Imprinting and genome genomic imprinting. Medical search. Frequent questions

We suggested that the genome undergoes specific imprinting during gametogenesis 3 and that some paternal genes may be necessary for normal development of the extraembryonic tissues 3,4 , in which only the maternal X chromosome remains active 5-9 . (nature.com)
In genes that undergo genomic imprinting, the parent of origin is often marked, or "stamped," on the gene during the formation of egg and sperm cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Only a small percentage of all human genes undergo genomic imprinting. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers are not yet certain why some genes are imprinted and others are not. (medlineplus.gov)
They do know that imprinted genes tend to cluster together in the same regions of chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
Two major clusters of imprinted genes have been identified in humans, one on the short (p) arm of chromosome 11 (at position 11p15) and another on the long (q) arm of chromosome 15 (in the region 15q11 to 15q13). (medlineplus.gov)
Because most genes are not imprinted, it doesn't matter if a person inherits both copies from one parent instead of one copy from each parent. (medlineplus.gov)
A person with UPD may lack any active copies of essential genes that undergo genomic imprinting. (medlineplus.gov)
Both of these disorders can be caused by UPD or other errors in imprinting involving genes on the long arm of chromosome 15 . (medlineplus.gov)
Other conditions, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (a disorder characterized by accelerated growth and an increased risk of cancerous tumors), are associated with abnormalities of imprinted genes on the short arm of chromosome 11 . (medlineplus.gov)
Geneimprint, a website about genomic imprinting, provides an introduction to imprinting as well as related articles and a list of imprinted genes . (medlineplus.gov)
However in recent years with the development of epigenesis, genomic imprinting and the horizontal transferences of the genes, Lamarck's ideas have resurfaced. (intechopen.com)
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed or not, depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father. (wikipedia.org)
Genes can also be partially imprinted. (wikipedia.org)
In 2014, there were about 150 imprinted genes known in mice and about half that in humans. (wikipedia.org)
As of 2019, 260 imprinted genes have been reported in mice and 228 in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Appropriate imprinting of certain genes is important for normal development. (wikipedia.org)
Although imprinting accounts for a small proportion of mammalian genes they play an important role in embryogenesis particularly in the formation of visceral structures and the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
No naturally occurring cases of parthenogenesis exist in mammals because of imprinted genes. (wikipedia.org)
It is now known that there are at least 80 imprinted genes in humans and mice, many of which are involved in embryonic and placental growth and development. (wikipedia.org)
Hybrid offspring of two species may exhibit unusual growth due to the novel combination of imprinted genes. (wikipedia.org)
Various methods have been used to identify imprinted genes. (wikipedia.org)
compared transcriptional profiles using DNA microarrays to survey differentially expressed genes between parthenotes (2 maternal genomes) and control fetuses (1 maternal, 1 paternal genome). (wikipedia.org)
Genome imprinting is an epigenetic marking mechanism that causes genes to be expressed in a parental-origin-specific manner. (bmj.com)
2 3 The HGP demonstrated that a relatively limited number of genes could be identified in the human genome, which substantiated the theory that complex biological processes were regulated on other levels than DNA sequence alone. (bmj.com)
We detected genomic regions (including 16 genes as candidate biomarkers), that experienced DNA methylation alterations in sperm, were associated with aging and male fertility in cattle. (usda.gov)
A growing number of imprinted genes are being associated to direct and indirect control of sleep, and in some cases, thermoregulation represents an important metabolic component for the interplay between imprinted mechanisms and sleep physiology. (fpwr.org)
The phenotype hydatidiform mole seems always to be caused by abnormalities involviong genes regulated by parental imprinting. (au.dk)
By analyzing the parental origin of chromosomes showing aneuploidy and comparing with the phenotype in HMs, we are identifying genomic regions likely to habour/not harbour imprinted genes relevant for early differentiation. (au.dk)
Whether a mouse is a good or bad parent can be traced back to imprinted genes in key neurons in the 'parenting hub' in the brain, according to a new study. (sciencedaily.com)
Whether a mouse is a good or bad parent can be traced back to imprinted genes in key neurons in the "parenting hub" in the brain, according to a new study by Anthony Isles of Cardiff University and colleagues, published October 19 in the journal PLOS Genetics. (sciencedaily.com)
With imprinted genes, however, only one copy is expressed, either the one inherited from the father or the mother. (sciencedaily.com)
To confirm that imprinted genes play a role in parenting, Isles' team used sequencing data from neurons in the parenting hub in the hypothalamus of mice. (sciencedaily.com)
They found that imprinted genes are especially common among the genes expressed in these cells, including Magel2, a novel imprinted gene that was not previously linked to parenting. (sciencedaily.com)
The authors add: "Our study demonstrates the importance of imprinted genes as a group in neural circuitry that controls parenting behavior in mammals. (sciencedaily.com)
These imprinted CGs form 55 discrete clusters including virtually all known germline differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and 23 previously unknown DMRs, with some occurring at microRNA genes. (psu.edu)
Several imprinted genes have been implicated in the process of placentation. (biomedcentral.com)
The distal region of mouse chromosome 7 (Chr 7) contains at least ten imprinted genes, several of which are expressed from the maternal homologue in the placenta. (biomedcentral.com)
The corresponding paternal alleles of these genes are silenced in cis by an incompletely understood mechanism involving the formation of a repressive nuclear compartment mediated by the long non-coding RNA Kcnq1ot1 initiated from imprinting centre 2 (IC2). (biomedcentral.com)
Imprinted expression of several of the IC2-regulated genes critical to placentation is also faithfully recapitulated in DelTel7/IC2KO placentae. (biomedcentral.com)
Taken together, our results demonstrate that all the distal chromosome 7 imprinted genes implicated in placental function are silenced by IC2 and Kcnq1ot1 on the paternal allele. (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic imprinting is the mechanism by which haploid maternal and paternal genomes carry different epigenetic marks, resulting in monoallelic transcription of a subset of genes which are expressed exclusively from either the maternal or paternal allele [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Variable allelic expression of imprinted genes at the Peg13, Trappc9, Ago2 cluster in single neural cells. (igred.fr)
8. Draw a diagram of how genomic imprinting theoretically works to turn on a cell s ability to read genes. (scienceteacherprogram.org)
However, for around one percent of our genes, only the gene inherited from the father or mother is active, while the other is deactivated, a phenomenon known as genomic imprinting. (mpg.de)
With this approach, they were able to link the most important epigenetic "off switches" with imprinted genes. (mpg.de)
Along with genomic imprinting that switches off individual genes, the researchers investigated another phenomenon. (mpg.de)
Note that the number of pseudogenes in the human genome (20,000 or so at the latest count, many of them crippled viral elements) is comparable to that of our functional genes - an impressive amount. (pandasthumb.org)
During preimplantation embryonic development, imprinting genes are susceptible to methylation changes by artificial manipulation, which may lead to developmental abnormalities. (ndltd.org)
While embryo supply is scarce and conventional epigenetic studies require embryos in vast amount, an assay was developed in this study to examine the methylation statuses of imprinting genes using DNA from single mouse blastocysts cultured in-vitro or exposed to EDs. (ndltd.org)
Promoter CpG methylation patterns of three imprinting genes, small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N (SNRPN), paternally expressed 3 (Peg3), and potassium voltage-gated channel 1 overlapping transcript 1 (Kcnq1ot1), were examined from genomic DNA of a single mouse blastocyst. (ndltd.org)

We sequenced the whole genome of each of these individuals - this means we could read every part of the genome to look for variation. (theconversation.com)
Prior studies paid at best lip service to the role of the environment, a perspective reified in the paradigm of gene-by-environment (G x E) interactions and its modern variants, such as genome-wide association studies, quantitative trait nucleotides, and whole-genome sequencing. (huffpost.com)
Further, HMs and HM-like conceptuses with diploid biparental genomes will be subjected to whole genome analysis of methylation. (au.dk)
Dr Kathie Grant is an internationally recognised expert in the field of foodborne pathogens with 30 years experience in clinical and public health microbiology and a research interest in exploiting whole genome sequencing (WGS) of bacterial pathogens to improve the understanding and control of foodborne bacterial illness. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Afterwards, the DNA was subjected to whole genome amplification (WGA). (ndltd.org)
We performed whole-genome sequencing ( Appendix ) and submitted all viral genome sequences to GISAID ( http://www.gisaid.org ) ( Appendix Table 1) ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)

While de novo DNA methylation modifies the information passed on by the parent to the progeny, it enables key epigenetic modifications essential for processes such as cellular differentiation and embryonic development, transcriptional regulation, heterochromatin formation, X-inactivation, imprinting and genome stability. (wikipedia.org)
The methylation of cytosine at the carbon-5 pubg battlegrounds script executor 5-methylcytosine is an epigenetic mark associated with the regulation of numerous cellular processes in the mammalian genome such as embryonic development, genomic imprinting, X chromosome inactivation, and preservation stability 1, 2, and aberrant patterns of DNA methylation have been implicated in various pathologies such as cancer. (hardwooddeal.com)

This phenomenon is known as genomic imprinting. (medlineplus.gov)
Hereditary diseases as well as cancers and cardiovascular diseases may be associated with a phenomenon known as genomic imprinting, in which only the maternally or paternally inherited gene is active. (mpg.de)

Therefore, the period around conception is potentially critical for influencing DNA methylation, including methylation at imprinted alleles and metastable epialleles (MEs), loci where methylation varies between individuals but is correlated across tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Partial imprinting occurs when alleles from both parents are differently expressed rather than complete expression and complete suppression of one parent's allele. (wikipedia.org)
An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for any given genomic location where such variation exists. (genome.gov)
Mann Whitney U test) in both parental alleles between a single genomic-amplified blastocyst and 20 non-amplified blastocysts, indicating no artifact was being introduced during the WGA procedure. (ndltd.org)

Additional information about epigenetics, including genomic imprinting is available from the Centre for Genetics Education. (medlineplus.gov)
His pioneering work in epigenetics and genomic imprinting has uncovered a vast territory in which a gene represents less of an inexorable sentence and more of an access point for the environment to modify the genome. (iscast.org)

On the molecular level, it is well known that CpG methylation leads to X-chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting, and suppression of transposable elements. (biomedcentral.com)
The imprinted region on distal mouse chromosome 7 (Chr 7) shares syntenic homology with human chromosome 11p15.5, a region associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Wilms tumor. (biomedcentral.com)
The necessity of an individual energetic X chromosome per diploid group of autosomes outcomes within an X chromosome to autosome percentage of just one 1:2 that can't be approximated within a haploid genome and causes immitigable dose results for haploid advancement in mammals (Shape? (molecularcircuit.com)
Genomic imprinting monoallelic X and expression chromosome dosage impose hereditary limits to haploid development in mammals. (molecularcircuit.com)
These observations claim that a diploid chromosome arranged is not Droxinostat needed for cell success and deviations from a normal diploid genome may be beneficial in tradition and tumors. (molecularcircuit.com)

DNA methylation is the most commonly studied epigenetic mark in humans, as it is well recognised as a stable, heritable mark that can affect genome function and influence gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
DNA methylation plays important roles in many processes like gene expression, genomic imprinting, repression of transposable elements, and gametogenesis. (usda.gov)
Nonetheless, epigenetic inheritance is evident at genomic imprints - regions of the genome that regulate the parental origin-specific gene expression that is important for pre and postnatal development, neurological processes and the control of metabolic resources. (cam.ac.uk)
Methylation of cytosine (5 mC) residues in CpG dinucleotides across the genome is an epigenetic modification that plays a pivotal role in the establishment of cellular identity by influencing gene expression during development [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results provide a resource for understanding the mechanisms of imprinting and allele-specific gene expression in mammalian cells. (psu.edu)
In Vitro Corticogenesis from Embryonic Stem Cells Recapitulates the In Vivo Epigenetic Control of Imprinted Gene Expression. (igred.fr)

We detected genomic regions that experienced DNA methylation alterations in sperm that were associated with aging and extreme fertility phenotypes (e.g., sire-conception rate, SCR). (usda.gov)

Parental genome is important to the extent that it can determine whether a gene is either homeostatically regulated or not, in response to sleep loss. (fpwr.org)
With these methods we will analyse the prognostic value of parental origin of the genome in these tumours. (au.dk)
These findings imply that the maternal and paternal genomes may differentially manipulate parental care for their own ends, and thus shaping the evolution of parenting behavior in mammals. (sciencedaily.com)
Genomic imprinting: parental influence on the genome. (spiritualemergence.org.au)
Differential methylation of the two parental genomes in placental mammals is essential for genomic imprinting and embryogenesis. (psu.edu)

That imprinting might be a feature of mammalian development was suggested in breeding experiments in mice carrying reciprocal chromosomal translocations. (wikipedia.org)

An intriguing study surveying the transcriptome of murine brain tissues revealed over 1300 imprinted gene loci (approximately 10-fold more than previously reported) by RNA-sequencing from F1 hybrids resulting from reciprocal crosses. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, bioinformatic screening of the resulting methylation datasets identified over sixty loci with methylation profiles consistent with imprinting in the placenta, of which we confirm 22 as novel maternally methylated loci. (nih.gov)
however, little is known about the kinetics of methylation gain genome wide and the reasons for asynchrony in methylation at imprinted loci. (biomedcentral.com)

Genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy are factors that influence how some genetic conditions are inherited. (medlineplus.gov)
Several genetic disorders can result from UPD or a disruption of normal genomic imprinting. (medlineplus.gov)
The National Human Genome Research Institute provides a definition of genetic imprinting in its Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms. (medlineplus.gov)
A human genome refers to the complete set of genetic information found in a human cell. (theconversation.com)
Studying the variations in different people's genomes gives important clues to how genetic information influences people's appearance and health. (theconversation.com)
Studying African genomes not only fills a gap in the current understanding of human genetic variation, but also reveals new insights into the history of African populations. (theconversation.com)
This study contributes a major, new source of African genomic data, which showcases the complex and vast diversity of African genetic variation. (theconversation.com)
In this review we define the field of occupational and environmental health (OEH) research as the study of interactions between the following domains: environment (the exposome), 4 individual (genetic) susceptibility (the (epi)genome), and biological outcomes (the responsome) 5 ( figure 1 ). (bmj.com)
Our studies have provided novel insights into the epigenetic control of the repeat genome, the contribution of epigenetically modulated repeats to genome function, and the mechanisms of non-genetic inheritance of phenotypes across generations. (cam.ac.uk)
Many genetic and epigenetic diseases are associated with genomic imprinting, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Angelman syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome," explains Daniel Andergassen, the head of the Independent Junior Research Group at the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology at TUM. (mpg.de)
In genomic imprinting, either the "packaging" of the genetic material or the DNA itself is chemically modified. (mpg.de)
prevention by elucidating the molecular etiology and prevention), using in vitro mechanisms by which genetic and models and state-of-the-art approaches The expected outcome of these studies epigenetic alterations alter critical including (epi)genome-wide screens is the opening up of an opportunity molecular pathways and promote cancer and functional genomics. (who.int)

However, the need for the maternal genome for development to term is not yet unequivocally established. (nature.com)
Our combined results indicate that while the paternal genome is essential for the normal development of extraembryonic tissues, the maternal genome may be essential for some stages of embryogenesis. (nature.com)
Nucleus transplantation experiments in mouse zygotes in the early 1980s confirmed that normal development requires the contribution of both the maternal and paternal genomes. (wikipedia.org)
The vast majority of mouse embryos derived from parthenogenesis (called parthenogenones, with two maternal or egg genomes) and androgenesis (called androgenones, with two paternal or sperm genomes) die at or before the blastocyst/implantation stage. (wikipedia.org)
However, in 2004, experimental manipulation by Japanese researchers of a paternal methylation imprint controlling the Igf2 gene led to the birth of a mouse (named Kaguya) with two maternal sets of chromosomes, though it is not a true parthenogenone since cells from two different female mice were used. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers were able to succeed by using one egg from an immature parent, thus reducing maternal imprinting, and modifying it to express the gene Igf2, which is normally only expressed by the paternal copy of the gene. (wikipedia.org)
These epigenotypes are consistent with NLRP7 being a maternal-effect gene and involved in imprint acquisition in the oocyte. (nih.gov)
These observations strongly suggest that the molar phenotypes are due to defective placenta-specific imprinting and over-expression of paternally expressed transcripts, highlighting that maternal-effect mutations of NLRP7 are associated with the most severe form of multi-locus imprinting defects in humans. (nih.gov)

In mice, there is some evidence that an unusual phenomenon in mammals called genomic imprinting impacts parenting behavior. (sciencedaily.com)
Birds and mammals are born with a pre-programmed drive to imprint onto their mother. (spiritualemergence.org.au)

In the present study we provide a comprehensive, genome-wide map of de novo DNA methylation changes in ALL cells at diagnosis and relapse by interrogating the methylation levels of 435,941 CpG sites distributed genome-wide in a large collection of pediatric ALL cells of diverse cytogenetic backgrounds. (biomedcentral.com)

In diploid organisms (like humans), the somatic cells possess two copies of the genome, one inherited from the father and one from the mother. (wikipedia.org)
Selection means that when individuals are exposed to environmental factors like a viral infection, or a drastic new dietary component, some gene variants may confer an added adaptive advantage to the humans that bear them in their genome. (theconversation.com)
For example, a wolf that imprints on humans may become aggressive and difficult to manage as an adult. (spiritualemergence.org.au)
Ewan's main areas of research include functional genomics, DNA algorithms, statistical methods to analyse genomic information (in particular information associated with individual differences in humans and Medaka fish) and use of images for chromatin structure. (nottingham.ac.uk)

To systematically study this epigenetic process, we have generated a base-resolution, allele-specific DNA methylation (ASM) map in the mouse genome. (psu.edu)

We divide the field of genomics into genotyping (focused on the genome sequence), transcriptomics (focused on genomic expression) and epigenomics (focused on epigenetic regulation of genome expression). (bmj.com)
This study was funded in part by grants from the Krembil Seed Development Fund (C.L.B.), an Applied Biosystems (Life Technologies) 10K Genome Award (C.L.B.), and funding from the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (B.R.), the NIH Epigenomics Roadmap Project U01ES017166 (B.R.), and the National Human Genome Research Institute R01 HG003991 (B.R. (psu.edu)

Here we review the recent literature on haploid genomes and dosage effects and try to embed recent findings in an evolutionary perspective. (molecularcircuit.com)
Lack of chromosomes is apparently the principal event in near haploid severe lymphoid leukemia and correlates with poor prognosis [44 Droxinostat 53 Haploid karyotypes in tumors are not fully intact and often contain diploid genomic regions and chromosomal rearrangements [54]. (molecularcircuit.com)

1 Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain. (nih.gov)
1 The idea that the field of molecular biology needed to move from studying isolated biological molecules towards a broad analysis of large sets of biological molecules was underscored with the completion of the human genome project (HGP) in 2001. (bmj.com)
Recent epigenetic studies suggest that genomic imprinting is crucial in the biology of sleep. (fpwr.org)

19 Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. (nih.gov)

Nevertheless, in 2018 genome editing allowed for bipaternal and viable bimaternal mouse and even (in 2022) parthenogenesis, still this is far from full reimprinting. (wikipedia.org)

These epigenetic marks are established ("imprinted") in the germline (sperm or egg cells) of the parents and are maintained through mitotic cell divisions in the somatic cells of an organism. (wikipedia.org)

Mechanisms regulating epigenetic inheritance at imprints will be discussed. (cam.ac.uk)
Sleep is a physiological process that is governed by homeostatic and circadian mechanisms, and here we review evidence that both mechanisms are influenced by imprinted regulatory processes. (fpwr.org)
It has become clear in recent years that genomic imprinting is mediated by multiple molecular mechanisms. (mpg.de)
Meissner and Andergassen, who at the beginning of the study where still conducting the research at Harvard University (USA) along with Zachary Smith, used mice to investigate which epigenetic mechanisms were behind the imprinting. (mpg.de)

The network began genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 lineages affecting healthcare workers (HCWs) and inpatients in Brazil in November 2022. (cdc.gov)

Human diseases involving genomic imprinting include Angelman, Prader-Willi, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes. (wikipedia.org)

3 However it is unlikely that haploidy is a requirement for loss Droxinostat of tumor suppressor activity since Droxinostat this could also be achieved by selective loss of few chromosomes and maintenance of a largely diploid genome. (molecularcircuit.com)

The results show the potential for fully rescuing trans placental abnormalities that are caused by imprinting defects. (biomedcentral.com)

Eukaryotic RNA transcripts can undergo a range of post-transcriptional modifications, which increase the diversity of the transcriptome without requiring increases in genome size. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, we generated genome-wide methylation and transcriptome maps of size-selected, growing oocytes to capture the onset and progression of methylation. (biomedcentral.com)

We demonstrated that genomic regions gained methylation rather than those lost methylation during aging and in animals with low-SCR were significantly and selectively enriched for GWAS signals of male fertility traits. (usda.gov)
The CpG sites that constituted these two signatures differed in their functional genomic enrichment to regions with marks of active or repressed chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)

The lab setting allowed the researchers complete control of the environment to study imprinting in mallard ducklings. (spiritualemergence.org.au)

However no systematic analyses for imprinting defects have been reported. (nih.gov)

This study provides a comprehensive genome-wide resource for the functional exploration of molecular, cellular, and epigenetic regulation at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy. (lu.se)
Unexpectedly, it was my training in music theory that guided me to notice, in reams of genome sequence data, myriad classes of sequence motifs that connected functional gene batteries. (mskcc.org)

Here, we present the genome-wide methylation profiles of both spontaneous androgenetic and biparental NLRP7 defective molar tissues. (nih.gov)

We find parent-of-origin dependent (imprinted) ASM at 1,952 CG dinucleotides. (psu.edu)

Results: Here, we investigated the relationships between sperm DNA methylation and male fertility in cattle by integrating large-scale (n = 27,214) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 35 complex traits (including 12 male fertility traits) and sperm DNA methylation. (usda.gov)

The new findings show that genomic imprinting plays an important role in controlling parenting behavior in mice. (sciencedaily.com)

He is also the recipient of a 2017 Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship and is working on a new book on genome editing. (nottingham.ac.uk)

The OMICS field ranges from genomics (focused on the genome) to proteomics (focused on large sets of proteins, the proteome) and metabolomics (focused on large sets of small molecules, the metabolome). (bmj.com)

Background ZNF597 , encoding a zinc-finger protein, is the human-specific maternally expressed imprinted gene located on 16p13.3. (bmj.com)
Our data has shown that we have not yet found all the variation in the human genome. (theconversation.com)
Ducklings are especially susceptible to human imprinting our rehabilitators take very careful measures when theyre in our care to ensure they grow up with wild instincts necessary for survival in the wild after theyre released. (spiritualemergence.org.au)
In 2015, he joined the National Human Genome Research Institute as a founding member of the Genome Informatics Section. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Ewan led the analysis of the Human Genome gene set, mouse and chicken genomes and the ENCODE project, focusing on non-coding elements of the human genome. (nottingham.ac.uk)
The glossary features nearly 250 terms explained in an easy-to-understand way by leading scientists and professionals at the National Human Genome Research Institute. (genome.gov)

Now, one of the recurrent claims of Intelligent Design is that most if not all of the features of any organism, including its entire genome, should somehow be useful. (pandasthumb.org)

Two copies of each gene are therefore present in our genome and, as a general rule, both are active. (mpg.de)

An allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location. (genome.gov)

Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period shortly after hatching, corresponding to a time when the chicks are near the nest and unlikely to encounter adults other than their parents. (spiritualemergence.org.au)

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