Immunological pathogen and presentation of antigens antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

Immunodominance is evident for both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity. (wikipedia.org)
The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, adipocytes play an important role in B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Adaptive immunity is characterized by specificity, immunological memory, and self/nonself recognition ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
The T and B cells are the major components of adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
Introduction: DCs are antigen presenting cells that control immunity and tolerance. (modernloveok.com)
It is likely that L-DCs play an important role in antigen uptake and processing of respiratory pathogens and are major contributors to respiratory tract immunity and may be ideal tools for future in vitro or ex vivo studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Second, the authors discuss that inability to resolve infection and prevent disease may not be a consequence of the generation of an inadequate number of Th1 cells but of an intrinsic deficiency in macrophage function that prevents these cells from expressing immunity. (scielo.br)
The authors also argue that memory B and T cell responses are long-lived in the absence of antigen, but they are modulated and influenced by other infections and that memory B and T cells can either provide protective immunity or contribute to immunopathology on infection with homologous or heterologous viruses. (scielo.br)
discuss the role of integrins in T cell- mediated immunity, with a focus on how these receptors participate in lymphocyte recirculation and T cell activation, how antigen stimulation regulates integrin activity, and how integrins define functionally unique subsets of T cells and APCs. (scielo.br)
Isolated B cells also imparted T cells with the CpG-associated phenotype and improved tumor immunity without the aid of additional antigen-presenting cells or other immune cells in the culture. (bmj.com)
Second, it elicits robust and durable humoral and cellular immunity against vector-encoded heterologous antigens. (bvsalud.org)
learn more Indeed, in vivo, depending on the experimental animal model, PDC either induce effective T cell immunity [9-11] or inhibit T cell responses by driving differentiation of Treg in vivo [12-14]. (c-kitinhibitors.com)
Know that adaptive immunity involves humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. (microbiologytext.com)
Those cells that can react with the antigen then marshal a bilateral response with one set of cells producing antibodies (humoral immunity) and the other set activating a group of cells to attack the pathogen (cell-mediated immunity). (microbiologytext.com)
In addition to their role in innate immunity , phagocytic cells also play a critical role in adaptive immunity . (microbiologytext.com)
2014) IL-35-producing B cells are critical regulators of immunity during autoimmune and infectious diseases. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)
Adaptive immunity not only involves a memory to protect the host from reinfection with the same type of pathogen, but also to promote an effective and rapid response upon re-exposure. (microbiologynote.com)
Active immunity is the immunity induced by exposure to a foreign antigen. (microbiologynote.com)
Active immunity is the resistance that an individual develops in response to encounter with external antigens, such as microbes. (microbiologynote.com)
After a latent period during which the host's immunity is primed to operate against the pathogen, active immunity emerges. (microbiologynote.com)
Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity mediate active immunity. (microbiologynote.com)
The epidermis also contains other types of cells that contribute to skin defense, such as melanocytes that produce melanin to protect against ultraviolet radiation, Langerhans cells that act as antigen-presenting cells to activate adaptive immunity, and intraepidermal lymphocytes that are mostly T cells that recognize and eliminate infected or abnormal cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
Macrophages, which are phagocytic cells that can engulf and destroy microbes and also secrete cytokines and chemokines to modulate inflammation and immunity. (stemcelldaily.com)
I have used structural biology to explain pre-T-cell receptor (TCR) self-association in T-cell development, and how the TCR specifically recognises polymorphic Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules in the context of viral immunity and aberrant T-cell reactivity. (cardiff.ac.uk)
I have pioneered our molecular understanding of lipid-based immunity by T cells, revealing that it can differ fundamentally from peptide-mediated adaptive immunity. (cardiff.ac.uk)
2023. CD4+ T cell-mediated recognition of a conserved cholesterol-dependent cytolysin epitope generates broad antibacterial immunity . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Unlike the distinctive immunogenic pathway for CD8+ T-cell memory, CD4+ T-cell memory is significantly more plastic, involving at least seven distinct cell lineages with diverse effector functions, that play roles in all aspects of adaptive immunity as well as impact many innate immune mechanisms. (flowmetric.com)
These cells are central to the development of adaptive immunity during the memory phase. (flowmetric.com)
Studies to antigen uptake, processing and presentation to T cells, the biology of dendritic cells and the regulation of immunity are aimed to raise our understanding of the immune reactions to tumor cells and improve immunotherapy of cancer. (universiteitleiden.nl)
He also explores the scope of environmental and microbial metabolites that can modulate human T cell immunity. (rossjohnlab.com)
Such studies pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutics based on selective modulation of T cell immunity. (rossjohnlab.com)
Dr Jan Petersen 's research focuses on antimicrobial immunity and natural killer (NK) cell immunity. (rossjohnlab.com)

Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
Mollusk hemocyanins have biomedical uses as carriers/adjuvants and nonspecific immunostimulants with beneficial clinical outcomes by triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and driving immune responses toward type 1 T helper (Th1) polarization. (exeter.ac.uk)
Following activation, CD4+ helper T cells release small signaling molecules called cytokines that further direct and mediate the immune response via cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and memory B cells. (nanoteintech.com)
These include CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells, and regulatory plasma cells producing the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-35. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)
Shen P & Fillatreau S (2015) Antibody-independent functions of B cells: a focus on cytokines. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)
TH cells release cytokines that activate phagocytic cells, allowing them to phagocytose and destroy germs. (microbiologynote.com)
Keratinocytes also secrete a number of cytokines that may function to induce a local inflammatory reaction and recruit immune cells to the site of infection. (stemcelldaily.com)
They also secrete cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) that enhance the activity of macrophages and other immune cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
Th cells secrete cytokines that regulate the activation and differentiation of other immune cells such as B cells, macrophages, NK cells, and Tc cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
After antigen stimulation, these cells migrate into tissue areas that are inflamed where they exhibit a strong proliferative response and express and release cytokines that help to eliminate infection. (flowmetric.com)
Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)
In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)
The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although the expression of MHC class I and II molecules can be upregulated by MSC exposure to inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN- γ ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), they are still unable to induce an immunological response [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)

That is, despite multiple allelic variations of MHC molecules and multiple peptides presented on antigen presenting cells, the immune response is skewed to only specific combinations of the two. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, can have up to six different types of MHC molecules for antigen presentation. (wikipedia.org)
Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
The adipocyte was reported as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) which expresses CD1d and MHC class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, we will give an overview of the tumor-associated antigens and immunomodulatory molecules that have been used to armor MVA and describe their clinical use. (bvsalud.org)
Recombinant-modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) is known to elicit potent antitumor immune responses in preclinical models due to its inherent ability to activate the innate immune system and the activation of adaptive responses mediated by the expression of tumor antigens and costimulus-providing molecules, such as CD40L and CD137L. (bvsalud.org)
They also gain effector functions , releasing signaling molecules to modulate the adaptive immune response and target the foreign cells via recognition of the antigen previously presented to them. (nanoteintech.com)
Growth factor signaling molecules secreted by cells throughout the body determine how the maturation of these stem cells initially proceeds through their immune cell lineage. (nanoteintech.com)
However, class II MHC molecules are only found on the surface of B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and some select T cells. (nanoteintech.com)
The activation of such unwanted immune responses is normally controlled by the indexation of lymphocyte activation on signals produced upon the detection of pathogen-associated molecules through the innate immune system, and by the continuous activity of regulatory lymphocytes preventing the activation of potentially pathogenic lymphocytes. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)
A. The linear model describes the activation of naïve T-cells by the presentation of antigen-peptide on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by the antigen presenting cells (APCs) during the contraction phase of a T-cell response. (flowmetric.com)
He investigates how T cells and NK cells recognise microbial peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and aims to decipher the molecular mechanisms that define the ability of the adaptive immune system to distinguish between self and foreign. (rossjohnlab.com)
MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)

DCs are able to activate T lymphocytes (capture, process, present antigen), activate B cells and are associated in the amplification of innate immune response (e.g. activation of natural killer cells). (modernloveok.com)
3Structure of DCs (including antigen presenting to T cells):As shown in figure 1, dendritic cells are often rounded with reinform nuclei and a few or sometimes no dendrites.They can initiate adaptive immune response by presenting Pathogenic antigens to B or T lymphocytes. (modernloveok.com)
Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). (mdpi.com)
Recent studies indicate that memory T lymphocytes contain distinct populations of central memory (T CM cells) and effector memory (T EM ) cells characterized by distinct homing capacity and effector function. (scielo.br)
In a very interesting review, P. MARRACK & J. KAPPLER focus on naïve, activated, and memory T cells survival separately, and discuss experiments done in vitro and in mice lacking or containing normal populations of lymphocytes. (scielo.br)
Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
Methods In this study we investigated how tumor-specific murine CD8 + T cells and human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are impacted when expanded ex vivo with the TLR9 agonist CpG. (bmj.com)
In tumor-free mice, the vector coding for the triple combination was only slightly superior, whereas, in tumor-bearing animals, we observed a synergistic induction of T lymphocytes specific against vector-encoded and non-encoded tumor-associated antigens. (bvsalud.org)
CD11c is expressed by dendritic cells, a subset of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes (IEL) and some activated T cells. (thermofisher.com)
CD11c is expressed in monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, some granulocytes and less so in a subset of lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)
Describe the actions of B lymphocytes when exposed to antigen. (microbiologytext.com)
This ability is not only present in macrophages but B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells as well. (microbiologytext.com)
Patients presenting with genetic deficiencies resulting in abnormal development or function of T or B lymphocytes are highly susceptible to infectious diseases, and the vast majority of successful vaccines provides protection through the generation of memory lymphocytes including in particular memory B cells and memory plasma cells. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)
It occurs in response to exposure to a pathogen and is mediated by antibodies and T lymphocytes (helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells). (microbiologynote.com)
Under all of these conditions, the host's immune system is stimulated to produce an immunological response consisting of antibodies, activated helper T (TH) cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes/cells (CTLs). (microbiologynote.com)
B cells are the subgroup of lymphocytes that release antibodies. (microbiologynote.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells, which are cytotoxic lymphocytes that can recognize and kill infected or abnormal cells without prior sensitization. (stemcelldaily.com)
B cells and plasma cells, which are antibody-producing lymphocytes that can bind to specific antigens on pathogens or their products and neutralize them or mark them for destruction by other immune mechanisms. (stemcelldaily.com)
The double and simultaneous molecular interaction between antigen-presentig cells (APC) and T lymphocytes is essential for the optimal activation of the immunological response and requires the participation of two membrane receptor groups. (reumatologiaclinica.org)

First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the body. (biomedcentral.com)
Efficient recognition of foreign pathogens by T cells requires adhesive interactions between T cells and other cell types, such as endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and with components of the extracellular matrix. (scielo.br)
Thus, we studied the roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the hemocyanin activation of murine APCs, both in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, using hemocyanins from Megathura crenulata (KLH), Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). (exeter.ac.uk)
Once activated by the presentation of antigen by APCs, mature T cells initiate effector functions to respond to the infection source and neutralize the threat. (nanoteintech.com)

Figure 1 shows a dendritic cell presenting a foreign antigen to a Cytotoxic T cell which than leads to a specific immune response. (modernloveok.com)
Dendritic cell as sentinel of the immune system plays an irreplaceable role. (medsci.org)
We focus on the essential functions of dendritic cell in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. (medsci.org)
For naive T cells in the lymph tissues, this initial activation presentation is thought to only occur with a particular antigen-presenting cell (APC) called a dendritic cell. (nanoteintech.com)
Zinc Induces Dendritic Cell Tolerogenic Phenotype and Skews Regulatory T Cell-Th17 Balance. (uc.edu)
If an antigen if found, it is taken up by the dendritic cell and presented to the immune system. (microbiologytext.com)

If an epitope binds very strongly to a B cell BCR, it will then subsequently bind with high affinity to the resultant antibodies produced by that B cell upon activation. (wikipedia.org)
These antibodies then out-compete the BCR for the epitope, and thus that B cell lineage will be unavailable for subsequent stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
In the B cell system protective memory is mediated by plasma cells that secrete antibodies, whereas reactive memory is mediated by memory B cells that proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells in response to secondary antigenic stimulation. (scielo.br)
To preclude possible oncogenic activities in infected cells and to prevent binding of vaccine-encoded HER2 by monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab, genetic modifications of HER2 were introduced in the vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
Dendritic cells maintain the stimulation of B cells so that they continue to synthesize antibodies. (microbiologytext.com)
bacterial or viral similarity with self-antigens (molecular mimicry) leading to production of cross-reactive antibodies. (pocketdentistry.com)
In the adaptive immune system, T cells execute the cell-mediated immune response, while activated B cells and antibodies direct the humoral immune response . (microbiologynote.com)
Antibodies identify microbial antigens, combine precisely with the antigens, counteract the infectiousness of microorganisms, and target bacteria for elimination via a variety of effector mechanisms. (microbiologynote.com)
FcRn expressed in endosomal compartment of intestinal epithelium, vascular endothelium and macrophages regulates the serum IgG levels by binding to the pinocytosed antibodies and recirculating them to cell surface without intracellular degradation. (academie-medecine.fr)
Most patients with primary Sjogren syndrome have two specific antibodies: against Ro (SS-A) and La (SSB) antigens. (medscape.com)

He discovered regulatory plasma cells, and demonstrated that endogenous self-antigens select thymic-derived autoreactive CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells in a highly specific manner. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)

CD8+ T-cell mediated immune responses are important in protection against various pathogens and specific tumor antigens associated with various cancers. (flowmetric.com)

The size of the plasma pool ensures the vast diversity of IgG repertoire in IVIG that interacts with a large number of self-antigens, in addition to pathogens and external antigens [2]. (academie-medecine.fr)

4Role of RNA-lipoplexes in Cancer Immunotherapy:The systematic delivery of vaccine antigens into dendritic cells is faced with various technical challenges. (modernloveok.com)
As all the polypeptide based antigens can be encoded as RNA, RNA-LPX is an example of a universally applicable vaccine class for DC targeting and synchronized induction of highly potent adaptive plus type-I-IFN-mediated innate immune mechanisms used for cancer immunotherapy. (modernloveok.com)
However, multiple hurdles exist for the realisation of a universal T cell vaccine. (mdpi.com)
Some roadblocks for a successful cancer vaccine in the clinic include the tumor antigen of choice, the adjuvants employed to strengthen antitumor-specific immune responses, and the risks associated with enhancing immune-related adverse effects in patients. (bvsalud.org)
A long lasting immunological protection can be achieved with vaccination, however, a vaccine is not yet available. (scielo.org.co)
The objectives of the current presentation are to summarize the functional properties of HSPs and their role in innate and acquired immune responses, to throw light on their role in pathogenesis and parasites survival, to review the literature searching for new drug discovery and vaccine candidates for parasitic diseases, and finally to present their use in diagnosis and genotyping of some parasitic diseases. (eg.net)
A goal of any vaccine should include the stimulation of a robust effector T-cell response, which over time is translated into a large population of memory T-cells. (flowmetric.com)
This T-cell memory is the foundation of vaccine efficacy to establish immunological memory, resulting in tangible advances in population health. (flowmetric.com)
We compared antibody responses to high-dose egg-based inactivated (HD-IIV3), recombinant (RIV4), and cell culture-based (ccIIV4) vs standard-dose egg-based inactivated influenza vaccine (SD-IIV4) among health care personnel (HCP) aged 18-65 years in 2 influenza seasons (2018-2019, 2019-2020). (cdc.gov)
Prevaccination and 1-month-postvaccination sera were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay against 4 cell culture propagated vaccine reference viruses. (cdc.gov)

Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. (mdpi.com)

Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
The immune system utilizes sensors on immune cells named pattern recognition receptors to recognize invading pathogens and foreign substances. (exeter.ac.uk)
Here they undergo thymus-dependent T cell differentiation to express T cell receptors (TCR) on their surface, eventually creating mature, but naive, immune T cells. (nanoteintech.com)
For most activation events, the antigen-presenting cell (APC) uses a functional group of membrane proteins called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to present the antigen to T cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of the T cell. (nanoteintech.com)
In this way, the drug inhibits T cell activation, selectively blocking the specific interaction of CD80/CD86 receptors to CD28 and, therefore, inhibiting T cell proliferation and B cell immunological response. (reumatologiaclinica.org)

This can be done either by culturing ex vivo DCs that are obtained from a patient with adjuvant (that leads to DC maturation) and the specific tumour antigens and then the injection of these cells back into the patient or by inducing of DCs to take up specific tumour antigens in vivo. (modernloveok.com)
Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
provides an overview of the dynamic in vivo life of NK cells from their development in the bone marrow to their mature cellular responses in the periphery and their ultimate demise, with emphasis on mouse NK cells and viral infections. (scielo.br)
We posited that TLR agonists could be repurposed ex vivo to condition T cells with remarkable potency in vivo, circumventing TLR-related toxicity. (bmj.com)
T cells expanded ex vivo from a CpG-treated culture demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy and prolonged persistence in vivo. (bmj.com)
A recent study in which PDC were eliminated selectively from mice showed that PDC can simultaneously suppress and stimulate T cell responses in vivo [15]. (c-kitinhibitors.com)
The major breakthrough is the identification of a biomarker of HIV persistent cells in vivo. (europa.eu)
In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)

They conclude that although armed with highly distinct effector functions, there are many parallels between the T cell and B cell components of the immune response and their conversion into memory. (scielo.br)

Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
If the T cell's TCR binds to an antigen-presenting MHC on another cell, the T cell may activate. (nanoteintech.com)
Different from pre-cDCs, tDCs have less turnover, capture antigen, respond to stimuli and activate antigen-specific naive T cells, all characteristics of differentiated DCs. (stanford.edu)

Dermal dendritic cells, which are similar to Langerhans cells but reside in the dermis and can also present antigen to T cells in lymph nodes. (stemcelldaily.com)

There are two mechanisms that maintain immunological tolerance denominated central and peripheral tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)
Then the effectiveness of our model was shown by modeling the complex immunological mechanisms characterizing RRMS during its course and under the DAC administration. (biomedcentral.com)
These self-reactive T cells can be found also in healthy subjects but are strictly controlled by various mechanisms including suppression by T Regulatory (Treg) cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Like all immune cells, T cells are a part of the vast network of immune response mechanisms that defend the body against infection, cancer, allergens, and other foreign invaders. (nanoteintech.com)
In a second project, we are aiming at identifying the molecular mechanisms controlling the life-span of plasma cells in the bone marrow where they can persist for a lifetime in particular immune responses. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)
Finally, we are pursuing our work on the distinctive antigen recognition properties of autoreactive CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells in comparison to autoreactive CD4+Foxp3- T cells, and on the molecular mechanisms controlling the protective value of the former in adoptive cell therapy against autoimmune diseases. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)
I have unearthed structural mechanisms of HLA polymorphism impacting on drug and food hypersensitivities, as well as Natural Killer cell receptor recognition. (cardiff.ac.uk)
2023. CD1 lipidomes reveal lipid-binding motifs and size-based antigen-display mechanisms . (cardiff.ac.uk)
These models describe various mechanisms for the differentiation of naïve T-cells into memory, either sequentially, or via specific cell subsets. (flowmetric.com)
Whatever cellular mechanisms are involved in establishing memory T-cells, the ability to modulate immunological memory offers great promise across many fields of modern medicine. (flowmetric.com)
Proposed mechanisms for the development of T-cell memory. (flowmetric.com)
The observation that the immune system can also attack malignant cells has been known for many years but the cellular and molecular mechanisms have become clear in the last decades. (universiteitleiden.nl)
Using structural biology, he seeks to investigate the mechanisms of lipid antigen recycling, and the presentation of lipid antigens by CD1 antigen presenting molecule family T cells. (rossjohnlab.com)
Dr Kate McArthur 's research uses a variety of microscopy and cell biology techniques to understand the mechanisms behind, and immune responses to, mitochondrial changes and aberrant cell death during disease. (rossjohnlab.com)
Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)

The mammalian immune system evolved to protect our bodies from foreign pathogens and intrinsic aberrant malignancies while concurrently preventing deleterious immune responses toward self ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)

Evidence suggest that a patient's genetic predisposition together with environmental factors, such as exposure to pathogens that exhibit molecular mimicry, disturb immune tolerance ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Pathogens are countered by a proliferation of T cells and B cells that have been activated and are specific to molecular structures on the invading pathogen. (microbiologynote.com)
Dr Wael Awad seeks to elucidate the mechanistic basis underpinning metabolite capture and loading of the MHC class I-related molecule "MR1" by cellular chaperones, by using cutting-edge molecular, immunological and biochemical approaches. (rossjohnlab.com)

In contrast to the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system's initial response to a pathogen is weak or non-existent, but as the host has time to respond, this system becomes quite vigorous. (microbiologytext.com)

In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Once activated, a naive T cell acquires a T cell phenotype determined by the upregulation of CD (cluster of differentiation) antigen surface marker expression. (nanoteintech.com)
No cell acts independently," he said, "and differentiation is a continuous trajectory -- not a chain of discrete stages, as we once thought. (stanford.edu)
Continuing the research begun under her mentors Garry Nolan, PhD, and Sean Bendall, PhD, Good demonstrated the value of understanding T cell differentiation processes in order to then "guide T cells towards desired outcomes, such as steering T cells towards differentiation states that are more potent in combatting cancer. (stanford.edu)
Good described a method for deep single-cell phenotyping, measuring 30-plus features for every cell, across division states during critical differentiation periods in the context of cell expansion for immunotherapy. (stanford.edu)
We have an opportunity to intervene at the relevant time points, and perhaps guide T cell differentiation towards a desirable phenotype," Good said. (stanford.edu)
Adipose-derived MSCs, in particular, pose an attractive option for cell-based therapy due to their relatively decreased morbidity during isolation and potential for expansion and differentiation [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Multipotential differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. (hindawi.com)

The function of LPX is to protect from extracellular ribonucleases, mediate the efficient uptake of RNA and its expression of the encoded antigen (by DC population and macrophages) in various lymphoid compartment. (modernloveok.com)
RNA-LPX causes the release of interferon-a by macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. (modernloveok.com)
When the antigen target of a CD8+ cytotoxic T cell is encountered, the T cell may attack and destroy the cells displaying the antigen directly or use cytokine signaling to recruit macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells to neutralize the invader or infection. (nanoteintech.com)
Macrophages and monocytes take a portion of the debris left over from the digestion of a pathogen and provide that as antigens to the adaptive immune system. (microbiologytext.com)
Of the cells shown here, dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells are considered tissue-resident cells are typically not found in the bloodstream. (pocketdentistry.com)
Ly6G is expressed differentially during development by cells in the myeloid lineage including monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and neutrophils. (bioxcell.com)

Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)

Concurrent with this observation, L-MCs possessed significantly more antigen-uptake capacity compared to their counterparts from blood. (biomedcentral.com)
More recent studies suggested that DCs derived from tissues without "danger" signal stimulation should be regarded as immature DCs, based on their major role in antigen uptake and endocytosis of antigens [ 11 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Yet, the effector cell population that is reactive against the pathogen is dominated by cells that recognize only a certain class of MHC bound to only certain pathogen-derived peptides presented by that MHC class. (wikipedia.org)
This leads to a greater expansion of the T cells that recognize a high affinity epitope and is favoured since these cells are likely to clear the infection much more quickly and effectively than their subdominant counterparts. (wikipedia.org)
The function of the adaptive immune system is to recognize, remember and destroy invading pathogens through their antigens, and relieve pathogen-associated toxicities. (frontiersin.org)
Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow), where T or B cell clones that recognize autoantigens with high-affinity are deleted. (frontiersin.org)
Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
Certain T cell types only recognize and bind to a particular MHC class. (nanoteintech.com)
Unlike other effector T cells that recognize peptides and antigens presented only by MHC, NKT cells recognize glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. (nanoteintech.com)
To respond to a pathogen, the adaptive immune system must learn to recognize it. (microbiologytext.com)

5Function of DCs and the strategies used to fight cancer (including contribution of Ralph Steinman):In 1973, Zanvil Cohn and Ralph Steinman identified a rare cell type in the murine spleen which was identical to a phagocytic cell with dendrites like protrusions and they named them dendritic cells (DCs). (modernloveok.com)
We previously demonstrated that systemic immunization with a non-replicating MVA encoding CD40 ligand (CD40L) enhances innate immune cell activation and function, and triggers potent antitumor CD8+ T cell responses in different murine tumor models. (bvsalud.org)
Additional quality control measures for our InVivo Plus™ products include advanced binding validation, murine pathogen screening, protein aggregation screening, and ultra-low endotoxin levels. (bioxcell.com)

High affinity of the peptide to the TCR contributes to the T cell's survival and proliferation, allowing for more clonal selection of the immunodominant T cells over the subdominant T cells. (wikipedia.org)
T cell activation occurs when another cell presents an antigen or specific peptide sequence to the T cell via protein complexes on its membrane. (nanoteintech.com)
2023. Complimentary electrostatics dominate T-cell receptor binding to a psoriasis-associated peptide antigen presented by human leukocyte antigen C∗06:02 . (cardiff.ac.uk)

Immunodominance is the immunological phenomenon in which immune responses are mounted against only a few of the antigenic peptides out of the many produced. (wikipedia.org)
First, MVA is an excellent inducer of innate immune responses leading to type I interferon secretion and induction of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immune responses. (bvsalud.org)

On the opposite end of the scale where BCRs have low affinity for the epitopes, these B cells are outcompeted for stimulation by B cells with BCRs that have higher affinities for their respective epitopes. (wikipedia.org)
Insufficient T cell stimulation by these B cells also leads to suppression of these B cells by the T cells. (wikipedia.org)

They act as a surveillance system to detect foreign antigens and shape immunogenic or tolerogenic responses [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Besides, an increase in T cell responses are observed against HspX in healthy latent individuals as compared to active TB patients suggesting its role in maintaining a disease free state in these subjects 9 . (nature.com)
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can invigorate antitumor T cell responses when administered directly to patients, but these responses often coincide with toxicities. (bmj.com)
On one hand, mature PDC can prime productive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses [1], and on the other hand they possess a capacity to induce generation of CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells (Treg) from naive CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, respectively [2-7]. (c-kitinhibitors.com)
cells, but also memory T cell responses. (c-kitinhibitors.com)
The skin also interacts with other components of the immune system to coordinate effective responses against pathogens that have breached the skin barrier. (stemcelldaily.com)
Robust SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses with common TCR? (cardiff.ac.uk)
2023. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection induces rapid memory and de novo T cell responses . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Taken together, this research supports an important role for early activity by Ly6G(+) cells in the generation of long-term PDT responses in mesothelioma, and it points to luminol chemiluminescence as a potentially useful approach for preclinical monitoring of neutrophil activation by PDT. (bioxcell.com)
Transitional dendritic cells are distinct from conventional DC2 precursors and mediate proinflammatory antiviral responses. (stanford.edu)
BACKGROUND: Emerging data suggest that second-generation influenza vaccines with higher hemagglutinin (HA) antigen content and/or different production methods may induce stronger antibody responses to HA than standard-dose egg-based influenza vaccines in adults. (cdc.gov)
These findings suggest that recombinant vaccines rather than vaccines with higher egg-based antigen doses may provide improved antibody responses in highly vaccinated populations. (cdc.gov)

We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
Specifically, we argue that the hypercoagulable and hyperinflammatory state of severe COVID-19 is a consequence of the expanded tropism of SARS-CoV-2, which allows it to infect vascular endothelial cells, and that cytokine storm physiology contributes to a lesser degree. (ersjournals.com)

1Mononuclear phagocytic cells are distinct ancestor of DCs which specialise in antigen presenting. (modernloveok.com)

After identifying the pathogen the DCs undergo maturation which culminates with cytokine production and efficient antigen presentation. (modernloveok.com)
Therefore, the aims of the present study were to determine systematically the effects of a clinically relevant concentration of rapamycin on cytokine production, T cell stimulatory capacity and CD8+ Treg-generating capacity of human PDC. (c-kitinhibitors.com)

For immune defense, the respiratory tract contains DCs that function as a robust antigen presentation system. (biomedcentral.com)
Although NK cells play important roles in host defense against various infectious agents, they are critical in host defense against viral infections. (scielo.br)
Their advantage lies in the ability to perceive tumors with a low mutation load, thus establishing the first line of defense against pathogens. (explorationpub.com)
The adaptive immune system plays a critical role in the defense against pathogens. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)

The objective of these vaccines is to induce tumour-specific effector T cells which can reduce the mass of tumour and that can lead to immunological memory to control tumour relapse. (modernloveok.com)
In MS patients Treg cells are impaired in number and function [ 7 ] and allow self-reactive T cells to expand in the periphery, cross the BBB and reach the CNS, where they undergo into a secondary re-activation and induce demyelination and axonal damage [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, we showed that human PDC preferentially induce generation of a unique type of CD8+ Treg, but not CD4+forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ Treg, when both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are present [8]. (c-kitinhibitors.com)
Tc cells kill infected or abnormal cells by releasing perforin and granzymes that induce apoptosis. (stemcelldaily.com)

Our group studies the antigen-recognition properties of these cells, their ontogeny, their life-span, and their mode of action in health and disease. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)

There is a potential for generation of hundreds to thousands of different peptides from the proteins of pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
The immune system consists of an innate and an adaptive arm and comprises different cell types as well as non-cellular components such as antimicrobial peptides ( Fig 11-1 ). (pocketdentistry.com)
Epithelial cells also produce antimicrobial peptides such as defensins and cathelicidins that kill microbes by disrupting their membranes or interfering with their metabolism. (stemcelldaily.com)

Introduction Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult, fibroblast-like multipotent cells characterized by the ability to differentiate into tissues of mesodermal origin, such as adipocytes, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts (Friedenstein et al. (pdffox.com)
DCs are located in the surface barrier and function by recognizing pathogens in tissues within the body by examining the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of body cells. (modernloveok.com)
These naive T cells reside in the body's lymphatic system tissues until activated. (nanoteintech.com)
The CD8 + coreceptor is expressed by cytotoxic T cells that help bind the class I MHC and can migrate through the walls of blood vessels and non-lymphoid tissues once activated. (nanoteintech.com)
Most tissues of the body contain a cell type with long tendrils that wrap around and between neighboring cells. (microbiologytext.com)
Dendritic cells are found in most tissues of the body, projecting their branches throughout the immediate area, they serve to monitor foreign antigens that may exist. (microbiologytext.com)
Dendritic cells in various tissues play a pivotal role in activating the immune system. (microbiologytext.com)
Due to their placement throughout the body and their projections snaking through tissues, they are among the first cells to be exposed to invading pathogens. (microbiologytext.com)
He is also creating detailed cell phenotypes and vivid images of cell neighborhoods from CyTOF, Codex and MIBI machines, allowing the visualization of cells and tissues with multiple markers and the development of network models of signaling pathways. (stanford.edu)

T cells play a large role in the cellular immune response, while B cells are intimately involved in the humoral immune response. (frontiersin.org)
In response to this challenge, the International Society for Cellular Therapy formulated minimal criteria for defining MSCs in order to create a broader consensus for more uniform characterization of these cells (Dominici et al. (pdffox.com)
6. The chronic effects of cannabis use on health Cellular and immunological effects The possible effects of chronic cannabis use on cellular processes and the immune system are considered together because both effects may influence a cannabis user's susceptibility to diseases. (druglibrary.org)
6.1 Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity A major reason for research into the effects of cannabinoids on cellular processes is to discover whether cannabinoids are mutagenic, i.e. whether they may produce mutations in the genetic material in the somatic and germ cells of users. (druglibrary.org)
There is experimental evidence from in vitro studies of animal cells that some cannabinoids, including THC, can produce a variety of changes in cellular processes in vitro (i.e. in the test tube). (druglibrary.org)
HSPs are involved in a variety of cellular processes and essential to cell survival. (eg.net)
HIV persistence may arise from ongoing residual virus replication and/or from latently-infected cells defined as the cellular reservoir in which long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring an integrated but transcriptionally silent provirus represent the largest pool in the blood (Chomont et al. (europa.eu)
Immunomagnetic HIV-1 capture analysis was used to determine the cellular origin of cell-free virus particles present in all 30 plasma samples and indices of immune activation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. (lww.com)

5Conclusion:The review above demonstrates the role of dendritic cells in both innate (engulfment of pathogens) and adaptive (activation of B and T cells) immune response. (modernloveok.com)
Describe the role of dendritic cells in the immune system. (microbiologytext.com)

Their assault can either directly kill pathogens or stimulate the phagocytosis of pathogens to interrupt an infection. (microbiologynote.com)
Langerhans cells, which are skin-resident dendritic cells that internalize antigen by phagocytosis. (stemcelldaily.com)

Once activated, T cells undergo clonal expansion, replicating to increase their numbers in the body. (nanoteintech.com)
These Langerhans cells undergo maturation and migrate from the epidermis to regional lymph nodes, where they function as potent activators of naive T cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
Once the pathogen is cleared, most of these effector cells will undergo apoptosis to maintain the balance of the immune response. (flowmetric.com)

We repurposed the TLR9 agonist, CpG, commonly used in the clinic, to bolster T cell-B cell interactions during expansion for ACT. (bmj.com)
2016) Thymus-Derived Regulatory T Cells Are Positively Selected on Natural Self-Antigen through Cognate Interactions of High Functional Avidity. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)

The mental picture to have in your mind is that of the body taking bits and pieces of the pathogen (its antigens ) and presenting them to certain cells of the adaptive immune system. (microbiologytext.com)
However, the adaptive immune system can also cause severe immunopathology when inappropriately reacting against self-antigens or components of the environment, which can lead to autoimmune diseases or allergies, respectively. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)

Cancer immunotherapy relies on unleashing the patient´s immune system against tumor cells. (bvsalud.org)
Their role in antigen cross-presentation and cancer immunotherapy as well as initiators of immune response and targets of autoimmune attack was also reported. (eg.net)

It possesses immunologic memory and an exceptional capacity to distinguish between self and nonself antigens. (microbiologynote.com)

The laboratory has made several notable observations that have distinguished the interaction of this intracellular pathogen from that of other microbes. (uc.edu)

γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
The cells that mediate this response are known as effector memory T-cells (T EM ). (flowmetric.com)

In the process of DCs vaccination the first step is to present specific tumour antigens. (modernloveok.com)
Dividing the HNSCC patient cohort by tumour subsite demonstrated that patients with cancer of the larynx and oropharynx had similar percentages of circulating Treg cells irrespective of whether the level of expression of CD25 was intermediate or high (Fig. 2a). (c-kitinhibitors.com)
CTLs serve a crucial function in the destruction of virus-infected and tumour cells. (microbiologynote.com)

2023. The allopurinol metabolite, oxypurinol, drives oligoclonal expansions of drug‐reactive T cells in resolved hypersensitivity cases and drug‐naïve healthy donors . (cardiff.ac.uk)

If cannabinoid exposure affects the genetic material of a user's somatic or bodily cells (such as those of the lung, for example) then chronic cannabis use may cause cancer. (druglibrary.org)
Understand that the immune system is specific, it remembers a previous exposure to an antigen, and it tolerates the presence of its own macromolecular components. (microbiologytext.com)
The immune response to the second exposure occurs more rapidly, is stronger, and is frequently more effective at eliminating the pathogen. (microbiologynote.com)
The immune system not only has the power to respond to a foreign antigen, but it also has the amazing ability to remember it and then act quickly to a re-exposure. (flowmetric.com)
However, a small pool of long-lived memory cells is retained, and are primed to respond rapidly upon re-exposure to the pathogen. (flowmetric.com)
Ever since, I think you and I and others have remained interested in the issue of healthcare worker exposure to bloodborne pathogens. (cdc.gov)
In fact, if I could just finish quickly by saying this whole thing of exposure in healthcare workers to pathogens remains immensely important, and in the article that we've just published that we're talking about, you know, my co-authors and I talk about Ebola and COVID-19. (cdc.gov)

6 Therefore, high quantities of antigen are presented to DCs by cancer vaccines in order to break the tolerance. (modernloveok.com)
Peripheral tolerance evolved to counteract autoantigen-recognizing T or B cells that escape central tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
Loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens associated with a specific organ results in the activation of organ-specific T and B cells that in turn cause organ-specific inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 5 ), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( 6 ), psoriasis ( 7 ), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)

After being exposed to an antigen, whether by a vaccination or a pathogen, the body develops an adaptive immune response. (microbiologynote.com)
Therapeutic vaccination has the major advantage that the induced immune response selectively attacks tumors while leaving the healthy cells untouched. (universiteitleiden.nl)

α-crystallin is a member of the small heat shock protein family, which helps in maintaining and thickening of the cell wall and in providing stability to proteins that allow the bacteria to survive under harsher conditions 7 . (nature.com)
For example, helper T cells have a co-stimulatory receptor called CD28 that binds proteins CD80 and CD86. (nanoteintech.com)
It's in these transition points that the proteins are undergoing many changes, and we can use algorithms, essentially reducing the cell development stages to mathematical equations, to determine recurrence. (stanford.edu)
Dr Anja Knaupp 's research centres on characterising cell-type-specific sets of proteins and determining how they operate. (rossjohnlab.com)
Ly6G is a 21-25 kDa member of the Ly-6 superfamily of GPI-anchored cell surface proteins with roles in cell signaling and cell adhesion. (bioxcell.com)

Similar to αβ T cells, γδ T cells also develop in embryos, and their intra-thymic development shows strict regulation and flexible plasticity [ 2 ]. (explorationpub.com)

However, viruses including alphaherpesvirinae have developed strategies to interfere with the function or maturation of DCs, causing immune dysfunction and avoidance of pathogen elimination. (biomedcentral.com)

The purpose of immunological memory is to protect a host from reinfection, to control persistent infection, and to protect immunologically immature fetuses and neonates by passive transfer of maternal antibody. (scielo.br)

First, tobacco smoking suppresses both the humoral and cell-mediated immune systems. (druglibrary.org)

These cells are collectively referred to as antigen presenting cells. (microbiologytext.com)

In the last years computational models have acquired a pivotal role to assure the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments independently from the biological, immunological, epigenetic and environmental features characterizing each patient. (biomedcentral.com)
The most recent research provides evidence that memory T-cells are generated from effector T-cells via epigenetic modifications, as the methylation patterns that are seen in memory cells are similar to those seen in effector cells. (flowmetric.com)

TLR4, but Neither Dectin-1 nor Dectin-2, Participates in the Mollusk Hemocyanin-Induced Proinflammatory Effects in Antigen-Presenting Cells from Mammals. (exeter.ac.uk)
2015) Proinflammatory GM-CSF-producing B cells in multiple sclerosis and B cell depletion therapy. (institut-necker-enfants-malades.fr)

Background Adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapy improves outcomes in patients with advanced malignancies, yet many individuals relapse due to the infusion of T cells with poor function or persistence. (bmj.com)
Additionally, the expression of Foxp3 in the CD25high Treg cell population was significantly greater compared with the CD25inter Treg cells in both HNSCC patients and healthy controls, P ≤ 0·01. (c-kitinhibitors.com)

Dendritic cells, Figure 16.1, are found in skin, mucous membranes, bloodstream, lymph and all solid organs of the body except the brain, the eyes and testes. (microbiologytext.com)

Anatomy21

Organisms15

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs141

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment34

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care5

Immunity35

Cytokines17

Molecules14

Lymphocytes19

APCs5

Dendritic cell6

Antibodies11

Endogenous self-antigens1

Tumor antigens1

External antigens1

Vaccine10

Human leucocy1

Receptors5

Vivo8

Effector functions1

Activate3

Present antigen1

Mechanisms17

Foreign pathogens1

Molecular3

Innate immune1

Differentiation8

Macrophages6

Lipid1

Uptake2

Recognize8

Murine3

Peptide3

Immune responses2

Stimulation2

Responses12

Endothelial cells2

Phagocytic cells1

Cytokine production2

Defense4

Induce4

Recognition1

Peptides3

Tissues9

Cellular8

Role of dendritic cells2

Phagocytosis2

Undergo3

Interactions2

Adaptive immune2

Cancer Immunotherapy2

Nonself1

Microbes1

Mediate2

Tumour3

Reactive1

Exposure7

Tolerance3

Vaccination2

Proteins5

Regulation1

Maturation1

Host from reinfection1

Humoral1

Collectively1

Epigenetic2

Proinflammatory2

Patients2

Lymph1