Important proportional representation political systems. Medical search. Frequent questions

Currently, 107 nations use some form of proportional representation voting to elect their government officials. (fairvote.org)
Mark E. Rush and Richard L. Engstrom, both of whom have headed the Section on Representation and Electoral Systems of the American Political Science Association, discuss the promises and pitfalls of converting from the traditional single-member district to some form of proportional representation. (fairvote.org)

from Greek ψῆφος, psephos, 'pebble') is the "quantitative analysis of elections and balloting", a technique within the branch of political science known as political methodology. (wikipedia.org)
Psephology attempts to explain elections using the scientific method and is related to political forecasting. (wikipedia.org)
Psephology is a division of political science that deals with the examination as well as the statistical analysis of elections and polls. (wikipedia.org)
Psephos' Dr. Adam Carr's Elections Archive International IDEA - International Organisation providing (amongst other things) statistical analysis of elections and electoral systems ACE Project - Information resource for electoral design and administration. (wikipedia.org)
Popular movement organizations say the drastic changes are intended to insulate Bukele against the possibility that waning support could have a negative impact for his political party in the upcoming legislative elections scheduled for February 2024 and municipal elections scheduled for March 2024. (cispes.org)
Though less visible in the international press, these drastic reforms represent a profound and troubling threat to the Salvadoran electoral system , adding to serious questions being raised by grassroots organizations as to whether free and fair elections are even possible at this point. (cispes.org)
In other words, he and his supporters, the so-called party of power, were able to erode the link between elections and genuine political competition. (ditext.com)
Equally important, the shift to a full proportional representation system for parliamentary elections will likely make that institution more effective. (ditext.com)
The United States uses a winner-takes-all system for elections to the House of Representatives. (encyclopedia.com)
The most profound expression of an individual's political preferences is the vote, and regular elections are the hallmark of democracy. (wwnorton.com)
Among the numerous ways that the American electorate seeks to hold its agents accountable is through a system of competitive elections, as competition creates strong incentives for politicians to be faithful and effective agents. (wwnorton.com)
Besides the strong position of Babiš's ANO party - the acronym means "yes" in Czech -, the continued fragmentation of the Czech political spectrum is one of the most important outcomes of this election, with as many as nine political parties in the new parliament (up from seven in the 2013 elections and from five in 2010). (dgap.org)
London would have three or four Green MPs - the number of Green Assembly members it could see next year, under the Additional Member System used for these proportional elections, which have never seen fewer than two Greens on the Assembly since its creation. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
By contrast, in Scotland, elections are held through the proportional Single Transferable Vote method - and deliver fair results. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
Of course, when thinking about proportional representation (PR), it is easy to compare its advantages over the single-member plurality (SMP) elections due to the fact that " it wastes fewer votes, creates more accurate representation of parties, encourages higher voter turnout, and so on " (Douglas J. Amy, 2002). (tigraionline.com)
Above all, in my opinion, adopting PR is not simply about making elections fairer or even about encouraging better representation-it is ultimately about creating a better democracy . (tigraionline.com)
The last four elections have seen no controversies about rules, despite the overwrought warnings of political elites. (politico.com)
The 2011 uprising marked the beginning of multiparty competition in Tunisia-the country had a de jure multiparty system since 1987, but the government party, the Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique (RCD) dominated all elections, banning potential competitors like the Islamist Ennahda Party. (wilsoncenter.org)
However, after the 2019 elections, the assembly elected as speaker Rached Ghannouchi, the head of Ennahda and one of the major political figures in the country, creating a third center of power, causing more tensions. (wilsoncenter.org)
He is the author of two books, Populism and Patronage: Why Populists Win Elections in India, Asia, and Beyond (Oxford University Press, 2017), which won the American Political Science Association's 2018 Robert A. Dahl Award, and Populism in Southeast Asia (Cambridge University Press, 2019). (dokumen.pub)
Even Brittan uses PR to elect its representatives to the European parliament, and is currently reviewing whether to implement a similar system for its own parliamentary elections. (fairvote.org)
With Canada headed towards implementing a system of PR for regional and national elections, the U.S. will soon be the only developed nation in the world committed to denying full representation to its citizens. (fairvote.org)
Political violence is slowly becoming endemic in our body politic especially with our intermittent return to the polls for local council and parliamentary bye elections. (critiqueecho.com)
The PR list system will all but minimize this growing threat as there will be no need for bye elections under that dispensation, as the next man on the list will automatically enter Parliament or Council with the death, resignation or incapacity of an incumbent. (critiqueecho.com)
Also, the PR system is far less expensive to maintain as the financial challenges of funding bye elections by Government and the campaign rallies and getting out the vote tours by political parties are completely dispensed with. (critiqueecho.com)
This is made possible because it is easily practicable and far more likely to ensure the 30% quota under the list system than it is for our women folk to win primaries and parliamentary or local council elections under the 'first past the post' electoral system we currently practice. (critiqueecho.com)
In an argument made all the more pertinent in the wake of the 2000 election crisis, the authors propose making election outcomes represent all Americans through proportional representation.Winner-take-all elections are used in the vast majority of American elections, leaving those who voted for losing candidates without representation in government, and too often disillusioned with politics. (fairvote.org)
The authors also examine the shortcomings of the existing methods of elections (such as gerrymandering, low turnout, voter apathy, and underrepresentation of minorities and women) and investigate the extent to which proportional representation adheres to the Founders' vision of representation. (fairvote.org)
The SNP support a system of Proportional representation in UK elections, even though the SNP would lose seats, as democracy is more important that a single party's electoral success. (stewartmcdonald.scot)
Unfortunately, democracy is not more important than party success for the Tories, which are undermining future elections to push the scales in their favour. (stewartmcdonald.scot)
The Indian constitution adopts the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system of elections, otherwise known as simple majority where a candidate with the most number of votes from a constituency wins the seat. (jatinverma.org)
This system is used in India in direct elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. (jatinverma.org)
This includes alternative vote/instant runoff voting (used in Australia, Ireland and India) and mixed-member proportional representation (used in New Zealand, Bolivia, Germany's Bundestag and several state elections). (troymedia.com)

For instance, the Gallagher Index measures the amount of proportional representation in an election. (wikipedia.org)
Nepal's political leaders need to respond to these expectations by holding a credible election for the constituent assembly on April 10, 2008. (cartercenter.org)
At the same time, Madhesis should recognize that the constituent assembly election offers them unprecedented access to political power. (cartercenter.org)
At election time, the seats in each district would be divided in proportion to the number of votes each political party received in that district. (encyclopedia.com)
The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election , an atypical outcome in nations with majoritarian electoral systems , but common under proportional representation . (alquds.edu)
By not designing a fair ballot and by holding the referendum by mail during a non-provincial election year, the government has made it extremely difficult to claim that they have the authority to proceed with changing British Columbia's voting system. (fraserinstitute.org)
In his book "What I dream of when I happen to sleep," broadly distributed as part of his election campaign, Babiš presents far-reaching suggestions for changing the Czech political system: dissolving the upper chamber of Parliament, halving the number of MPs in the lower chamber, changing electoral law from proportional and regional to majoritarian/single district representation. (dgap.org)
On Monday I joined Green Party deputy leader Amelia Womack and representatives from four other parties in presenting to David Cameron two petitions with more than 350,000 signatures calling for reform of the electoral system that caused the most disproportional result from a Westminster election ever. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
As Kathleen Barber (2000) has explained: "Election systems in the United States and around the world are focal points for discussion of democracy, its meaning, and its practice in a fast-changing world. (tigraionline.com)
In the United States, our Winner-Take-All (WTA) election system ensures that democratic representation is little more than a myth. (fairvote.org)
Our election system has also exacerbated a number of problems associated with two-party control including corporate financed campaigns, gerrymandered party districts, low voter turnout, and under representation of women and minorities in office. (fairvote.org)
Two experts on political representation, voting rights, and the election process debate representation and minority rights, one the most pertinent issues of electoral reform. (fairvote.org)
And I said that Frau Merkel was certain to win the election, but what would be important to watch would be the respective strengths of the losing parties: my questioner's chum was voting Merkel because he feared the rise of the "far right" - ie, AfD, Alternative für Deutschland - but I suggested that AfD would do better than expected. (steynonline.com)
However, Labour have ruled out any electoral change should they win the next UK General Election, meaning that proportional representation is extremely unlikely to be delivered at Westmisnter. (stewartmcdonald.scot)
The author finds, however, that election systems also affect perceptions of government responsiveness, but the relationship is highly contingent on the degree of ethnic diversity in a society. (uct.ac.za)
Ninety days prior to an election, a legally recognized political party must register its candidates for Congress with the TSE. (country-studies.com)

I believe these are valuable features of this voting system, but it is important to emphasize its relevance in transforming the electoral system in the country. (tigraionline.com)

Beyond reducing the headcount in the legislature, the reform eliminates the assignment of legislative seats based on the "largest remainder" method for calculating proportional representation, which favors the participation of smaller parties. (cispes.org)
PR system on the other hand encourages inclusivity by offering smaller political parties and groupings a better chance to be represented in both the legislature and local councils. (critiqueecho.com)
Unless the threshold is unduly high, or the district magnitude is unusually low, then any political party with even a small percentage of the vote can gain representation in the legislature. (jatinverma.org)
There are no popular thresholds to be met for party representation in a legislature, either. (troymedia.com)

This will require a hurried electoral code reform to match, and experts argue the measure may still violate the constitution, which mandates proportional legislative representation. (cispes.org)
It is equally important to ensure that the key issues contained in the Address receive timely legislative support. (kremlin.ru)
Under this system, the states are carved into 435 legislative districts. (encyclopedia.com)
The Seanad is vitally important in the legislative framework of the Constitution. (kildarestreet.com)
For Legislative bodies, like the U.S. Congress, State Senate, and the Assembly, Proportional Representation (PR) is clearly superior to our single-district winner-take all voting system. (fairvote.org)
Under a PR voting system, if a party gets 10% of the vote for a legislative body, they would get 10% of the seats. (fairvote.org)
During that period, our nation's politics attracted people from all walks of life with divergent backgrounds who collectively made our Parliament most vibrant and effective in the discharge of its legislative and over-sight functions with political violence at its most minimal since independence. (critiqueecho.com)
The goal of the citizens' chamber is to enable citizens to directly participate in legislative processes, to deal with controversial topics, to include the many different perspectives of citizens, while most day-to-day political negotiations would still be dealt with by the elected parliament. (spotify.com)

Our more than 1.1million votes would, under a proportional system, have delivered 24 seats. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
The problems with our political system go deeper than the electoral system, but certainly a significant number of those non-voters feel that, living in "safe seats", it's not worth their bother voting, and it is easy to understand their position. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
Opponents of reform often claim that other systems are "too complex" for voters to understand, but Scottish, Welsh and London voters are managing perfectly well - and what could be simpler or clearer than a system where if you get 10% of the votes, you get 10% of the seats in parliament? (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
Because of this [current] electoral system 51 percent of votes is enough to win all the seats. (tigraionline.com)
Proportional representation (PR) is a term often used to describe a range of electoral systems whereby the distribution of seats closely corresponds with the proportion of the total votes cast for each party or individual candidate. (critiqueecho.com)
Moving to proportional representation (PR) System in Sierra Leone would bode well for cohesion and inclusivity as it would once again give minority parties and independent candidates a better chance of winning seats in parliament and local councils. (critiqueecho.com)
Overall the revised boundaries help the Conservatives, by equalising the size of seats throughout the country, but that may not be enough to get a majority for the new system. (nationalworld.com)
If a party gets 40% of the total votes, for example, a perfectly proportional system would allow it to get 40% of the seats. (jatinverma.org)
Using a proportional representation system , one-half of Germany's parliamentary seats are divided according to the portion of the votes won by each party and the other half are distributed on the basis of a "winner takes all" system. (papermasters.com)
The state constitution, among other things, determines how the seats in the state government are assigned to political parties, with most states having a system of proportional representation based on the number of delegates in the state parliament in place. (wikipedia.org)

While the first question is straightforward, the second question that asks voters to rank three systems, of which two have never been used, has its own problems of legitimacy. (fraserinstitute.org)
This is simply because it's the only electoral system that voters knew worked in practice. (fraserinstitute.org)
We conduct an experimental online vignette study with a German sample to investigate how voters' acceptance of a political decision depends on the process through which it is reached. (springer.com)
As voters are unable to invest sufficient resources in gathering and processing political information, deciding which party offers is closest to one's ideal point in policy space position seems more efficient. (springer.com)
It is the difficulty of reconciling the proportional representation of political parties with the representation of "us", the voters, in a system which can be described properly as a representative democracy. (opendemocracy.net)
Just one in seven voters feel well served by the UK's political system, Left Foot Forward can exclusively reveal. (leftfootforward.org)
A proportional electoral system had the strongest backing among 2019 Lib Dem voters, 48 per cent of whom picked it as one of their top two reforms. (leftfootforward.org)
Each chapter explains how the electoral system really works in the given country, examining the strategic incentives the system provides to voters, candidates, and parties. (lse.ac.uk)
The PR system offers positive alternatives to the 'first past the post' and other majoritarian voting systems that tend to produce disproportionate conclusions that fail to represent the will of some voters with a bias in favour of larger political parties. (critiqueecho.com)
Under the PR system on the other hand fewer votes are wasted as more people's preference are taken into account and PR potentially offers greater and more representative choice for voters. (critiqueecho.com)
It's simple to understand.In a political environment, FPTP enables voters to clearly express a view on which party they think should form the next government. (jatinverma.org)
It is well known that although majoritarian electoral systems emphasize the directness and clarity of the connection between voters and policy makers, proportional representation systems facilitate the representation of all factions in society. (uct.ac.za)

This is a basic principle of democracy and all of Nepal's political parties should publicly and repeatedly express their commitment to uphold it. (cartercenter.org)
3. another important problem with our democracy: voter apathy. (usingenglish.com)
In a multiparty democracy first-past-the-post, a failed system for decades, is clearly comprehensively out of date. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
This is a campaign that needs to be high-profile, vocal, and led by civil society actors like the Electoral Reform Society and Unlock Democracy, with the backing of everyone who understands the need for real change in our failed political system. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
Proportional Representation and Democracy: the Case of would be Ethiopian Electoral System? (tigraionline.com)
Based on the above statements, I thought it is timely to reflect on the point if one could really envisage the enhancement of democracy through the current introduction of proportional representation (PR) in our electoral system. (tigraionline.com)
In this sense, "proportional representation (PR) and single-member plurality (SMP) systems represent not only different kinds of voting systems, but also different visions of politics-different visions of who should have power in a democracy and how it should be wielded" (Douglas J. Amy, 2002). (tigraionline.com)
However, with regard to democracy a different set of political questions is being raised-what kind of democracy is best? (tigraionline.com)
And electoral systems have become part of this discussion about how to make democracy work better. (tigraionline.com)
In many countries, citizens and politicians have begun to take a critical look at their voting systems and consider how they affect the quality of democracy in those nations. (tigraionline.com)
Accordingly, they all argue that proportional representation (PR) encourages a different and better kind of democracy (Douglas J. Amy, 2002). (tigraionline.com)
Our results imply that a combination of representative democracy and direct democracy, conditional on the distribution of issue importance among the electorate, may be optimal with regard to acceptance of political decisions. (springer.com)
The latter, which goes with "independence", but can admit a degree of un-whipped allegiance to or sympathy with a political stance, admits the possibility of a more fruitful and pluralist form of representative democracy with electors being seen as full citizens with a voice and opinions and not just as members of a constituency. (opendemocracy.net)
Of course, no true democracy can accept a system which is entirely party-based. (opendemocracy.net)
In their letter, Unlock Democracy and Compass set out a series of reforms to the political system they believe would deliver this. (leftfootforward.org)
NIRANJAN SAHOO is a senior fellow in the Governance and Politics Initiative at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, where he anchors studies on democracy, human rights, political inclusion, federalism, and political funding. (dokumen.pub)
Violence, ethnic and tribal sentiments and exclusive politics has dominated and negatively distracted our politics and democracy since the reintroduction of the 'winner takes all' electoral system of choosing the candidate with the highest number of votes to represent us in Local Councils and Parliament in 2004 and 2007 respectively. (critiqueecho.com)
An independent Scotland would enshrine proportional democracy, rule of law, transparency, judicial independence, far reaching social political and economic rights, and more in its constitution. (stewartmcdonald.scot)
This is how Britain's "winner takes all" electoral system has hollowed out democracy. (nationalworld.com)

News of Bukele's official candidacy came on the heels of a series of shocking reforms that have entirely redrawn the country's electoral map and system of representational government. (cispes.org)
the Government is ready to reform the country's electoral law to place proportional representation and a majority system on an equal and balanced footing after detailed negotiations between political parties with a view to make the voices of the people heard in both chambers of the Parliament" (FDRE Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2016). (tigraionline.com)

Friend the Member for Maidstone and The Weald said, there would have been an expectation that, using the exception provided in the legislation for political parties from the application of sex discrimination legislation, political parties would, if anything, have been more active in pursuing positive discrimination and more successful in achieving the entry of women into Parliament than was the case for some of the other professions. (parliament.uk)
The winner-takes-all system makes it almost impossible for people to be elected unless they are members of the two major political parties, the Republicans or Democrats. (encyclopedia.com)
The fact that less than half the population has exercised its franchise means that those most in favour of change are the political parties themselves-not the public at large. (fraserinstitute.org)
The collapse of the political center and the surge of the protest vote have benefited new parties. (dgap.org)
Babiš himself is a bundle of contradictions: A self-proclaimed anti-establishment leader and anti-corruption crusader, he profited from the 'old system' of mainstream parties, is the second-richest Czech businessman and a media mogul, and was until recently also the country's finance minister. (dgap.org)
Others were disturbed by the tone of the campaign, and said they had voted tactically, to keep the far right out of power, or for parties they trusted to fight for causes they cared about, irrespective of the current political climate. (ktnv.com)
The splintered political landscape in the Netherlands -- there were 28 parties on the ballot -- and the country's system of proportional representation mean coalition government is the norm. (ktnv.com)
On the one hand, as Montesquieu suggests, because private individuals may not possess the time or have the incentives necessary to become well-informed regarding the full range of political problems (Downs 1957 ), they delegate this task to representatives-political parties and their candidates. (springer.com)
From this perspective, representation by political parties is functional because it facilitates specialization and the division of labor. (springer.com)
In setting the scene Gordon remarks " - our current political system consists of, in essence, a struggle for power between the two main parties. (opendemocracy.net)
If "we the people" rebelled against party rule, made that theory a reality, and elected a substantial number of such candidates, it would have a profound effect on the power struggle that Gordon describes and, in particular, would make discussion of proportional representation of parties an exercise in dry swimming. (opendemocracy.net)
Arguably, any constitutional settlement must keep this possibility alive if only to keep the political parties honest. (opendemocracy.net)
After the 2011 uprisings, new political parties developed quickly. (wilsoncenter.org)
The role of parties needs to be understood in the framework of the formal system created by the constitution. (wilsoncenter.org)
In 2013, however, the parties lost their influence on the political process, ceding the initiative to civil society organizations, and they never fully re-established it. (wilsoncenter.org)
Political parties played an important role at the beginning of the transition. (wilsoncenter.org)
The quartet was a self-appointed, non-representative organization, but the political parties were at a loss, so they acquiesced. (wilsoncenter.org)
and the political consequences of the current system (the impact on the party system, the internal life of parties, and the impact on parliament and government formation). (lse.ac.uk)
With voter turnout continuing to fall and the two major parties morphing more and more into a single entity, now is the time for disenfranchised citizens from all across the political spectrum to unite. (fairvote.org)
Independent of the oppositional and confrontational nature of Westminster, Scotland will be able to foster a cooperative and collaborative system of governance, which the SNP in Government have always strived for, passing legislation with opposition parties as much as possible. (stewartmcdonald.scot)
The answer is obvious to all but the two main political parties at Westminster. (nationalworld.com)
Prolonged use of FPTP means Britain is artificially divided, with whole regions becoming 'electoral deserts' where parties have real support but no representation (including Scotland). (nationalworld.com)
The FPTP system tends to magnify the seat share of the party with the largest vote share , while parties receiving a lower vote share tend to get a much lower seat share. (jatinverma.org)
Facilitate minority parties' access to representation. (jatinverma.org)
Frustration with all political parties. (troymedia.com)
That's why Canada's two main parties, the Liberals and Conservatives, have historically favoured a majoritarian electoral system while the NDP, Greens and smaller parties haven't. (troymedia.com)
It's also important to keep in mind that the four political parties that have governed Ontario - PCs, Liberals, NDP and now-defunct United Farmers of Ontario - were all elected under FPTP. (troymedia.com)
National and provincial deputies must be Ecuadorian by birth, in full possession of the rights of citizenship, and affiliated with one of the political parties legally recognized by the TSE. (country-studies.com)
Within this system, more parties are represented in Germany's parliamentary and thus more voices are heard in policy decision making efforts. (papermasters.com)

Also, the current 'first past the post' electoral system is most unrepresentative of the votes cast as candidates can be elected with a very small share of the votes while all other votes cast in the constituency or ward are wasted and unrepresented. (critiqueecho.com)

Electoral reform can seem to be a rather technical subject, hardly a popular cause that is likely to get hundreds of thousands out on the streets, but it is clear that our current system is not working at Westminster nor local council level. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
In recent years many countries have changed their electoral systems, either entirely or in part so there is a strong focus on the processes of electoral reform, both historically and prospectively. (lse.ac.uk)
The book will be of interest to those concerned with the practical political business of electoral reform. (lse.ac.uk)

Cross-sectional time-series data from fourteen stock markets, from 1973 to 1996, are used to study how political institutions compare in affecting party governments' incentives to enrich one group of industries at the expense of another. (cambridge.org)
We expect to see the party participate actively in pension system reform. (kremlin.ru)
Adoption of the plurality system in single-member districts also explains why America has a two-party system. (wwnorton.com)
People do not expect us to be as party political as we were in the other House. (kildarestreet.com)
If the House has a definite function in our Constitution to review legislation, we must not be as party political as we were in the other House. (kildarestreet.com)
For one thing, it has been shown that traditional systems of democratic representation may actually lead to a "party paradox" (Towfigh 2015 ). (springer.com)
There's a developing consensus among the elite that the GOP's winner-take-all nominating system is somehow superior to the proportional representation process that the Democratic Party uses. (politico.com)
This conventional wisdom boils down to a sense that coming to a quick conclusion about a party nominee is always a boon, while a long primary process is supposed to be a detriment to a political party. (politico.com)
Between the time of those rules changes and this year, there were four of the fairest, smoothest, most successful primaries the Democratic Party has held since the backroom party boss system was broken apart in the late 1960s. (politico.com)
Proportional representation is particularly important when the party base is multiracial and multicultural, and holds up fairness and equality as basic principles. (politico.com)
Just imagine the disruption and racial tension within the Democratic Party, for instance, if Hillary Clinton had won several hundred more delegates in a winner-take-all system in California with only a 9 percentage point victory. (politico.com)
Those who remember their party history know that winner-take-all states were concentrated in the industrial belt, a system that literally begged for long-standing racial tensions to be played out through disagreements about the rules. (politico.com)
There is an important difference between voting for a candidate put up by a party because you believe that his or her party, in power, will serve you best and voting for a candidate because you believe that he or she will represent you, as an individual, best. (opendemocracy.net)
The former, which goes with the party system, justifies whipping and a pragmatic approach to the keeping of manifesto promises, with "representation" of electors being confined to constituency matters. (opendemocracy.net)
In a narrow sense, that is right but, by definition, it locks us into a party-based system and forces "independents" to band together in a "party" of some kind if they are to have both potency and constitutional legitimacy. (opendemocracy.net)
They call for the Labour Party to include a "programme of necessary democratic reforms" in its next manifesto, including a proportional voting system, reform of the House of Lords, and mechanisms to tackle sleaze and cronyism in Westminster. (leftfootforward.org)
A new party could be registered easily, and the lack of a minimum vote threshold in the proportional representation system encouraged endless proliferation. (wilsoncenter.org)
Proportional representation would give all people a voice and end the days when a party can get 43% of the vote and rule with absolute control. (stewartmcdonald.scot)
The party that's so unhappy with a 20-year-old boundary map, is entirely unperturbed by a more than 200-year-old first past the post voting system. (nationalworld.com)
Some say that this situation is a consequence of the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system , where a party with the highest votes gets the seat even if it doesn't win a majority. (jatinverma.org)
And post-2014, there was the emergence of a second dominant party system. (jatinverma.org)
Duverger, a French political scientist, argued that the FPTP system tends to bring about a two-party system at the constituency level. (jatinverma.org)
Nazi Germany - Nazi Germany research papers examine the Nazi Party after World War I and the social and political devastation that overtook the German people due to Hitler. (papermasters.com)

How do the institutional features of the American electoral process affect political outcomes? (wwnorton.com)
The structure of the ballot is a key institutional feature of the electoral system that affects outcomes. (wwnorton.com)
How can individual's preferences be mapped into political outcomes that are broadly acceptable to the constituents who must comply with collective choices? (springer.com)
We estimated 1) the cumulative post-discharge incidence of death and other outcomes up to a year after surgery and 2) the adjusted time-varying associations between post-discharge death and pre-discharge complications including myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, major bleeding, sepsis, infection without sepsis, stroke, congestive heart failure, clinically important atrial fibrillation or flutter, amputation, venous thromboembolism, and acute kidney injury managed with dialysis. (bvsalud.org)

The Constitution gives Congress important powers in legislation and in political and judicial control. (country-studies.com)

By changing to a proportional representative system of voting, government accountability would be greatly enhanced, as would the opportunity for greater representation of all U.S. citizens. (fairvote.org)
This is a more complicated but representative system than the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system, which is used in India. (jatinverma.org)

If we are serious about the issue of Seanad reform, it is important to show consensus. (kildarestreet.com)
"We [his government] want to reform the electoral system so the voices of those who are not represented can also be heard in parliament" (Agence France Press (AFP), 2016). (tigraionline.com)

America's most common electoral devices, like the single-member district and the electoral college, place a premium not only on how many votes a candidate receives, but also on how many votes he or she receives in a specific geographic area, thus making seat apportionment and redistricting critically important political processes. (wwnorton.com)

By pitting a known electoral system, mixed member proportional (MMP), against two theoretical systems, rural urban proportional (RUP), and dual member proportional (DMP), it biased the results in favour of MMP. (fraserinstitute.org)
The theoretical framework that is utilized in this thesis comes from ideological criticism as well as the concept of representation in film. (lu.se)
The results highlight different ways of anchoring these social representations and suggest the vitality of a theoretical classification paradigm that gives value to objects, people or phenomena, ranking them in order of importance. (bvsalud.org)

A coalition government might also be created in a time of national difficulty or crisis (for example, during wartime or economic crisis) to give a government the high degree of perceived political legitimacy or collective identity , it can also play a role in diminishing internal political strife. (alquds.edu)
A tripartite coalition slowly emerged in the United States among the political right, evangelical Christians, and the Jewish lobby that increasingly used biblical language to describe the condition of modern Israel. (pcchong.com)

What political arrangements are best at empowering citizens and holding officials accountable? (tigraionline.com)
Researchers, grass-roots political activists and politicians will join me on this journey of dissecting the struggle for fair representation in parliament, accountable executive governments, impartial justice, and direct democratic participation. (spotify.com)
Under the system of democratic self-administration, power lies with local grassroots democratic structures that hold municipal, district, regional and higher political bodies accountable. (greenleft.org.au)

The Center for Voting and Democracy's Rob Richie and Steven Hill argue that we need a new way of electing our representatives to combat voter apathy and the leveling of political views. (fairvote.org)

Citizens discontented with a variety of political problems-including corruption, abuse of power, domination by special interests, and poor policy decisions-have been demanding reforms in their political systems. (tigraionline.com)
Opinium also asked the public to select two reforms to the political system that they believe would make a positive difference to them from a list of five options. (leftfootforward.org)

The use of the plurality system (compared to proportional representation systems, for example) tends to favor majorities over less advantaged groups. (wwnorton.com)
The success of PR voting systems in democratic counties over the past century clearly shows this voting method is superior to plurality and winner-take-all systems. (fairvote.org)

As such, the only way that the people of Scotland can guarantee a government they vote for, elected only through proportional methods, is for Scotland to become an independent country and build a democratic and governance system fit for the 21st century. (stewartmcdonald.scot)

In general PR systems elicit higher voter turnouts (about 10 percent greater), result in greater representation by minorities and women, and are usually more effective at creating governments that are efficient and likely to follow through on campaign promises. (fairvote.org)
This fulfils the principle of inclusion, which can be crucial to stability in divided societies and has benefits for decision making in established democracies, such as achieving a more balanced representation of minorities in decision-making bodies and providing role models of minorities as elected representatives. (jatinverma.org)

Using measures of cross-sectoral variance of price changes within stock markets as a proxy for change in redistributive policy, I show that political change is important in both proportional representation (PR) and majoritarian systems. (cambridge.org)
The temporal impact of redistribution differs across electoral systems, with the impact of political change being more immediate in majoritarian systems and the effect being more diffuse in PR systems. (cambridge.org)
Majoritarian systems are also more responsive to economic shocks, while changes in economic conditions have few discernable effects on the dispersion of stock prices in PR countries. (cambridge.org)
I contrast these results with the dominant extant arguments of radical policy shifts in majoritarian systems and policy stability in PR systems. (cambridge.org)

Unlike in Poland or Hungary, the Czech Senate can effectively block any constitutional change and thereby stabilize the constitutional system. (dgap.org)
Gordon explains that his proposals stem from his opinion that proportional representation should be a constitutional requirement and that its precise form should be determined following extensive empirical and comparative research. (opendemocracy.net)
The critics of the FPTP system have called for reexamining this constitutional choice and have argued for adopting the system of proportional representation. (jatinverma.org)
The findings have important implications for constitutional design and democratic consolidation. (uct.ac.za)

But the FPTP system can't be blamed for polarisation in Indian Politics. (jatinverma.org)
Some countries used a combination of the proportional representation system and the FPTP system. (jatinverma.org)

However we debate the principles of these matters, there is a woefully poor representation of women in Parliament. (parliament.uk)
Tunisia has a parliamentary system, with a prime minister chosen by the parliament, but it also has a president elected by universal suffrage with considerable power over foreign policy and the military. (wilsoncenter.org)
The LCC, which advises Parliament on issues of law and governance, concluded that Canada should adopt a PR electoral system. (fairvote.org)
The PR system is also far more likely to achieve the 30% female quota in Parliament and local councils across the nation than the extant majoritarian 'first past the post' system. (critiqueecho.com)

This well-reviewed book includes a chapter advocating proportional representation as the best means to represent our diversity. (fairvote.org)
Citizens' perceptions of government responsiveness in Africa: Do electoral systems and ethnic diversity matter? (uct.ac.za)
Using Afrobarometer survey data collected from 15 sub-Saharan African countries, along with contextual variables, this multilevel analysis finds that at lower levels of ethnic diversity, majoritarian electoral systems are much better at boosting citizens' external efficacy, whereas at higher levels of ethnic diversity, proportional representation systems are more likely to elevate efficacy. (uct.ac.za)

Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 38, Issue. (cambridge.org)

He is a fortnightly columnist for the Daily Mirror in Sri Lanka and regularly writes on the political economy of Sri Lanka and postwar issues in forums such as the Hindu in India. (dokumen.pub)

Whenever there is too much inequality between groups and regions, this erodes the political and economic unity of a country over time. (rug.nl)

Under proportional representation, states would be carved in fewer, larger districts, and each district would get a certain number of representatives. (encyclopedia.com)
Having significantly fewer people vote on a referendum to change an electoral system than would normally vote in that system seems fundamentally at odds with the premise of proportional representation. (fraserinstitute.org)

Friend raised this explicitly whether, if a man regards himself as exceptionally well qualified to represent a particular constituency, given the nature of our electoral system, it would be grossly unfair for him not to be selected. (parliament.uk)

The Soviet legacy has receded a bit further into the past, but it remains powerful, especially in the politicization of the bureaucracies and the judicial system. (ditext.com)
Parallel women-only structures exist for all political, military, judicial, administrative and educational institutions - and in the organisations of the embryonic cooperative-based economy. (greenleft.org.au)

1.1 Why is democratic representation criticized? (springer.com)
This is the preferred method of democratic representation used by the majority of countries throughout the world. (fairvote.org)

He is the author or editor of ten critically acclaimed books, including most recently, Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization (Brookings Institution Press, 2019, coedited with Andrew O'Donohue). (dokumen.pub)
He is the coeditor (with Thomas Carothers) of Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization (Brookings Institution Press, 2019). (dokumen.pub)

A similar revolution is underway in Canada where the government recently authorized the Law Commission of Canada (LCC) to study the problem of voter apathy and complaints from the public over the lack of political representation. (fairvote.org)

Many Americans believe a winner-takes-all system is unfair. (encyclopedia.com)

In recent years, for instance, public debates about electoral systems and their political implications have taken place in Japan, New Zealand, Mexico, Israel, and Italy-and all of these nations have changed or modified their voting systems as a result of these discussions (Ibid). (tigraionline.com)

Russian citizens must know how these important programmes are developing and their potential impact on Russia's economic growth. (kremlin.ru)
Rather than being a permanent chamber of the same citizens, the proposed citizens' chamber consists of a number of citizens' assemblies that would convene for several months to deliberate and legislate on specific political issues. (spotify.com)
How do electoral systems influence citizens' perceptions of government responsiveness? (uct.ac.za)
Moreover, UHS differs from the health systems of other countries in that it is comprises all citizens in Brazil and promotes equal and equitable orientation 6 . (bvsalud.org)
The Brazilian public health system warrants to all citizens the same rights and promotes total universal access to all free offered services. (bvsalud.org)

Although a continuing economic boom and solid public finances will allow him to spend more on the neglected road system and other, also digital infrastructure, and to distribute more social perks, he does not have any long-term political or economic strategy at this stage. (dgap.org)
PAUL D. KENNY is professor of political science in the Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences at the Australian Catholic University. (dokumen.pub)
The historiographical significance of the thesis fits into the broadly social approach to the study of film history with its investigations and analysis of ideology and class representations. (lu.se)
What kind of social and political dimensions did the Fy og Bi films have? (lu.se)
What has not been studied extensively are the political, social, and ideological dimensions of their films, which this thesis will explore in depth. (lu.se)
Two other dimensions: social norms and context and agency and empowerment, are not well-reflected in international standards and guidelines, but provide important additional perspectives that are crucial to a rights-based and gender equal approach to DRR. (lu.se)
This study aimed to analyze the social representations of Internet users, from comments to reports on Coronavirus in the first months of the pandemic in Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, social representations were based on negative values, and their senses converged to a unique image of discredit in institutions, governments and the media. (bvsalud.org)
The prevalence of physical and verbal/emotional abuse in schools in Lebanon is high and solutions should be sought to correct the problem engaging political and social leaders, the mass media, law enforcement agencies, parents and educators. (who.int)

First, both the NDP and Greens have argued that the system is broken and the public wants change. (fraserinstitute.org)

Ukraine's political development since 1991 has been driven by four interrelated factors: the institutional legacy of the Soviet Union, divisions in Ukrainian society, institutional design, and above all, the practice of 'power politics. (ditext.com)

As well, many of those who chose to keep the current electoral system likely didn't answer the second question. (fraserinstitute.org)
Reflecting on the poll's revelation that people do not feel well served by the current political system, their letter reads, "This hasn't happened overnight - it has been brewing for some time. (leftfootforward.org)
METHODS: We estimated current asthma prevalence among adults for urban-rural categories in the 50 states and the District of Columbia and among children for urban-rural categories in 27 states by analyzing 2016-2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey data. (cdc.gov)

As the Nazi's rose to power, they absorbed and advanced this ideology and used it to create a political framework based on exclusion and racial purity. (papermasters.com)

Vote for what you believe in, and get it: that's the system we need. (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
Just one glaring example: Had the Jackson '88 campaign taken just 5 percent more of the vote away from Democratic rival Paul Simon in Illinois, it would have carried the state in popular votes while still getting crushed in delegates as a result of the "winner-take-all-by-district" system that existed. (politico.com)
The single transferable vote (STV), termed choice voting by many American electoral reformer s, has typically been the preferred proportional representation system in the United States and United Kingdom. (fairvote.org)

Paper Masters can clarify how the Federal Republic of Germany formed and its political ideology in a custom research paper written only for you. (papermasters.com)

With an introduction by political scientist Bruce E. Cain. (fairvote.org)

I am through the gate, as it were, so I am perhaps less vulnerable, but men should not be chary of having to fight for reasonable representation on their merits while women do the same. (parliament.uk)

Celebrates its bicentennial of independence , a country of 5m able to build a sustainable future with healthy eco-systems. (musicfootnotes.com)

This poll yet again demonstrates the underlying volatility of modern political support. (blogs.com)
Many Christians in the United States believe that it is their biblical responsibility to support the contemporary Jewish State of Israel for specific theological reasons (as opposed to general political ones), a view known as Christian Zionism ( �� ) . (pcchong.com)
2 C hristians who support the contemporary Jewish nation for theological rather than political reasons are part of a movement, born out of the Bible prophecy movement, that is referred to as Christian Zionism . (pcchong.com)
It's an imperfect electoral system that discounts popular support, but does produce a clear number of winners and losers in the total seat count. (troymedia.com)
You don't have to immerse yourself in the finer points of relationships between the Lebanese political elite to realize that unilateral nomination of a presidential candidate made outside of Lebanon, backed by political support from abroad, and without informing key political partners, can appear alarming. (russiancouncil.ru)

That was a rather boring and cautious prediction, but the post-Nazi complex proportional-representation electoral system was designed by the Allies specifically to produce boring results, and to make anything non-boring all but impossible. (steynonline.com)
Building on concepts from complex adaptive systems modeling, the author presents a series of models that separate the state from the nation and incorporates these as emergent rather than preconceived actors. (iastate.edu)
In our view, complex systems and computational techniques will have a large and growing impact on research on politics in the near future. (iastate.edu)

First of all, a dominant political figure is no longer such. (steynonline.com)

Anatomy5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Psychiatry and Psychology11

Phenomena and Processes7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Form of proportional representation2

Elections33

Election16

Transforming the electoral system1

Legislature4

Legislative8

Seats10

Voters12

Democracy19

Country's electoral2

Parties29

Candidates1

Electoral reform3

Party23

Outcomes4

Constitution1

Representative system2

Reform2

Redistricting criticall1

Theoretical3

Coalition2

Accountable3

Argue1

Reforms2

Plurality2

Scotland1

Minorities2

Majoritarian systems4

Constitutional4

FPTP2

Parliament4

Diversity3

Comparative Political Studies1

India1

Unity1

Fewer2

Constituency1

Judicial2

Democratic representation2

20192

Voter apathy1

Americans1

Zealand1

Citizens5

Social9

Greens1

Practice1

Current3

Racial1

VOTE3

Ideology1

Introduction1

Merits1

Independence1

Support5

Complex3

Dominant political1