ), which functions in DNA damage responses, regulates G2-M phase progression, and helps keep chromosome transmission to daughter cells faithful [ 5 ]-[ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When cells are deficient in NIMA or in certain NIMA-related kinases, they undergo apoptosis because of major errors in chromosome segregation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid-modifying enzymes that phosphorylate the 3′-OH group of inositol phospholipids and play key roles in physiology ranging from cell growth and metabolism to organismal development. (nature.com)
  • Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry (2018) 49 (5): 1943-1958. (karger.com)
  • Recent studies have suggested that dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, which are used in the clinical treatment of schizophrenia, modulate protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neks, mammalian orthologs of the fungal protein kinase never-in-mitosis A, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nek1 was identified as the first mammalian NIMA-related kinase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • GSK-3 is a protein kinase originally identified and named for its ability to phosphorylate and inactivate the metabolic enzyme glycogen synthase [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Negatively regulates MAP kinase activation by limiting the formation of Raf/MEK complexes probably by inactivation of the KSR1 scaffold protein. (nih.gov)
  • Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase functions in two multiprotein complexes: lysosomal mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 at the plasma membrane. (nature.com)
  • This motif is remarkably conserved in all fungal Kin1 homologues but is absent in related kinases of metazoans. (hal.science)
  • A structure/function analysis of the Kin1 protein sequence identified a novel motif outside the kinase domain that is important for its polarised localisation and its catalytic activity. (hal.science)
  • The consensus core of HRE sequence is 5′-RCGTG-3′ (where R is A or G). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, the results of the study claim that a scarcity of the GB110 antimicrobial peptide histatin 5 may induce dental disease in DS. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • In human lung tumors, combined activation of K-RAS and inactivation of RASSF1A is closely associated with the development of the most aggressive and worst prognosis tumors. (cancerindex.org)
  • The MAP kinase-kinase, which activates ERK, was named "MAPK/ERK kinase" (MEK). (wikipedia.org)
  • Histatin 5 displays powerful antifungal GB110 activity, including against [9] and additional pathogenesis-associated varieties [10]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Therefore, DAB2IP inactivation can provide a selective advantage to tumors initiated by a variety of driver mutations. (nih.gov)
  • these include the LIM domain protein LIN-11 , the Pax2/5/8 protein EGL-38 , the zinc finger protein LIN-29 , and the Nkx6.1/6.2 protein COG-1. (wormbook.org)
  • We review the mechanisms and consequences of DAB2IP inactivation in cancer, with the purpose to support and improve research aimed to counteract such mechanisms. (nih.gov)
  • Raw data for results from screening kinase activity towards T279 of PI3KC2-β are provided in Supplementary Table 2 . (nature.com)
  • Two compounds, Compound 1 (1,4-dihydrophenanthrolin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid) and Compound 5 [8-(N-butyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl)-1,4-dihydrophenathrolin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid], with comparable potencies in vivo, were chosen to investigate the effect of the inhibition of the hydroxylation of newly synthesized uterine collagen on the turnover of this protein in vivo. (embl.de)
  • Conditional inactivation of Mapk1 in neural progenitor cells of the developing cortex lead to a reduction of cortical thickness and reduced proliferation in neural progenitor cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Schmidt et al demonstrated that Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome maps to band 17p11.2. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, Kin1 inactivation rescues septation in a myosin light-chain cdc4-8 thermosensitive mutant. (hal.science)
  • All the components of brain RAS such as enzyme isorenin, ANG, Ang I, converting enzymes, and Ang II are found in the brain [ 5 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Metformin (MTF) has been reported to target NLK (Nemo-like kinase) to inhibit non-small lung cancer cells. (cancerindex.org)
  • The human trabecular meshwork cells were treated with t BHP for 1 or 2 h with or without pretreatment of SB203580, an inhibitor of MAP kinase homologs. (molvis.org)
  • Members of this kinase family have been shown to function in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control following DNA damage. (bmj.com)
  • Fertilization was conducted in the oocytes supplemented with 10 ng/mL and control using 5×106 mL-1 spermatozoa. (ipb.ac.id)