Immunoglobulin switch region. Medical search. Frequent questions

Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG. (wikipedia.org)
Class switching occurs after activation of a mature B cell via its membrane-bound antibody molecule (or B cell receptor) to generate the different classes of antibody, all with the same variable domains as the original antibody generated in the immature B cell during the process of V(D)J recombination, but possessing distinct constant domains in their heavy chains. (wikipedia.org)
In humans, the order of the heavy chain exons is as follows: μ - IgM δ - IgD γ3 - IgG3 γ1 - IgG1 α1 - IgA1 γ2 - IgG2 γ4 - IgG4 ε - IgE α2 - IgA2 Class switching occurs by a mechanism called class switch recombination (CSR) binding. (wikipedia.org)
Class switch recombination is a biological mechanism that allows the class of antibody produced by an activated B cell to change during a process known as isotype or class switching. (wikipedia.org)
While class switch recombination is mostly a deletional process, rearranging a chromosome in "cis", it can also occur (in 10 to 20% of cases, depending upon the Ig class) as an inter-chromosomal translocation mixing immunoglobulin heavy chain genes from both alleles. (wikipedia.org)
The protein is called rbpj (recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region). (ecarf.org)
The variable region is diversified by somatic hypermutation while the constant region may be changed by class-switch recombination. (lu.se)
Here we compare the contributions of classs-witch recombination and somatic hypermutation to the diversification of the serum immunoglobulin repertoire and review evidence that suggests that, despite clear differences, the two processes may share some aspects of their mechanism in common. (lu.se)
Moreover, the breakpoint in the Ig gene to which MYC is transferred in eBL occurs at the V(D)J region, suggesting that translocation occurs during V(D)J recombination. (bmj.com)
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in activated B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In class-switch recombination, regulated DNA deletion replaces one heavy chain constant region with another, changing the antibody's class but not its antigen specificity and thus optimizing clearance of antigen from the body. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcription-coupled mutagenesis initiates class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. (biomedcentral.com)
Somatic hypermutation alters variable region sequence, and switch recombination joins a new constant region (Cγ1) to the expressed variable region, producing an extrachromosomal DNA circle (bottom), which contains the deleted region. (biomedcentral.com)
The process of switch recombination is activated and targeted by the transcription of switch (S) regions, guanine-rich, 2-10 kilobase stretches of DNA located just upstream of those constant regions that participate in switch recombination (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Immunoglobulin class switching or class switch recombination (CSR) is a natural biological process that alters a B cell's production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) from one class to another. (elsevierpure.com)
We have investigated the molecular basis for the IL-4-induced switch to IgG1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine B cells and have previously shown that IL-4 induces transcription of the γl switch region before switch recombination. (uthscsa.edu)
The more open chromatin structure and increased transcriptional activity may be important in the selection of this region for switch recombination. (uthscsa.edu)
Berton, MT & Vitetta, ES 1990, ' Interleukin 4 induces changes in the chromatin structure of the γl switch region in resting B cells before switch recombination ', Journal of Experimental Medicine , vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 375-378. (uthscsa.edu)
Early in their development, B cells in the bone marrow undergo V(D)J recombination to juxtapose variable region V, D, and J segments in different combinations, creating a large repertoire of antibodies ( 1 ). (silverchair.com)
Later in B cell development, usually after antigen-dependent activation of B cells, the genetic alteration processes of somatic mutation (SM), class switch recombination (CSR), and gene conversion further diversify the antigen-recognition repertoire as well as the effector function of encoded antibodies. (silverchair.com)
In CSR, to diversify the effector function of specific antibodies, recombination occurs within the downstream portion of the IgH locus to join variable region genes with different constant (C H ) region genes ( 4 ). (silverchair.com)
In gene conversion, the assembled variable region sequences are altered via homologous recombination using other unrearranged variable region genes or pseudogenes as templates. (silverchair.com)
The current study focuses on determining the effects of TCDD and the AhR on human Ig expression utilizing a human Burkitt lymphoma cell line (CL-01) model that can be activated to secrete Ig and undergo class switch recombination (CSR) from IgM to IgA, IgG or IgE antibody isotypes. (wright.edu)
The research interest of my laboratory is focusing on class switch recombination (CSR). (ntu.edu.tw)
The recombination occurs at two switch regions, one is the donor Sm, and the other is one of the acceptor switch regions, including Sa, Se, and Sg regions. (ntu.edu.tw)
In mammals, switch regions have unusual sequence features which a different mechanism for CSR from other recombination systems. (ntu.edu.tw)
Phosphorylated on Ser-140 (to form gamma-H2AX or H2AX139ph) in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) generated by exogenous genotoxic agents and by stalled replication forks, and may also occur during meiotic recombination events and immunoglobulin class switching in lymphocytes. (affbiotech.com)
The enzyme activation-induced deaminase (AID) targets the immunoglobulin loci in activated B cells and creates DNA mutations in the antigen-binding variable region and DNA breaks in the switch region through processes known, respectively, as somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. (johnshopkins.edu)
During class switch recombination, both MutSα and MutLα complexes bind to the mismatch, resulting in double-strand break formation and end-joining. (johnshopkins.edu)
Transchromosomal recombination is also shown between a transgene and the endogenous locus46),47) and even between endogenous loci48) in mice, and in switching in normal rabbits.28),49) Becoming a member of of cleaved ends appears to be mediated by a nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair system,50)C52) which also takes on an essential part in VDJ recombination. (roma2024.com)
Considerable analyses of switch recombination junctions have exposed no consensus sequences in the proximity of the HMN-176 breakpoints nor homologous sequences between two recombined parental sequences.23),53),54) These HMN-176 results indicate that CSR is a unique type of recombination that does not belong to either homologous or site-specific recombination but belongs HMN-176 rather to region-specific recombination. (roma2024.com)
In all five CLLs, the pattern of C mu DNA probe hybridization to the digested genomic DNAs was consistent with deletion of the C mu exon from the rearranged Ig gene locus, suggesting that these CLL B cells had undergone DNA switch recombination. (omicsdi.org)

these occur adjacent to all heavy chain constant region genes with the exception of the δ-chain. (wikipedia.org)
Following antigen encounter, two distinct processes modify immunoglobulin genes. (lu.se)
Part I contains studies on immunoglobulin genes, messages, and molecules. (elsevier.com)
In SM, which is the dominant means of secondary alteration of variable region gene sequences in humans and mice, mutations are introduced in the Ig variable region genes at a tremendous rate, which allows for evolution of high affinity antibodies ( 2 ). (silverchair.com)
Antibody -B cell-produced molecules encoded by genes that re-arrange during B cell development consisting of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains that together form the central component of the B cell receptor (BCR) for antigen. (mhmedical.com)
1. Lymphocyte development and antigen-driven diversification of immunoglobulin and T cell antigen receptor genes. (duke.edu)
[2] [5] Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the base of the heavy chain to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen specific variable region. (wikidoc.org)
The immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region (V) genes expressed by IgM chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells display little or no somatic mutations. (omicsdi.org)
However, preliminary findings have shown that Ig V genes of IgA and IgG CLLs may be somatically mutated, suggesting that isotype-switched CLLs may represent a "subtype" of the disease. (omicsdi.org)
Lack of intraclonal diversification in Ig heavy and light chain V region genes expressed by CD5+IgM+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells: a multiple time point analysis. (omicsdi.org)

During this process, the constant-region portion of the antibody heavy chain is changed, but the variable region of the heavy chain stays the same (the terms variable and constant refer to changes or lack thereof between antibodies that target different epitopes). (wikipedia.org)
If these activated B cells encounter specific signaling molecules via their CD40 and cytokine receptors (both modulated by T helper cells), they undergo antibody class switching to produce IgG, IgA or IgE antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies are heavy (~150 k Da ) proteins of about 10 nm in size, [7] arranged in three globular regions that roughly form a Y shape. (wikipedia.org)
Use of immunoglobulin fragments eliminates non-specific binding between the Fc portions of antibodies and the Fc receptor on cells. (abcam.com)
In contrast, F(ab') 2 fragment antibodies are generated by pepsin digestion of whole IgG antibodies (See below IgG structure) to remove most of the Fc region while leaving intact some of the hinge region. (abcam.com)
F(ab) fragments are used to block endogenous immunoglobulins on cells, tissues and exposed immunoglobulins in multiple labeling experiments using primary antibodies from the same species. (abcam.com)
These antibodies are not recommended for blocking immunoglobulins in WB and ELISA. (abcam.com)
Cel-Sci noted that immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were generated within 10 days of a single immunization. (scienceboard.net)
SM introduces mutations, small deletions, and insertions at a high rate in a ∼2 kb region downstream of the Ig promoter, altering the specificities of the encoded antibodies ( 2 ). (silverchair.com)
Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins [1] ) are proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates , and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses . (wikidoc.org)
Although the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures to exist. (wikidoc.org)
B-lymphocytes undergo isotype switching, and IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies are found in the neuropil adjacent to the lesion. (jneurosci.org)

Infectious episodes can be prevented with regular infusion of human immunoglobulin (Ig) and early initiation of P jiroveci prophylaxis. (medscape.com)
A major component of medical care is anti-infective and prevention of further infectious episodes by regular infusion of human immunoglobulin and antimicrobial therapy. (medscape.com)

Since the variable region does not change, class switching does not affect antigen specificity. (wikipedia.org)
His study looks at the relationship between Antibody and topics such as Antigen, which overlap with Complementarity determining region, Biochemistry, Mutation, Ontogeny and Germline. (research.com)
The study incorporates disciplines such as CD23, breakpoint cluster region and B-cell receptor in addition to Antigen. (research.com)
We suggest that foci may represent regions of predominantly interclonal competition for antigen among unmutated B cells, while germinal centers are sites of intraclonal clonal competition between mutated sister lymphocytes. (duke.edu)
All switch regions have promoters that respond to antigen stimulation, and the transcription with its product, sterile transcript, are required for CSR. (ntu.edu.tw)
These B cells appear to be blocked at the antigen receptor-expressing stage of B cell differentiation and are thought not to undergo an isotype class switch to IgG or IgA production. (omicsdi.org)
Job categories with the highest geometric mean soy antigen concentration as measured by personal samples included the unloading switch operator (27,540 ng/m3), curd operator (25,960 ng/m3), and unloading lead (14,360 ng/m3). (cdc.gov)

In European registry data, serious infections were not related to presenting levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG). (medscape.com)

The intervening DNA between the S-regions is subsequently deleted from the chromosome, removing unwanted μ or δ heavy chain constant region exons and allowing substitution of a γ, α or ε constant region gene segment. (wikipedia.org)
Chromatin remodeling, accessibility to transcription and to AID and synapsis of broken S regions are under the control of a large super-enhancer, located downstream the more distal Calpha gene, the 3' regulatory region (3'RR). (wikipedia.org)
The hallmark of all BL tumours is the translocation between the MYC gene and one of the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy or light chain loci. (bmj.com)
Finally, we demonstrated that AID could co-localize with protein kinase A and bind to the switching (Sα) region of the Igα gene. (elsevierpure.com)
In some vertebrates, such as chickens and pigs, diversification of assembled Ig variable regions occurs by a gene conversion mechanism rather than SM ( 3 ). (silverchair.com)
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a potent and persistent environmental toxin known to inhibit immunoglobulin (Ig) gene expression in various animal models. (wright.edu)
The KIT gene is rather complex consisting of 21 exons in a 70 kb region. (creation.com)
His works in Acquired immune system, Vertebrate, Gene rearrangement, Locus and Immunoglobulin heavy chain are all subjects of inquiry into Genetics. (research.com)
His Gene study frequently links to related topics such as Immunoglobulin light chain. (research.com)
His Gene rearrangement, Immunoglobulin superfamily, Genome, Transposable element and Xenopus study are his primary interests in Genetics. (research.com)
We further argue that this enhanced IgM->IgG switching results from a higher expression of CD40L by lupus T and B cells, as well as from a higher switching propensity of the B cells of these patients, due to a polymorphism of the Cgamma gene promoter or switch regions, and/or to dysregulation of the CD30-dependent mechanism that, as we have recently shown, physiologically dampens IgG-inducing stimuli. (grantome.com)
Patients who have common variable immunodeficiency and autoimmune conditions appear to have very low numbers of isotype-switched memory B cells in peripheral blood and are more likely to have a mutation in the gene that encodes TACI ( TNFRST13B ). (medscape.com)
These isotype-switched CLL B cells expressed surface HLA-DR, CD19, CD23, and CD5, and displayed no alterations of the bcl-1 and bcl-2 oncogenes and the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. (omicsdi.org)
In all other class-switched CLLs, the Ig VH segment gene was mutated, but the point mutations were not associated with intraclonal diversification. (omicsdi.org)
They also suggest that Ag may play a role in the clonal selection of some of these isotype-switched leukemic cells, but bcl-1 and bcl-2 oncogene rearrangements and p53 tumor suppressor gene mutation are not associated with the pathogenesis of isotype-switched CLLs. (omicsdi.org)
These switched transcripts do not reveal evidence for the accumulation of significant numbers of new V(H) gene mutations. (omicsdi.org)
The occurrence of switching without the accumulation of V gene mutations indicates that the processes of differentiation and diversification are not linked. (omicsdi.org)
One possibility is that, despite the distances between them (greater than 20 kb), breakpoints in the two cluster regions in some way affect transcription of the same gene product, which has not yet been identified. (rupress.org)

Results also indicate that a small proportion of the cells have undergone spontaneous class switch to all of the γ and α isotypes rather than being induced to CSR. (wright.edu)
Various isotypes of immunoglobulins have different effector functions for optimal immune responses to pathogens. (ntu.edu.tw)
Collectively, these data suggest that not all members of a B-CLL clone are frozen at the surface membrane Ig-expressing stage of B cell maturation, and that some members can switch to the production of non-IgM isotypes. (omicsdi.org)
The basic and common immunologic defect in common variable immunodeficiency is a failure of B-lymphocyte differentiation into plasma cells that produce the various immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. (medscape.com)

Later, upon B-cell activation, the immunoglobulin loci undergo two additional and distinct genetic alterations (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)

abstract = "Recently, immunoglobulins (Igs) were unexpectedly found to be expressed in epithelial cancers. (elsevierpure.com)

Naïve mature B cells produce both IgM and IgD, which are the first two heavy chain segments in the immunoglobulin locus. (wikipedia.org)
The murine immunoglobulin heavy chain locus is shown (top line) with a rearranged variable (VDJ) region juxtaposed to the Cμ constant region. (biomedcentral.com)
The final result is a heavy chain locus containing a mutated variable region (mutations are indicated by stars) and a chromosomal Sμ/Sγ1 junction (bottom). (biomedcentral.com)

Isolation of specific targeted regions of the genome (all coding exons, immunoglobulin switching regions, regions identified by association studies) by long PCR or hybridization to oligonucleotide synthesized on arrays. (elimbio.com)

The molecular data indicate that approximately 50% of B-CLL patients have amplifications of IgM+ B cells that undergo an isotype class switch. (omicsdi.org)
The cellular data indicate that B cells with lesser amounts of surface membrane IgD and higher IgM/IgD ratios are more likely to undergo this switching process. (omicsdi.org)

Thus, CD40 interacts with a variety of signal transducers which mediate its role in B cell survival, growth, differentiation, and immunoglobulin class switching. (bdbiosciences.com)
breakpoint cluster region which connect with Marginal zone B-cell, Cellular differentiation, Marginal zone, Naive B cell and Actin nucleation. (research.com)
In vivo and in vitro studies suggest, however, that in some instances terminal differentiation and isotype switching can occur. (omicsdi.org)

His primary areas of investigation include Immunoglobulin E, Molecular biology, Receptor, Immunology and CD23. (research.com)
His primary areas of study are Immunoglobulin E, Immunology, Molecular biology, CD23 and Receptor. (research.com)
His work in Immunoglobulin E and B-1 cell is related to Immunology. (research.com)

These rearrangement-prone heterochromatic regions exhibit DNA hypomethylation in all examined ICF cell populations. (biomedcentral.com)

An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
The constant region at the trunk of the antibody includes sites involved in interactions with other components of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
The research showed LEAPS COVID-19 conjugates induced faster and much higher than expected antibody responses against a nonmutating region of the SARS-CoV-2 virus after only one injection. (scienceboard.net)
Generation of IgG requires activation of dendritic, T, and B cells in order to promote the class switch from the IgM to the IgG antibody, the firm said. (scienceboard.net)
His Nurse shark research is multidisciplinary, relying on both Nursing, Complementarity determining region, Epitope, Phage display and Single-domain antibody. (research.com)
In addition, while the former are IgM, the latter are in general IgG, suggesting that class switching, a crucial mechanism in the maturation of any antibody response, is also important in the generation of autoantibodies in SLE. (grantome.com)

A booster vaccination with QIV+IMDQ-PEG-Chol resulted in a more balanced IgG1/IgG2a response in animals primed with QIV+IMDQ-PEG-Chol but increased only IgG2a titers in animals that received the combination adjuvant during prime vaccination, suggesting that class switching events in germinal centres during the prime vaccination contribute to the outcome of booster vaccination. (researchsquare.com)

They can no longer control or switch off other immune cells. (ecarf.org)
The interaction of CD40 on B cells and CD40L on activated CD4+ T cells is essential for immune functions, such as immuoglobulin class switching. (bdbiosciences.com)
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) plays an important role in the human immune system, and N -glycans attach to the conserved asparagine 297 in the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region and act as a switch between pro- and anti-inflammatory IgG functionality [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
His Acquired immune system research is multidisciplinary, incorporating perspectives in Genome and Immunoglobulin class switching. (research.com)
The adaptive immune system is essential for generation of immunoglobulins specifically and tight binding to these foreign substances. (ntu.edu.tw)

By an unknown mechanism, the DNMT3B deficiency that causes ICF interferes with lymphogenesis (at a step after class switching) or lymphocyte activation. (biomedcentral.com)

This epitope overlaps substantially with the spike protein N-terminal domain (NTD) -interacting region and is exposed only when the spike is in the open conformation, with one or more RBDs accessible. (bvsalud.org)

The recognition and effector responses are encoded on distinct regions of IgGs. (sdsc.edu)

26 27 In contrast, the chromosomal breakpoint in sBL and HIV-associated BL occurs most commonly in the class switch region, 28 but since both somatic hypermutation and class switching are events that are normally confined to GC B cells and GC centroblast markers are expressed on BL cells, the BL progenitor cells most likely arise from B cells subjected to chromosomal rearrangements in the GC. (bmj.com)

Examples of in vivo isotype class switching in IgM+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. (omicsdi.org)
To test the hypothesis that in vivo isotype class switching occurs in IgM+ B-type CLL cells, we analyzed the PBMC of 19 CLL patients for the presence of transcripts encoding the rearranged CLL V(H)DJ(H) associated with either gamma or alpha H chains. (omicsdi.org)

in particular the mechanisms of immunoglobulin variable (V) to diversity (D) and joining (J) element rearrangements and the mechanism of somatic hypermutation, reviewed in Steele and the basic similarities between the immunogenetics of Ig and T cell receptors (TCRs, see text Murphy et al. (sciencerepository.org)

Different immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses produced by class-switched B cells help in opsonization and virus neutralization and hence, facilitate viral clearance from the host. (researchsquare.com)
also, switching can involve different IgG subclasses in individual patients. (omicsdi.org)

Kao YP, Hsieh WC, Hung ST, Huang CW, Lieber MR, Huang FT *. Detection and characterization of R-loops at the murine immunoglobulin Sα region. (ntu.edu.tw)
Molecular characterization of IgA- and/or IgG-switched chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. (omicsdi.org)

Part III examines membrane immunoglobulins while Part IV focuses on immunoglobulins as regulatory molecules. (elsevier.com)

CD40, a member of the TNF receptor family, contains a cysteine-rich N-terminal domain and a Ser/Thr-rich region preceding the transmembrane domain. (bdbiosciences.com)
Hence, the interaction of IL-4 with its receptor results in increased accessibility of the yl switch region. (uthscsa.edu)
Extracellularly the receptor is made up of five immunoglobulin-like domains. (creation.com)
The receptor makes a single pass through the cell membrane and contains an intracellular kinase catalytic region divided by a hydrophilic insert. (creation.com)
His Immunoglobulin E study combines topics in areas such as Mast cell, Cell surface receptor and Cell biology. (research.com)

After the blocking step with normal serum, we recommend incubating F(ab) fragments in excess to block endogenous immunoglobulins in IHC. (abcam.com)

and, conversely, that AID could be found only at Sγ1 and not at Sε if cells were cultured in conditions that stimulated switching to γ1 but suppressed switching to ε. (biomedcentral.com)
Ku70 and Ku80 associate with the membrane-proximal region of CD40 in human primary B cells and the engagement of CD40 leads translocation of Ku proteins to the nucleus. (bdbiosciences.com)
Part VI examines immunoglobulin idiotypes while Part VII contains papers on the ontogeny of immunoglobulin-synthesizing cells. (elsevier.com)
We now demonstrate that IL4 induces a DNase I hypersensitive site at the 5′ end of the γ1 switch region in resting B cells. (uthscsa.edu)
IgG-switched B cells are numerous in the circulation of SLE patients, and IgG accounts for the majority of the pathogenic autoantibodies in these patients. (grantome.com)
We formally argue here that class switching to IgG occurs more frequently and more effectively in lupus mu+ B cells than in normal mu"""""""" B cells. (grantome.com)
The Immunodeficiency, Centromeric region instability, Facial anomalies syndrome (ICF) is a rare autosomal recessive disease described in about 50 patients worldwide and characterized by immunodeficiency, although B cells are present, and by characteristic rearrangements in the vicinity of the centromeres (the juxtacentromeric heterochromatin) of chromosomes 1 and 16 and sometimes 9. (biomedcentral.com)
ICF (OMIM #24242860) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that involves agammaglobulinemia or hypoglobulinemia with B cells as well as DNA rearrangements targeted to the centromere-adjacent heterochromatic region (qh) of chromosomes 1 and/or 16 (and sometimes 9) in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)

His CD23 study incorporates themes from Signal transduction, Transfection, In vivo and Immunoglobulin class switching. (research.com)

In addition to the highly repetitive structure of the target S regions, the process of class switching needs S regions to be first transcribed and spliced out of the immunoglobulin heavy chain transcripts (where they lie within introns). (wikipedia.org)

During class switching, the constant region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain changes but the variable regions do not, and therefore antigenic specificity, remains the same. (wikipedia.org)
Within the V regions, hypervariable regions determine the specificity of the immunoglobulin (Ig). (msdmanuals.com)

Ig replacement therapy has significantly decreased the frequency of life-threatening infections in patients with X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-immunoglobulin M (XHIGM). (medscape.com)

The goal of this study was to explore a RIG-I agonist (SDI-nanogel) and a TLR7/8 agonist (Imidazoquinoline (IMDQ)‐PEG‐Chol) as adjuvants, when co-administered with a licensed quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV), and to determine the role of these adjuvants in directing helper T (Th) cell responses for their role in the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching. (researchsquare.com)

His work in CD23 addresses issues such as Immunoglobulin class switching, which are connected to fields such as Cancer research. (research.com)

The heavy and light chains are divided into a variable (V) region and a constant (C) region. (msdmanuals.com)

Much of this DNA hypomethylation is in 1qh, 9qh, and 16qh, regions that are the site of whole-arm deletions, chromatid and chromosome breaks, stretching (decondensation), and multiradial chromosome junctions in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)

Detection of a second t(14;18) breakpoint cluster region in human follicular lymphomas. (rupress.org)

Mature human PD-1 consists of a 148 amino acid (aa) extracellular region (ECD) with one immunoglobulin-like V-type domain, a 24 aa transmembrane domain, and a 95 aa cytoplasmic region. (bio-techne.com)

The mouse 3'Ig heavy chain regulatory region (3'IghRR) is a sensitive transcriptional target of TCDD that may mediate, in an AhR-dependent manner, the inhibitory effect of TCDD on Ig expression. (wright.edu)

In somatic hypermutation, targeted and rampant mutagenesis alters the sequences of the expressed heavy and light chain variable (VDJ) regions. (biomedcentral.com)
Overexpression of AID obviously enhanced Igα heavy chain expression and its binding ability to the Sα region. (elsevierpure.com)
Huang FT , Yu K, Balter BB, Selsing E, Oruc Z, Khamlichi AA, Hsieh CL, Lieber MR. Sequence dependence of chromosomal R-loops at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain Smu class switch region. (ntu.edu.tw)

After being informed about possible infection of the donor, the transplant physicians administered immunoglobulin to the recipient intravenously. (cdc.gov)

T cell cytokines modulate class switching in mouse (Table 1) and human (Table 2). (wikipedia.org)
and finally, (iv) to analyze the down-regulation of the CD40-mediated Ig class switching by CD30, another cell surface molecule of the TNFR family, and the interference with this mechanism by soluble CD30. (grantome.com)

The availability of DNA probes for each of the two t(14;18) breakpoint cluster regions will allow further studies regarding the biologic significance of these two genetically distinct classes of t(14;18) translocations. (rupress.org)

AID is depicted traveling with the transcription apparatus (tailed arrows) at the expressed variable region and the activated Sμ and Sγ1 switch regions. (biomedcentral.com)
VL = light chain variable region. (msdmanuals.com)

This region is known as the hypervariable region. (wikidoc.org)

In his papers, Daniel H. Conrad integrates diverse fields, such as Immunoglobulin E and Apoe mice. (research.com)

Part II presents studies on cellular immunoglobulin production. (elsevier.com)

Daniel H. Conrad has researched Immunoglobulin E in several fields, including Inflammation, Immunity, Allergy, Anaphylaxis and Notch signaling pathway. (research.com)

Transcription of each S region is driven by a dedicated promoter that is responsive to specific transcription factors, which in turn are regulated by extracellular signals delivered by cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
CSR in the S areas is definitely preceded by transcription of the two S areas starting from the I promoter located 5 to each S region. (roma2024.com)

Anatomy1

Chemicals and Drugs9

Phenomena and Processes6

Information Science2

Recombination32

Genes10

Antibodies13

Regular infusion of human immunoglobulin2

Antigen7

Serum immunoglobulin1

Gene18

Isotypes4

Loci1

Abstract1

Locus3

Exons1

Undergo2

Differentiation3

Immunology3

Rearrangement1

Antibody7

IgG11

Immune5

Lymphocyte1

Protein1

Effector1

Somatic hypermutation and class1

Isotype2

Diversity1

Subclasses2

Characterization2

Molecules1

Receptor5

Endogenous1

Cells8

Vivo1

Transcripts1

Specificity2

Immunodeficiency1

Responses1

CD231

Chains1

Lymphocytes1

Breakpoint cluste1

Transmembrane domain1

Regulatory1

Heavy3

Donor1

Cell2

Distinct1

Variable region2

Hypervariable1

Mice1

Cellular1

Immunity1

Transcription2