• Cellular 5'-3' mRNA exonuclease Xrn1 controls double-stranded RNA accumulation and anti-viral responses. (nih.gov)
  • Sequence of the pS2 mRNA induced by estrogen in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. (xenbase.org)
  • Northern hybridization analysis of selected cases showed marked expression of MCP-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) in IPF and nonIPF compared with CTRL. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These findings indicate that high PAI-1 mRNA expression represents a strong and independent unfavorable prognostic factor for the development of metastases and for breast cancer specific survival in a population of hormone receptor- and lymph node-positive breast cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zu Beginn der Arbeit sollten Methoden für die exakte Identifizierung der beteiligten regulatorischen RNA-Sequenzen und der miRNA-mRNA Interaktionen entwickelt werden. (fu-berlin.de)
  • The first aim of the study was to develop methods for the efficient and accurate identification of the involved regulatory RNA sequences and the miRNA-mRNA interactions. (fu-berlin.de)
  • The placenta mRNA levels and cell-specific localization of iNOS were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. (medscimonit.com)
  • Liver and serum samples were collected 24 h later to evaluate the macro- and microscopic images, the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The suppressive effects of MSC-derived exosomes and the MSCs in this injury model were evaluated by the level of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), histopathological examinations, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the population alteration of regulatory T cells (Treg) among non-parenchymal liver cells (NPCs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ki67-a well-known cell proliferation marker-has been described to predict the benefit from adjuvant taxane-based treatment in the PACS01 trial (Penault-Llorca, J C O, 2008). (justia.com)
  • The term "tumor" as used herein, refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues. (justia.com)
  • Cell membrane proteins can trigger intracellular signal transduction and regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • YAP and TAZ activation is not uncoupled from cell density in CCA cells and both factors cooperatively contribute to proliferation and expression of CIN-associated genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An aberrant miRNA expression could contribute to cancer development and progression [ 6 , 7 ] and could affect their target genes that are involved in many biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and development [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 in human cancer: From proliferation and metastasis to therapy. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • The prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor SUAM-14746 attenuates the proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines in vitro. (cancerindex.org)
  • The effects of POP inhibition and knockdown on the proliferation of cultured human estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) MCF7 and T47D, and ER-negative (ER-) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines and the MCF12A non-tumorigenic epithelial cell line were tested by analyzing their influence on cell proliferation (WST-1 assay), cell viability (trypan blue exclusion assay), and cell cycle arrest (cell cycle analysis, cell cycle regulator proteins expression). (cancerindex.org)
  • HPA RNA-seq normal tissues for TMEM169 were obtained from 95 human tissue samples. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whipple's disease (WD) is a rare chronic systemic infection with a wide range of clinical symptoms, routinely diagnosed in biopsies from the small intestine and other tissues by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) diastase staining and immunohistological analysis with specific antibodies. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cells grown on porous collage-coated beads under fluid shear conditions in rotating wall vessel bioreactors differentiate into 3-D architectures resembling both the morphologic and physiologic function of in vivo tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunohistochemical staining of Spectrin beta-4 in human cerebral cortex and skin tissues using Spectrin beta-4 Polyclonal Antibody (Product # PA5-62972). (thermofisher.com)
  • Corresponding SPTBN4 RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues. (thermofisher.com)
  • These include the loss of proliferative control, enhanced cellular migration and invasion, extracellular matrix degradation, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and vascular invasion followed by the distant seeding of tumor cells in specific tissues, such as the liver or lung. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded U373 xenograft, using RALY(GTX117389) antibody at 1:500 dilution. (genetex.com)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded C2C12 xenograft, using RALY(GTX117389) antibody at 1:500 dilution. (genetex.com)
  • The use of polyclonal TMEM169 antibody (NBP2-69796) of a human melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-30) in the host of rabbit demonstrates TMEM169 localization to nucleoplasm, cytosol and centrosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Strong positivity in glial cells is revealed through immunohistochemical staining of the human cerebral cortex with antibody HPA074877. (wikipedia.org)
  • To examine the mechanisms for increased monocyte/macrophage recruitment in IPF and nonIPF interstitial lung diseases (nonIPF) the localization of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was investigated in 14 cases of IPF, seven cases of nonIPF, and seven normal control lungs (CTRL) by immunohistochemistry using a specific anti-MCP-1 monoclonal antibody, F9. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Non-transfected (-) and transfected (+) HCT-116 whole cell extract (60 μg) were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with RBPMS antibody [HL1106] (GTX636321) diluted at 1:5000. (genetex.com)
  • RBPMS antibody [HL1106] detects RBPMS protein by immunohistochemical analysis. (genetex.com)
  • Various whole cell extracts (30 μg) were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with RBPMS antibody [HL1106] (GTX636321) diluted at 1:1000. (genetex.com)
  • This laboratory is interested in the molecular mechanisms of different cell membrane proteins involved in tumorigenesis. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • These findings suggest that while channel proteins found in sperm cells from different species look similar and serve similar roles, they are activated in ways that can be very different. (elifesciences.org)
  • Spectrin is the major constituent of the cytoskeletal network underlying the erthrocyte plasma membrane and determines cell shape, arrangement of transmembrane proteins and organization of organelles. (thermofisher.com)
  • This gene encodes a member of the RNA recognition motif family of RNA-binding proteins. (genetex.com)
  • In contrast, both proteins were jointly detectable in most CCA cell lines and showed nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling in a cell density-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Deficiency in ClpP induces an overload of mitochondrial misfolded/unfolded proteins, suppresses mitochondrial respiratory activity, increases mitochondrial oxidative damage and causes cell death. (springer.com)
  • Aggregation-prone proteins may accumulate into discrete micrometer-scale structures that are termed inclusions, inclusion bodies, aggregates or have disease or morphology specific names (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies of viral attachment to cultured gastrointestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) using recombinant virus-like particles or infectious noroviruses indicate that specific histo-blood group antigens play a key role in the attachment of the virus to the host cells ( 13 - 17 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In the testis, Sertoli cells serve as supporting cells and reside as a basal epithelial lining within the seminiferous epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In IPF MCP-1 was observed in cuboidal and flattened metaplastic epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, and vascular endothelial cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In contrast, no epithelial cells were stained for MCP-1 in nonIPF cases, although alveolar macrophages and vascular endothelial cells were labeled. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production by epithelial cells in IPF may be caused by the metaplastic nature of the epithelial cells and may be one of the key factors inducing the irreversible progression of IPF. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Best1 protein is observed in cortical and hippocampal astrocytes, in cerebellar Bergmann glia and lamellar astrocytes, in thalamic reticular neurons, in meninges and in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. (en-journal.org)
  • Immunohistochemical staining of human cervix, uterine shows strong cytoplasmic positivity in squamous epithelial cells. (creativebiolabs.net)
  • Present study was designed to establish a causal connection between changes in the cell-cell junction protein expression at the blood-testis barrier and alterations in the adult rat testis histology following an anti-androgen flutamide exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In endochondral bone formation, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)-expressing RZSCs are the source of growth plate chondrocytes, which give rise to bone-forming osteoblasts as well as bone marrow skeletal stem cells 1 . (nature.com)
  • In TE7 cells, these TGF-β1-induced changes were reversed by 100 ng/mL of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), another member of the TGF-β1 superfamily. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a mitogen-inducible monokine and is one of the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T-cells. (cancerindex.org)
  • The encoded protein has a single, putative RNA recognition motif in its N-terminus. (genetex.com)
  • Although a high level of PDE10A gene expression is observed in the testis, information on the identity of the isoforms or on the cell type that express the PDE10 protein is lacking. (plos.org)
  • and cell differentiation ( SOX2 and TGFB3 ) as well as immunohistochemical assay for VEGFA, TP53, Bcl2, TGFB1, and Ki67 protein expression have been performed in 85 FFPE RCC tumor specimens. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we show that the protein level of ClpP is selectively decreased in αSyn-expressing cell culture and neurons derived from iPS cells of PD patient carrying αSyn A53T mutant, and in dopaminergic (DA) neurons of αSyn A53T mice and PD patient postmortem brains. (springer.com)
  • The BRCA2 R3052W mutated protein exacerbates genome instability, is unable to rescue homology-directed repair, and fails to complement cell survival following exposure to PARP inhibitors and crosslinking drugs. (frontiersin.org)
  • Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) protein defects occur in several pathways involved in the biologic function of muscle and can be divided into groups based on cellular localization. (medscape.com)
  • Identification of phlebovirus and arenavirus RNA sequences that stall and repress the exoribonuclease XRN1. (nih.gov)
  • BRCA2 nuclear localization and export sequences are listed. (frontiersin.org)
  • Noroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses ≈27-35 nm in diameter ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This class of noncoding RNAs is small, single stranded, and 19-25 nucleotide long that act as negative regulators involved in posttranscriptional silencing of the gene expression [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The cellular identity and function were verified by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanistically, the complex consisting of YAP and transcription factors promotes the expression of genes involved in DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, chromosomal segregation, but also in the control of cellular stemness. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Runx1 and Runx2 inhibit fibrotic conversion of cellular niches for hematopoietic stem cells. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • (B) Western blot of total cellular lysates from DLD-1 BRCA2 −/− cells stably transfected with full-length BRCA2 cDNA constructs: BRCA2 Wild Type (WT) and BRCA2 R3052W (1 and 2 correspond to two independent clones). (frontiersin.org)
  • (F) Western blot of total cellular lysates from DLD-1 parental cells (these cells express a wild-type allele of BRCA2) stably transfected with R3052W (3 and 5 correspond to two independent clones) full-length 2XMBP-BRCA2 cDNA constructs. (frontiersin.org)
  • According to this theory, the differences in phenotypes expressed by mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) and gonadal germ cell tumors may be explained by differences in the cellular environment between the gonad and the anterior mediastinum. (medscape.com)
  • RNA sequencing data revealed TMEM169 is expressed ubiquitously, although it displays high expression in the brain, particularly during fetal development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a condition specific to pregnancy, leading to increased fetal morbidity and mortality. (medscimonit.com)
  • The first suggests that fetal gonocytes whose development into spermatogonia is blocked may undergo abnormal cell division and then invasive growth mediated by postnatal and pubertal gonadotrophin stimulation. (medscape.com)
  • pNR-2/pS2 immunohistochemical staining in breast cancer: correlation with prognostic factors and endocrine response. (xenbase.org)
  • By double immunohistochemical staining using F9 and one of the cell type specific antibodies significant differences in the staining pattern of MCP-1 were observed between IPF and nonIPF. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Immunofluorescent staining of human cell line THP-1 shows localization to plasma membrane. (creativebiolabs.net)
  • The HPA RNA-seq demonstrates highest expression of TMEM169 in the brain (RPKM=3.159). (wikipedia.org)
  • The mouse pS2 gene is highly expressed in the stomach mucosa cells, whereas no pS2 gene expression could be detected in the mouse mammary gland, even during postnatal development processes dependent on growth factors or hormones. (xenbase.org)
  • TE7 cells were selected as a model because TGF-β1 (0-5 ng/mL) treatment induced morphologic and molecular expression changes suggestive of EMT. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Analysis of heterologous expression systems of rOAT1 in oocytes and culture cells revealed that rOAT1 has the ability to transport anionic drugs, such as β-lactam antibiotics, NSAIDs, methotrexate, and antiviral drugs, as well as various endogenous organic anions and exogenous substances. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Cell lines ordered by descending RNA expression order. (creativebiolabs.net)
  • Although the development of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, which suppress interleukin (IL)-2 expression and T cell-mediated immune responses, was a breakthrough, their adverse effects are still a major problem in the long-term follow-up of transplant recipients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • although it is derived from cells of the renal tubular epithelium, it has several histological subtypes which differ in their clinical outcome and biological features. (hindawi.com)
  • All MLAs exhibited architectural diversity, compactly aggregated small tubules, eosinophilic intraluminal secretions, overlapped and angulated nuclei, scant cytoplasm, and presence of spindle cells. (iiarjournals.org)
  • As shown for HCC, inactivation of the Hippo kinase cassette or activation of YAP is leading to liver overgrowth via expansion of liver progenitor cells and eventually cancer development with combined hepatocellular/cholangiocellular differentiation [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is involved in p53 pathways and is implicated in cell death/survival signaling, the cell cycle, and differentiation, thereby playing a regulatory role in carcinogenesis [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • They are expressed by the mucosal epithelium and arrive in a paracrine manner to their target cells in the mesenchyme with an anti-proliferative and differentiation-promoting effect. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Immunophenotypic and Molecular Features of Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Differentiation Are Distinct from Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Recently, the first in vitro norovirus cell culture model was reported for a virus that infects mice ( 18 , 19 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A panel of esophageal cell lines was examined for the ability of TGF-β1 to induce EMT in vitro . (aacrjournals.org)
  • These functional changes were reversed by BMP7 and SMAD4 RNA interference in vitro . (aacrjournals.org)
  • Goupil S, Maréchal L, El Hajj H, Tremblay M-È, Richard FJ, Leclerc P (2016) Identification and Localization of the Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 10A in Bovine Testis and Mature Spermatozoa. (plos.org)
  • Recent infection with yellow fever virus was confirmed in all four organ recipients by identification of yellow fever virus RNA consistent with the 17D vaccine strain in brain tissue from one recipient and seroconversion after transplantation in three recipients. (cdc.gov)
  • In cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells, pharmacologic or genetic activation of AMPK inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1), while inhibition of AMPK had opposite effects. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • [ 57 ] reported increased numbers of CD1 cells similar to atopic dermatitis but also showed raised CD8 positivity rather than CD4 positivity in the dermis, unlike atopic dermatitis. (medscape.com)
  • The term "cancer" is not limited to any stage, grade, histomorphological feature, aggressivity, or malignancy of an affected tissue or cell aggregation. (justia.com)
  • Detection of estradiol-induced messenger RNA (pS2) in uninvolved breast tissue from mastectomies for breast cancer. (xenbase.org)
  • At distinct anatomical sites, bone tissue harbors multiple types of skeletal stem cells, which may independently supply osteogenic cells in a site-specific manner. (nature.com)
  • Sexually Dimorphic Increases in Bone Mass Following Tissue-specific Overexpression of Runx1 in Osteoclast Precursors. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 as a potential mechanism of acquired resistance to vemurafenib in BRAF(V600E) mutant cancer cells. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • Overexpression of ClpP reduces αSyn-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress through enhancing the level of Superoxide Dismutase-2 (SOD2), and suppresses the accumulation of αSyn S129 phosphorylation and promotes neuronal morphology in neurons derived from PD patient iPS cells carrying αSyn A53T mutant. (springer.com)
  • Overexpression of R3052W in DLD1 parental BRCA2 wild-type cells confers sensitivity to MMC DNA damage. (frontiersin.org)
  • In occasional cells, this crossing over may lead to increased 12p copy number and overexpression of cyclin D2. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, while actinic keratosis and a history of previous dialysis were significantly associated with the development of a least one squamous cell carcinoma, the presence of keratotic lesions and azathioprine intake resulted connected with the appearance of multiple squamous neoplasms. (bvsalud.org)
  • Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), which include basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and actinic keratosis (AK), are the most common cancer diseases in the Caucasian race. (bvsalud.org)
  • A growing body of research shows that human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common and increasing cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). (cdc.gov)
  • We focus on the role of HPV in the increased incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the head and neck cancer in which HPV is most commonly found ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Head and neck cancer most commonly is of the squamous cell carcinoma type (HNSCC) and includes cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, sinonasal tract, and nasopharynx. (cdc.gov)
  • The RNA recognition motif is between 80-100 amino acids in length and family members contain one to four copies of the motif. (genetex.com)
  • METHODS: We employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to examine the heterogeneity of keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast clusters in AKs and adjacent normal skins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Similarly, new molecular-based methods and therapies tailored to specific pathogeneses have a potential to improve diagnosis and outcomes in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. (intechopen.com)
  • In the interstitial compartment, however, short-term exposure leads to both histological and functional changes of the Leydig cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IL-12 and IL-6 were only slightly upregulated in G2, and TGF-β was downregulated in G1 and G2, suggestive of limited T regulatory (Treg) cell activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell clustering, pseudotime trajectory construction, gene ontology enrichment analysis, transcription factor network analysis, and cell-cell communication were used to investigate the heterogeneity of keratinocytes in AK. (bvsalud.org)
  • Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this rhodopsin belongs to the retina-type but not to the pineal-specific rhodopsin group. (bioone.org)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of YAP and TAZ in iCCA and extrahepatic CCA (eCCA) cohorts was performed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They create a specialized microenvironment to support the germ cell development especially through the formation of the blood-testis barrier (BTB). (biomedcentral.com)
  • During this stage of germ cell development, aberrant chromatid exchange events associated with crossing over can occur. (medscape.com)
  • As in somatic cells, sperm intracellular cAMP concentration is regulated by the opposite action of two enzymes: the adenylyl cyclases (AC), which synthesize cAMP from ATP, and the phosphodiesterases (PDE), which break the phosphodiester bond of cAMP to form 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP). (plos.org)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes on an immune-induced liver injury model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The objective of this study was to identify the PDE10A isoforms expressed in the testis and germ cells, and to determine the presence and localization of PDE10A in mature spermatozoa. (plos.org)
  • Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence has increased over the past two decades. (hindawi.com)
  • Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of human malignancies, and its incidence appears to be increasing globally [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • To explain the origin of occult carcinoma in situ cells, 2 models have been proposed. (medscape.com)
  • Globally, the incidence and localization of HNSCC varies widely. (cdc.gov)
  • The BRCA2 R3052W mutation fails to complement chemotherapeutic sensitivity and homology-directed repair functions in BRCA2 knockout cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Defining the ultrastructure of the hematopoietic stem cell niche by correlative light and electron microscopy. (neurotree.org)
  • Single-cell analyses define a continuum of cell state and composition changes in the malignant transformation of polyps to colorectal cancer. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Malignant transformation of germ cells is the result of a multistep process of genetic changes. (medscape.com)
  • Myeloid immune cells, specifically tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), may represent potential novel therapeutic targets in HCC, complementing current ablative or immune therapies. (cancerindex.org)
  • Inflammatory infiltrates in the placenta mainly consisted of CD8+ and, to a lesser extent, CD4+ T cells and macrophages (CD163+). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Acetylation of EGF receptor contributes to tumor cell resistance to histone deacetylase inhibitors. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • Deletion of AMPKα1 or AMPKα2 resulted in activation of STAT1 and in increases in proinflammatory mediators, both of which were attenuated by administration of STAT1 small interfering RNA or fludarabine, a selective STAT1 inhibitor. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • This list continues to expand, and, as of this writing, specific mutations listed on OMIM are known for 7 autosomal dominant LGMDs and 23 autosomal recessive LGMDs. (medscape.com)
  • However, localization and characteristics of the photoreceptor that mediates photoperiodism in gonadal development remain to be determined. (bioone.org)
  • The cell carrying this abnormality is relatively protected against apoptotic death because of the oncogenic effect of CCND2, leading to re-initiation of cell cycle and genomic instability. (medscape.com)
  • Extragonadal germinal cell tumors (EGGCTs) are rare tumors that predominantly affect young males. (medscape.com)
  • Testosterone is essential for male fertility, mediating its biological effects through the androgen receptor (AR) present in somatic Leydig, peritubular, and Sertoli cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 61 (6) : 903-13 Resources for the Comprehensive Discovery of Functional RNA Elements. (genetex.com)
  • In general, sperm cells become attracted to egg cells by various chemical or physical signals. (elifesciences.org)
  • A mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate is seen in a perivascular distribution. (medscape.com)
  • Rare causes of specific inflammatory cardiomyopathies include cardiac sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis and eosinophilic myocarditis. (intechopen.com)
  • The "digital era" has revolutionized both the generation and the interpretation of the data, thus supporting-if not replacing completely, for specific analyses-functional studies to understand physiology and pathology of the cells. (mdpi.com)
  • However, it remains unclear whether there is functional crosstalk between these two types of skeletal stem cells. (nature.com)
  • YAP/TAZ shuttling and their functional impact on CCA cell lines were investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • No specific treatment is available for any of the LGMD syndromes, though aggressive supportive care is essential to preserve muscle function, maximize functional ability, and prolong life expectancy. (medscape.com)