AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Immunoglobulin J-ChainsImmunoglobulin Variable RegionImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsGenes, ImmunoglobulinImmunoglobulinsSomatic Hypermutation, ImmunoglobulinImmunoglobulin GImmunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding ProteinImmunoglobulin Light ChainsImmunoglobulin AImmunoglobulin MImmunoglobulin kappa-ChainsB-LymphocytesGene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy ChainLeukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-CellGene Rearrangement, B-LymphocyteGenes, Immunoglobulin Heavy ChainImmunoglobulins, IntravenousMolecular Sequence DataBase Sequence
AntibodiesUnmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable regionAntibodyGenesAntigenProteinMonoclonalPolymerase chain rePolypeptide chainsIGHVIntravenous immunoglobulinGeneRegionMoleculesSequencesSerumLocusProteinsMammalianSpecificityMoleculeProgenitorLambda lightDomainsConnected by disulfideCompriseSpleenSystemicDetectsDefectsLight chainSequenceGammaTypes of light chainsReceptorHeavy-and-lightRegionsAmountsExcessRenalFunctionalCellsBone
Antibodies30
  • Anti-immunoglobulin antibodies are defined as a protein that detects other antibodies from an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, anti-immunoglobulin antibodies are created by B-cells as antibodies to bind to other immunoglobulins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anti-immunoglobulin antibodies may bind to either the variable or constant region of the immunoglobulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anti-immunoglobulin antibodies are a type of secondary antibody. (wikipedia.org)
  • The anti-immunoglobulin antibodies are created through recombinant DNA technology. (wikipedia.org)
  • All anti-immunoglobulin antibodies are laboratory-made, so they are a type of clonal antibody. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anti-immunoglobulin antibodies are recognizable by their clone name. (wikipedia.org)
  • To detect all isotypes of human antibodies, anti-human kappa and lambda light chain antibodies are available. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies are available for purchase on a commercial laboratory scale. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are anti-IgG antibodies that are heavy-and-light chain specific, Fc-part specific, and hinge-part specific. (wikipedia.org)
  • IgE antibodies are the least abundant immunoglobulins in the immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anti-lambda light chain antibodies can nonspecifically bind to multiple isotypes of immunoglobulins. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is critical to note that these are not the only anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are examples of the most common anti-immunoglobulin antibodies used in current human research. (wikipedia.org)
  • A majority of non-human immunoglobulin antibodies are detected in non-human primate (NHP) models. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)
  • Use of immunoglobulin fragments eliminates non-specific binding between the Fc portions of antibodies and the Fc receptor on cells. (abcam.com)
  • F(ab) fragments are used to block endogenous immunoglobulins on cells, tissues and exposed immunoglobulins in multiple labeling experiments using primary antibodies from the same species. (abcam.com)
  • These antibodies are not recommended for blocking immunoglobulins in WB and ELISA. (abcam.com)
  • The Id is detectable on anti-dsDNA antibodies, though it must also be present on other immunoglobulins whose specificities remain unknown. (bmj.com)
  • Another way of distinguishing antibodies serologically involves an analysis of their idiotypes that may be thought of as phenotypic markers of the variable region genes used to encode the antigen binding (Fab) region of immunoglobulin molecules. (bmj.com)
  • Unless specified as isotype-specific, anti-IgG secondary antibodies are raised against whole immunoglobulin, so they are expected to cross-react widely with isotypes other than IgG. (biotium.com)
  • Our BSA also is immunoglobulin-free and should not interfere with secondary antibodies. (biotium.com)
  • Some of the latest, most promising therapeutic developments in the biologics industry use antibody fragments - either separate functional subunits of antibodies or recombinant molecules that are composed of immunoglobulin domains. (bioprocessintl.com)
  • Nanobodies are derived from the heavy chain antibodies found in the immune system of the Camelid family of mammals, such as llamas and camels, which differ from most other animal derived Immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies in that they consist of a dimer of Variable Heavy Chain fragments only (Figure 1). (edu.au)
  • Nanobodies are comprised of the complementarity determining domain (VHH) of each chain in isolation, and are therefore a small (12-15 kDa), monomeric alternative to conventional antibodies. (edu.au)
  • Nakamura T, Kubagawa H, Cooper MD: Heterogeneity of immunoglobulin-associated molecules on human B cells identified by monoclonal antibodies. (exbio.cz)
  • they are called variable because the amino acids they contain are different in different antibodies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The approach was applied to five different hybridomas producing human monoclonal antibodies and variable regions for both bold gamma and mu heavy chain and kappa and lambda light chain genes were successfully cloned. (lu.se)
  • It will also facilitate structural and functional studies of immunoglobulins as well as the rapid construction of chimeric antibodies. (lu.se)
Unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region2
  • Median progression-free survival was 26 months for those with 17p deletion, 55 months for those with deletion 11q, 43 months for those with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region ( IGVH ), and not reached for those with deletion 13q. (ascopost.com)
  • In terms of the study population there were a number of patients with poor risk features, this included 56% of the study population with an unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region, 17% of the study population with either deletion 17p or TP53 mutation and 19% of the study population with a complex karyotype. (ecancer.org)
Antibody16
  • An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
  • The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Schematic structure of an antibody: two heavy chains (blue, yellow) and the two light chains (green, pink). (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunoglobulin G (IgG) belongs to the immunoglobulin family and is a widely expressed serum antibody. (anobase.org)
  • IgG antibody subtype is the most abundant serum immunoglobulins of the immune system. (anobase.org)
  • IgG antibody is a glycoprotein, composed of two polypeptide chains (light and heavy), each possessing variable and constant domains. (anobase.org)
  • The variable region of IgG antibody is specific to antigens and is highly conserved. (anobase.org)
  • However, it is important to avoid using blocking serum from the same host species as your primary antibody that is detected by a secondary antibody against the same species (immunoglobulins in the blocking serum will compete for the secondary binding). (biotium.com)
  • It means that the antibody will bind to epitopes on both the heavy chains (constant regions) and light chains (variable regions) of the target species immunoglobulin. (biotium.com)
  • When combined into an intact antibody, the humanized immunoglobulins of the present invention will be substantially non-immunogenic in humans and retain substantially the same affinity as the donor immunoglobulin to the antigen, such as a protein or other compound containing an epitope. (pof.com.au)
  • The antibody TB28-2 recognizes human Ig kappa light chains of both secreted and cell surface immunoglobulin. (exbio.cz)
  • The Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase gene (arp) was genetically fused to either the 5′- or 3′-terminal ends of the gene encoding llama variable heavy chain antibody fragment VHH R9, resulting in the fusion expression cassettes ARP-R9 or R9-ARP. (tno.nl)
  • We report the expression and production of llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragments (VHHs) by Aspergillus awamori. (tno.nl)
  • We will focus on single-chain antibody fragment production (scFv and VHH) by these lower eukaryotes and the possible applications of these proteins. (tno.nl)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • Antibody deficiencies are treated with intravenous immunoglobulin substitution therapy. (lu.se)
Genes7
  • Upstream and downstream sequences of immunoglobulin genes may affect the expression of such genes. (lu.se)
  • We have now established a new data pre-processing procedure to eliminate artifacts caused by a 5'-RACE library generation process, reanalyzed a previously studied data set defining human immunoglobulin heavy chain genes, and identified novel upstream regions, as well as previously identified upstream regions that may have been identified in error. (lu.se)
  • Finally, based on the outcomes of the analysis, we define a set of testable hypotheses with respect to the placement of particular alleles in complex IGHV locus haplotypes, and discuss the evolutionary relatedness of particular heavy chain variable genes based on sequences of their upstream regions. (lu.se)
  • Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)
  • The sharing of idiotypes by immunoglobulins from different people implies that the genes that encode the idiotypes are also shared. (bmj.com)
  • Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in activated B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Variable regions in the MeV genome include the hemagglutinin (H) and nucleoprotein (N) genes. (cdc.gov)
Antigen2
  • In class-switch recombination, regulated DNA deletion replaces one heavy chain constant region with another, changing the antibody's class but not its antigen specificity and thus optimizing clearance of antigen from the body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most popular fragments are antigen-binding fragments (Fabs), variable single-chain fragments (scFvs), diabodies, and nanobodies. (bioprocessintl.com)
Protein10
  • Plasma cells normally produce a slight excess of light chains that are either excreted or catabolized by the kidney, and only a minute amount of light-chain protein normally appears in the urine. (medscape.com)
  • Light-chain proteins appear in urine in high concentration either when the production of light-chain proteins is markedly increased or when the ability of the proximal tubules to reabsorb all the filtered protein is diminished. (medscape.com)
  • The term Bence Jones protein has been used to designate a urinary protein that leaves solution at approximately 56°C under certain conditions of pH and ionic strength and returns to the solution upon further heating to 100°C. The Bence Jones protein represents a homogeneous population of immunoglobulin light chains of either kappa type or lambda type and is the product of a presumed single clone of plasma cells. (medscape.com)
  • This process is exceedingly efficient, and only a minute amount of light-chain protein normally appears in the urine. (medscape.com)
  • This single-chain 535 amino acid long protein causes the symptoms of acute diphtheria infection. (org.ua)
  • Immunoglobulin-like domains that are related in both sequence and structure can be found in several diverse protein families. (embl.de)
  • This entry represents a subtype of the immunoglobulin domain, and is found in a diverse range of protein families that includes glycoproteins, fibroblast growth factor receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, interleukin-6 receptor, and neural cell adhesion molecules. (embl.de)
  • Heimdall, an alternative protein issued from a ncRNA related to kappa light chain variable region of immunoglobulins from astrocytes: a new player in neural proteome. (sav.sk)
  • Excessive amounts of IgM M-proteins (monoclonal immunoglobulin protein, which may consist of both heavy and light chains or of only one type of chain) can also accumulate in other disorders, causing manifestations similar to macroglobulinemia. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Conduct serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation analyses, and kappa and lambda free light chain (FLC) assays in serum, to determine the age-adjusted prevalence and monoclonal protein size distribution of MGUS by ethnic/racial group. (cdc.gov)
Monoclonal2
  • [ 2 ] The term has been associated with various glomerular abnormalities that are caused by the deposition of these monoclonal immunoglobulins (or their heavy-chain or light-chain subunits) and are broadly classified into 2 categories, organized or nonorganized, depending on the pattern of deposition. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce monoclonal immunoglobulin and invade and destroy adjacent bone tissue. (merckmanuals.com)
Polymerase chain re4
  • Mycobacterial DNA was not detected with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (cdc.gov)
  • A registered nurse visits the homes of patients with reported cases to collect specimens for laboratory confirmation, by polymerase chain reaction or detection of MeV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M, of the clinical diagnosis and subsequent identification of the measles genotype (6) . (cdc.gov)
  • EU MCL MRD Group: Minimal residual disease detection in mantle cell lymphoma: methods and significance of four-color flow cytometry compared to consensus IGH-polymerase chain reaction at initial staging and for follow-up examinations. (exbio.cz)
  • We describe a general approach to rapidly obtain the DNA sequence encoding the variable region of any immunoglobulin chain using the polymerase chain reaction and a mixture of upstream primers corresponding to the leader sequence, and one downstream primer designed from the conserved nucleotide sequence of the constant region. (lu.se)
Polypeptide chains1
  • Identical allotypic markers of heavy polypeptide chains present in different immunoglobulin classes. (wikidata.org)
IGHV2
  • Since the SLAMF low signature was strongly associated with an unmutated CLL immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV) status in large datasets, we investigated the impact of SLAMF1 and SLAMF7 on the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling axis. (nature.com)
  • CLL cells with a changed, or mutated, gene for IGHV (immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region) have a more favourable prognosis. (cancer.ca)
Intravenous immunoglobulin1
  • Therapies for these disorders (eg, intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG], bone marrow transplantation, gene therapy) are very costly and require highly advanced facilities. (medscape.com)
Gene5
  • The mechanisms that regulate variable (V) gene selection during the development of the mouse IgH repertoire are not fully understood, due in part to the absence of the complete locus sequence. (nih.gov)
  • This gene encodes the CD8 alpha chain isoforms. (wikidoc.org)
  • Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement begins with heavy-chain gene rearrangement followed by light-chain gene rearrangement. (medscape.com)
  • The most variable region is the carboxyl-terminal end (450 nucleotides [nt]) of the N gene. (cdc.gov)
  • A high mutation rate of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene associates with a poor survival and chemotherapy response of mantle cell lymphoma patients. (cdc.gov)
Region13
  • Immunoglobulins have two regions: the constant region and the variable region. (wikipedia.org)
  • The constant region is involved in effector function, while the variable region is involved in recognizing and binding to antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each light chain has both a constant and a variable region. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are further divided into at least 10 subtypes (4 kappa and 6 lambda) based on the amino acid sequence in the variable region of the polypeptide chain. (medscape.com)
  • The murine immunoglobulin heavy chain locus is shown (top line) with a rearranged variable (VDJ) region juxtaposed to the Cμ constant region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AID is depicted traveling with the transcription apparatus (tailed arrows) at the expressed variable region and the activated Sμ and Sγ1 switch regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Somatic hypermutation alters variable region sequence, and switch recombination joins a new constant region (Cγ1) to the expressed variable region, producing an extrachromosomal DNA circle (bottom), which contains the deleted region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The final result is a heavy chain locus containing a mutated variable region (mutations are indicated by stars) and a chromosomal Sμ/Sγ1 junction (bottom). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novel methods for designing humanized immunoglobulins having one or more complementary determining regions (CDR's) from a donor immunoglobulin and a framework region from a human immunoglobulin comprising first comparing the framework or variable region amino acid sequence of the donor immunoglobulin to corresponding sequences in a collection of human immunoglobulin chains, and selecting as the human immunoglobulin one of the more homologous sequences from the collection. (pof.com.au)
  • When various characteristics were looked at and a Forest plot analysis was presented at the ASCO meeting, various variables did not affect the CR rate and these included age, stage of disease, 17p or TP53 mutation status or immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region mutation status. (ecancer.org)
  • Kappa and lambda consist of a variable region and a constant region and can easily be differentiated by the antigenic properties of the constant region. (exbio.cz)
  • The heavy and light chains are divided into a variable (V) region and a constant (C) region. (msdmanuals.com)
  • VL = light chain variable region. (msdmanuals.com)
Molecules4
  • The basic structure of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules is a tetramer of two light chains and two heavy chains linked by disulphide bonds. (embl.de)
  • Ig molecules are highly modular proteins, in which the variable and constant domains have clear, conserved sequence patterns. (embl.de)
  • CD8 alpha chains bind to class-I MHC molecules alpha-3 domains. (whispermovie.com)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
Sequences4
  • However, these sequences are rarely studied or characterized in most studies of immunoglobulin repertoires. (lu.se)
  • Inference from large, rearranged immunoglobulin transcriptome data sets offers an opportunity to define the upstream regions (5'-untranslated regions and leader sequences). (lu.se)
  • Idiotypes may represent amino acid sequences located on light or heavy chains alone or in combination. (bmj.com)
  • In somatic hypermutation, targeted and rampant mutagenesis alters the sequences of the expressed heavy and light chain variable (VDJ) regions. (biomedcentral.com)
Serum2
  • After the blocking step with normal serum, we recommend incubating F(ab) fragments in excess to block endogenous immunoglobulins in IHC. (abcam.com)
  • The normal reference range of 0.26 to 1.65 for the free-kappa-lambda ratio in the FLC assay reflects a higher serum level of free-lambda light chains than would be expected given the usual kappa-lambda ratio of two intact immuno¬globulins. (cdc.gov)
Locus2
  • High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain ( IgH ) locus is a recent very efficient technique to monitor minimal residual disease of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). (frontiersin.org)
  • We also found that GNA13-deficient mice have increased numbers of GC B cells that display impaired caspase-mediated cell death and increased frequency of somatic hypermutation in the immunoglobulin VH locus. (duke.edu)
Proteins5
  • The presence of light-chain proteins in the urine is associated with a number of systemic diseases (see Etiology ). (medscape.com)
  • The kidney is the major site of metabolism of light-chain proteins. (medscape.com)
  • The filtered light-chain proteins, reabsorbed by the proximal tubular cells via the tandem megalin/cubilin receptors, are catabolized by lysosomal enzymes. (medscape.com)
  • Metabolism (catabolism) of these filtered light-chain proteins depends on normal proximal tubular cell function, and damage to these cells can result in increased excretion of light-chain proteins in the urine. (medscape.com)
  • Cytosine modifications directly affect the positioning of nucleosomes (the first level of chromatin organization into chromosome involving the DNA chain wound around a core of 8 histone proteins), and recruit chromatin-modifying complexes that modify histones. (i-sis.org.uk)
Mammalian2
Specificity1
  • Within the V regions, hypervariable regions determine the specificity of the immunoglobulin (Ig). (msdmanuals.com)
Molecule1
  • Inhibition by small-molecule ligands of formation of amyloid fibrils of an immunoglobulin light chain variable domain. (cornell.edu)
Progenitor1
  • Astrocytes express aberrant immunoglobulins as putative gatekeeper of astrocytes to neuronal progenitor conversion. (sav.sk)
Lambda light1
  • In addition to measuring the absolute levels of FLC, the test also allows the assessment of clonality based on the ratio of kappa-lambda light chain levels (normal reference range, 0.26-1.65). (cdc.gov)
Domains2
  • Figure legend: The light chain (LH) folds into a variable domain (VL) and a constant domain (CL) whereas the heavy chain is composed of one variable domain (VH) and three (IgG and IgA or four constant domains (IgE). (abcam.com)
  • There are five types of heavy chains: alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma and mu, all consisting of a variable domain (VH) and three (in alpha, delta and gamma) or four (in epsilon and mu) constant domains (CH1 to CH4). (embl.de)
Connected by disulfide2
  • two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds . (wikipedia.org)
  • An immunoglobulin has two heavy chains and two light chains connected by disulfide bond. (anobase.org)
Comprise1
  • Each humanized immunoglobulin chain may comprise about 3 or more amino acids from the donor immunoglobulin in addition to the CDR's, usually at least one of which is immediately adjacent to a CDR in the donor immunoglobulin. (pof.com.au)
Spleen1
  • The use of cell lines does, however, introduce a risk the immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting plasma cell in the spleen, of obtaining cell line-specific features as a result of the trans- gut, or BM [1, 2]. (lu.se)
Systemic1
Detects1
  • It detects also free kappa light chains. (exbio.cz)
Defects1
  • B-cell disorders are divided into defects of B-cell development/immunoglobulin production ( immunodeficiencies ) and excessive/uncontrolled proliferation ( lymphomas , leukemias ). (medscape.com)
Light chain5
  • Here we identify ligands that inhibit amyloid formation by stabilizing the Mcg light chain variable domain dimer and shifting the equilibrium away from the amyloid-prone monomer. (cornell.edu)
  • One immunoglobulin only has one type of light chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most characteristic histologic lesion of light chain deposition disease (LCDD) is nodular glomerulosclerosis, which must be distinguished from diabetic glomerulosclerosis by using electron microscopy. (medscape.com)
  • Smithline et al first used the term light-chain nephropathy in 1976 to describe a case of renal tubular dysfunction with light-chain proteinuria. (medscape.com)
  • At times, light chains of either kappa or lambda type may form tetramers (88,000 d), which are not filtered, and a patient may have light-chain proteinemia without light-chain proteinuria. (medscape.com)
Sequence3
  • Light chains are divided into 2 major classes based on the amino acid sequence in the constant portion of the polypeptide chain and are designated as kappa and lambda. (medscape.com)
  • Allotype-related sequence variation of the heavy chain of rabbit immunoglobulin G. (wikidata.org)
  • The amino-terminal sequence of the heavy chain of human immunoglobulin M. (wikidata.org)
Gamma1
  • Synthesis of the gamma-G heavy chain in rabbit lymph node cells. (wikidata.org)
Types of light chains1
  • There are two types of light chains: kappa and lambda, each composed of a constant domain (CL) and a variable domain (VL). (embl.de)
Receptor1
  • The natural receptor of DT, proHB-EGF is a single chain transmembrane glycoprotein of 208 amino acid residues. (org.ua)
Heavy-and-light2
  • H+L stands for heavy and light chains. (biotium.com)
  • The heavy and light chains may each be designed by using any one or all three additional position criteria. (pof.com.au)
Regions1
  • cDNA encoding variable regions could be amplified from single hybridoma cells isolated by micromanipulation. (lu.se)
Amounts1
  • This is in part because the gut is the largest lymphoid organ in the body, containing the majority of lymphocytes and producing large amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig). (medscape.com)
Excess1
  • Excess light chains are in equilibrium between dimers and less stable monomers which can undergo irreversible aggregation to the amyloid state. (cornell.edu)
Renal1
  • Among those that have shown correlation with disease activity and are present on immunoglobulins deposited in the renal lesions of tissue from patients are the 16/6, 2 GN2 3 idiotypes and the 9G4 idiotope (Id). (bmj.com)
Functional1
  • The functional coreceptor is either a homodimer composed of two alpha chains, or a heterodimer composed of one alpha and one beta chain. (wikidoc.org)
Cells3
  • Light chains (molecular weight 22,000 d) are polypeptides that are synthesized by plasma cells and form part of immunoglobulins. (medscape.com)
  • Light chains (molecular weight 22,000 d) are polypeptides synthesized by plasma cells and assembled with heavy chains to form the various classes of immunoglobulins, for example, immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin A (IgA). (medscape.com)
  • Memory cells travel to the primary follicle, where, after exposure to dendritic cells, they differentiate into centroblasts (immunoglobulin class-switch). (medscape.com)
Bone2
  • B lymphocytes, named after their site of origin in the bursa of Fabricius in birds or in the bone marrow in humans, form the basis for humoral immunity by their production of immunoglobulins. (medscape.com)
  • The latter migrate back to the bone marrow and start producing immunoglobulins. (medscape.com)