• There are two types of light chain in humans: kappa (κ) chain, encoded by the immunoglobulin kappa locus (IGK@) on chromosome 2 (locus: 2p11.2) lambda (λ) chain, encoded by the immunoglobulin lambda locus (IGL@) on chromosome 22 (locus: 22q11.2) Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes, each expressing only one class of light chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a healthy individual, the total kappa-to-lambda ratio is roughly 2:1 in serum (measuring intact whole antibodies) or 1:1.5 if measuring free light chains, with a highly divergent ratio indicative of neoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Camelids are unique among mammals as they also have fully functional antibodies which have two heavy chains, but lack the light chains usually paired with each heavy chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • IgNAR is believed to have never had an associated light chain, in contrast with the understanding that the heavy-chain-only antibodies in camelids may have lost their light chain partners through evolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Id is detectable on anti-dsDNA antibodies, though it must also be present on other immunoglobulins whose specificities remain unknown. (bmj.com)
  • Another way of distinguishing antibodies serologically involves an analysis of their idiotypes that may be thought of as phenotypic markers of the variable region genes used to encode the antigen binding (Fab) region of immunoglobulin molecules. (bmj.com)
  • Using PCR, researchers then amplify the heavy and light chain genes from antibodies of interest, clone them into expression vectors, and sequence them. (the-scientist.com)
  • But rather than cloning the antibody heavy- and light-chain genes from each cell, as in a typical expression cloning set-up, Connors's group distributed the isolated cells in 384-well plates, where they cultured them in the presence of feeder cells and signaling molecules that help to keep the B cells alive and also stimulate them to secrete antibodies. (the-scientist.com)
  • Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)
  • The Humanized Minipigs have been genetically modified to carry a mini-repertoire of human genes for the immunoglobulin heavy chains y1 and 4 and the immunoglobulin light chain κ, making the them less prone to developing an immune response to human antibodies and thereby open for the possibility to use minipigs as a non-rodent model for studies with therapeutic antibodies. (scantox.com)
  • Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins [1] ) are proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates , and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses . (wikidoc.org)
  • each antibody has two large heavy chains H and two small light chains L . Antibodies are produced by a kind of white blood cell called a B cell . (wikidoc.org)
  • There are several different types of antibody heavy chain, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they possess. (wikidoc.org)
  • The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen binding sites (or paratopes ), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. (wikidoc.org)
  • Immunoglobulins produced after antigen stimulation or those having corresponding antigens are called ANTIBODIES. (allergy-link.com)
  • an immunoglobulin can induce an adaptive immune response (production of antibodies). (allergy-link.com)
  • The approach was applied to five different hybridomas producing human monoclonal antibodies and variable regions for both bold gamma and mu heavy chain and kappa and lambda light chain genes were successfully cloned. (lu.se)
  • It will also facilitate structural and functional studies of immunoglobulins as well as the rapid construction of chimeric antibodies. (lu.se)
  • Genotyping of fluid demonstrated clonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain genes in both cases. (utmb.edu)
  • rarely, it may involve monoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), or λ light chain restriction. (medscape.com)
  • Cold agglutinins commonly have variable heavy-chain regions encoded by VH, with a distinct idiotype identified by the 9G4 rat murine monoclonal antibody. (medscape.com)
  • AL is caused by overproduction of an amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chain in patients with a monoclonal plasma cell or other B cell lymphoproliferative disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hatton, KS & Schildkraut, CL 1990, ' The mouse immunoglobulin kappa light-chain genes are located in early- and late-replicating regions of chromosome 6 ', Molecular and cellular biology , vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 4314-4323. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Functional anergy in a subpopulation of naive B cells from healthy humans that express autoreactive immunoglobulin receptors. (uchicago.edu)
  • The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immune responses by these cells are based on specific antigen recognition by clonotypic receptors that are products of genes that rearrange during development and throughout the life of the organism. (mhmedical.com)
  • It detects gene rearrangements from both immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors, as well as some incomplete or uncommon rearrangements . (vidjil.org)
  • The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). (uchicago.edu)
  • The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity). (uchicago.edu)
  • In this review, we briefly discuss recent advances in AL, such as the free light-chain assay and the role of immunoglobulin light-chain variable region germline genes in the disease, and then we discuss the current status of SCT for AL with emphases on patient selection, approaches to stem cell mobilization, and peri-SCT management. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, in contrast to the non-lymphoid cell lines, the replication of this locus occurred predominantly during the first half of S. The κ locus contains both early- and late-replicating genes, and early replication is usually associated with transcriptional activity. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In all five CLLs, the pattern of C mu DNA probe hybridization to the digested genomic DNAs was consistent with deletion of the C mu exon from the rearranged Ig gene locus, suggesting that these CLL B cells had undergone DNA switch recombination. (omicsdi.org)
  • His works in Acquired immune system, Vertebrate, Gene rearrangement, Locus and Immunoglobulin heavy chain are all subjects of inquiry into Genetics. (research.com)
  • The OSMR and IL31RA genes provide instructions for making parts (subunits) of the interleukin-31 (IL-31) receptor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The subunits are linked together by disulfide bridges and the chain J (junction). (allergy-link.com)
  • In nodular amyloidosis, the amyloids are composed of abnormal versions of proteins called immunoglobulin light chains released from certain blood cells called plasma cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
  • Localized forms of amyloidosis appear to be caused by local production and deposition of an amyloidogenic protein (most often immunoglobulin light chains) within the affected organ rather than by deposition of circulating proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Recurrent mutations of MAPK pathway genes in multiple myeloma but not in amyloid light-chain amyloidosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Clarifying immunoglobulin gene usage in systemic and localized immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis by mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
  • Genomic profiling in amyloid light-chain amyloidosis reveals mutation profiles associated with overall survival. (cdc.gov)
  • Left ventricular assessment in patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis: a 3-dimensional speckle tracking transthoracic echocardiographic study. (cdc.gov)
  • Mutations in either gene are likely involved in lichen and macular amyloidosis, which are thought to be related conditions that arise through similar disease mechanisms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is a rare hereditary form of beta-2-microglobulin amyloidosis due to a mutation to the relevant gene. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It has been known for many years that the fundamental transforming event in BL is the translocation of the MYC gene, and the events that bring about this translocation and those that allow cells to survive with the constitutive expression of MYC have been the subject of intense investigation. (bmj.com)
  • The hallmark of all BL tumours is the translocation between the MYC gene and one of the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy or light chain loci. (bmj.com)
  • Moreover, the breakpoint in the Ig gene to which MYC is transferred in eBL occurs at the V(D)J region, suggesting that translocation occurs during V(D)J recombination. (bmj.com)
  • The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1). (lookformedical.com)
  • Cytogenetic studies in a 40-year-old woman with follicular lymphoma demonstrate a t(14;18) chromosomal translocation involving the bcl-2 gene. (medicoapps.org)
  • For example, follicular B-cell lymphomas display a characteristic chromosomal translocation in which the bcl-2 gene is brought under the transcriptional control of the immunoglobulin light-chain gene promoter, thereby causing overexpression of bcl-2. (medicoapps.org)
  • As leukemic Slp65-deficient pre-B cells express the recombination activating genes (Rag)1 and Rag2, and manifest ongoing immunoglobulin (Ig) light-chain rearrangement, it has been hypothesized that deregulated recombinase activity contributes to malignant transformation. (eur.nl)
  • The immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region (V) genes expressed by IgM chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells display little or no somatic mutations. (omicsdi.org)
  • In all other class-switched CLLs, the Ig VH segment gene was mutated, but the point mutations were not associated with intraclonal diversification. (omicsdi.org)
  • These switched transcripts do not reveal evidence for the accumulation of significant numbers of new V(H) gene mutations. (omicsdi.org)
  • The occurrence of switching without the accumulation of V gene mutations indicates that the processes of differentiation and diversification are not linked. (omicsdi.org)
  • PLCA can be caused by mutations in the OSMR or IL31RA gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • OSMR gene mutations reduce signaling stimulated by OSM and IL-31, while IL31RA gene mutations impair only IL-31 signaling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The role of gene mutations in this process is still being determined. (medlineplus.gov)
  • His Nurse shark research incorporates themes from Somatic hypermutation, J chain, Exon, Sequence analysis and T-cell receptor. (research.com)
  • The processes are called gene rearrangement and somatic hypermutation , and are used by maturing B-cells to generate very ( very ) large amounts of diversity in the antibody repertoire. (stackexchange.com)
  • X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), also known as Bruton agammaglobulinemia, results from a mutation of the BTK gene, which encodes the pre-B-cell receptor (Pre-BCR) and BCR. (medscape.com)
  • They also suggest that Ag may play a role in the clonal selection of some of these isotype-switched leukemic cells, but bcl-1 and bcl-2 oncogene rearrangements and p53 tumor suppressor gene mutation are not associated with the pathogenesis of isotype-switched CLLs. (omicsdi.org)
  • When caused by an OSMR gene mutation, the condition is classified as type 1, while an IL31RA gene mutation causes type 2. (medlineplus.gov)
  • [ 1 ] As this gene is carried on the X chromosome, the disease usually manifests in males and is transmitted by females who carry the causative mutation on one of their X chromosomes. (medscape.com)
  • Antibody -B cell-produced molecules encoded by genes that re-arrange during B cell development consisting of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains that together form the central component of the B cell receptor (BCR) for antigen. (mhmedical.com)
  • Antibody molecules or immunoglobulins (Ig) consist of heavy and light chains (e.g. two of each in IgG). (stackexchange.com)
  • Sharks also possess, as part of their adaptive immune systems, a functional heavy-chain homodimeric antibody-like molecule referred to as IgNAR (immunoglobulin new antigen receptor). (wikipedia.org)
  • This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Ig gene-like molecule CD31 plays a nonredundant role in the regulation of T-cell immunity and tolerance. (uchicago.edu)
  • In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A mature IgG molecule (the soluble, secreted version of the BCR) contains four chains - 2 heavy (each of which are identical to each other) and 2 light (also identical). (stackexchange.com)
  • If, however, one type of light chain is significantly more common than the other, the cells are likely all derived from a small clonal population, which may indicate a malignant condition, such as B-cell lymphoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • His Gene rearrangement, Immunoglobulin superfamily, Genome, Transposable element and Xenopus study are his primary interests in Genetics. (research.com)
  • The murine immunoglobulin kappa (κ) light-chain multigene family includes the constant region (Cκ), joining-region genes, and approximately 30 kappa-variable (Vκ) region families. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an antibody isotype typically expressed in the plasma membranes of naïve B cells, usually co-expressed with IgM. (rndsystems.com)
  • However, preliminary findings have shown that Ig V genes of IgA and IgG CLLs may be somatically mutated, suggesting that isotype-switched CLLs may represent a "subtype" of the disease. (omicsdi.org)
  • These isotype-switched CLL B cells expressed surface HLA-DR, CD19, CD23, and CD5, and displayed no alterations of the bcl-1 and bcl-2 oncogenes and the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. (omicsdi.org)
  • To test the hypothesis that in vivo isotype class switching occurs in IgM+ B-type CLL cells, we analyzed the PBMC of 19 CLL patients for the presence of transcripts encoding the rearranged CLL V(H)DJ(H) associated with either gamma or alpha H chains. (omicsdi.org)
  • [2] [5] Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the base of the heavy chain to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen specific variable region. (wikidoc.org)
  • There are three groups of antigenic determinants of light chains or heavy chains defining the isotype, allotype and idiotype. (allergy-link.com)
  • The immunoglobulin light chain is the small polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin). (wikipedia.org)
  • Some eight years later it was discovered that triplets of the base pairs specified each amino acid in the polypeptide chain of each protein [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therapies for these disorders (eg, intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG], bone marrow transplantation, gene therapy) are very costly and require highly advanced facilities. (medscape.com)
  • The latter migrate back to the bone marrow and start producing immunoglobulins. (medscape.com)
  • When developing B cells in their bone marrow express this BCR, the V(D)J recombination machinery will be activated, allowing for secondary Ig light-chain gene rearrangements to occur. (eur.nl)
  • Levels of totally free immunoglobulin light chains in serum and percentage of Ki-67 cells in bone marrow biopsies were obtained from routine diagnostic workup of selected patients (sufferers no. 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26). (rockinhibitor.com)
  • During development of the immune system the pro-B cells in the bone marrow undergo gene segment rearrangements, bringing V and J segments together for Ig light chain production, and V,D and J segments together for Ig heavy chain production. (stackexchange.com)
  • Malignant plasma cells in meningeal MM out of 2000 patients with bone marrow produce an immunoglobulin, MM, was reported was by Schluterman et al. (who.int)
  • In the B-cell lines, a transition from replication at the beginning of S for the transcribed Cκ and Vκ genes and surrounding DNA sequences to later replication for the other Vκ families was observed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Idiotypes may represent amino acid sequences located on light or heavy chains alone or in combination. (bmj.com)
  • In the IgA/IgG-coexpressing CLL B cells, identical VH-D-JH cDNA sequences were spliced to either C alpha or C gamma genes. (omicsdi.org)
  • Combine this with an only slightly less complex process in the light chain (as there is no D region), and the fact that a single insertion/deletion of a base pair can drastically effect the resulting protein sequence, and you get a protein with a huge number of possible sequences, potentially in the range of 10 11 . (stackexchange.com)
  • Each light chain is composed of two tandem immunoglobulin domains: one constant (CL) domain one variable domain (VL) that is important for binding antigen The approximate length of a light chain protein is from 211 to 217 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Free immunoglobulin light chains secreted by neoplastic plasma cells, such as in multiple myeloma, can be called Bence Jones protein when detected in the urine, although there is a trend to refer to these as urinary free light chains. (wikipedia.org)
  • An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
  • We have identified eight recombinant human single-chain variable region fragments (scFvs) against the S1 domain of spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV from two nonimmune human antibody libraries. (nih.gov)
  • Constitutive expression of the protein encoded by the bcl-2 gene inhibits which of the following processes in this patient's transformed lymphocytes? (medicoapps.org)
  • It is important to note that, in contrast to increased levels in lymphoma patients, these Ig light chains are polyclonal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Organization and genomic complexity of sheep immunoglobulin light chain gene loci. (caas.cn)
  • Immunoglobulins are serum glycoproteins from mammalian interstitial fluid that are produced by B cells (membrane immunoglobulin) or by plasma cells (soluble immunoglobulin). (allergy-link.com)
  • This gene encodes the CD8 alpha chain isoforms. (wikidoc.org)
  • 7. Klein U, Rajewsky K, Küppers R. Human immunoglobulin (Ig)M + IgD + peripheral blood B cells expressing the CD27 cell surface antigen carry somatically mutated variable region genes: CD27 as a general marker for somatically mutated (memory) B cells. (southernbiotech.com)
  • Both alpha and beta chains share significant homology to immunoglobulin variable light chains. (wikidoc.org)
  • The γ chain consists of 3 constant domains and a variable. (allergy-link.com)
  • But all light chains are only formed from two domains, a constant and a variable. (allergy-link.com)
  • The α chain consists of 3 constant domains and a variable. (allergy-link.com)
  • The μ chain contains four constant domains and one variable. (allergy-link.com)
  • The serum concentration is 0.05 to 0.4 g / l. the heavy chain has three constant domains and one variable. (allergy-link.com)
  • On the "business end" are three regions (or types, from above) called V, D, and J in the heavy chain, while the light chain just has V and J. Those letters are from Variable, Diversity, and Joining, if you're interested. (stackexchange.com)
  • Both heavy and light chains have variable domains at their N termini. (stackexchange.com)
  • We describe a general approach to rapidly obtain the DNA sequence encoding the variable region of any immunoglobulin chain using the polymerase chain reaction and a mixture of upstream primers corresponding to the leader sequence, and one downstream primer designed from the conserved nucleotide sequence of the constant region. (lu.se)
  • His study in Major histocompatibility complex is interdisciplinary in nature, drawing from both Evolutionary biology, Gene duplication, Lymphocyte and Proteasome. (research.com)
  • Cytoplasmic kappa light chain restriction, as well as genotypic studies, confirmed the diagnosis of anaplastic plasmacytoma. (utmb.edu)
  • This great diversity and specificity is cause of diversity in Antigen Binding Site of heavy chain and light chain of antibody. (stackexchange.com)
  • Most B cells in neonatal Alicia rabbits express V H n allotype immunoglobulin (Ig)M. Within weeks, the number of V H n B cells decreases, whereas V H a allotype B cells increase in number and become predominant. (silverchair.com)
  • For each isolated cell, they separately clone the two genes encoding the heavy and light chains that compose an antibody, and that vary in sequence from cell to cell. (the-scientist.com)
  • And you can't mix your cells, because you'll get a heavy chain from one cell and a light chain from another cell," and therefore may not end up with a natural combination of heavy and light chains. (the-scientist.com)
  • Once researchers have cloned the pairs of heavy- and light-chain genes naturally found in the cells, they can produce recombinant versions of each antibody in the lab. (the-scientist.com)
  • The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. (uchicago.edu)
  • Lack of intraclonal diversification in Ig heavy and light chain V region genes expressed by CD5+IgM+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells: a multiple time point analysis. (omicsdi.org)
  • [ 1 ] Donath-Landsteiner hemolytic anemia is also caused by a cold-reacting immunoglobulin, but most cases are due to polyclonal IgG. (medscape.com)
  • The use of cell lines does, however, introduce a risk the immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting plasma cell in the spleen, of obtaining cell line-specific features as a result of the trans- gut, or BM [1, 2]. (lu.se)
  • 9. Bräuninger A, Goossens T, Rajewsky K, Küppers R. Regulation of immunoglobulin light chain gene rearrangements during early B cell development in the human. (southernbiotech.com)
  • His primary areas of investigation include Genetics, Gene, Major histocompatibility complex, Molecular biology and Nurse shark. (research.com)
  • The scientist's investigation covers issues in Acquired immune system, Nurse shark, Gene, Genetics and Major histocompatibility complex. (research.com)
  • His Gene and Vertebrate investigations are all subjects of Genetics research. (research.com)
  • The cDNA VH-D-JH gene sequence was joined with that of the C alpha gene in the B cells of the three IgA CLLs, and with that of the C gamma gene in the IgG CLL B cells. (omicsdi.org)
  • B cell receptor light chain repertoires show signs of selection with differences between groups of healthy individuals and SLE patients. (uchicago.edu)
  • Essentially, the genes encoding the B-cell Receptor, or BCR, have many fragments of several different types in them, and through the process of gene rearrangement the final Complementarity Determining Regions, or CDRs (the antigen-binding sites), are generated into one mature sequence for each individual B-cell. (stackexchange.com)
  • A more practical and cost-effective strategy would be to use antibody gene therapy which would provide long term sustainable protection through antibody production within the patient. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data in Western countries and Illumina methylation arrays in Taiwanese breast cancer patients were used to identify novel hypermethylated CpG sites and genes related to poor hormone therapy response. (bvsalud.org)
  • His Acquired immune system research is multidisciplinary, incorporating perspectives in Genome and Immunoglobulin class switching. (research.com)
  • In the B-cell lines, the EcoRI segment containing the transcribed gene replicated near the beginning of the S phase. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Among those that have shown correlation with disease activity and are present on immunoglobulins deposited in the renal lesions of tissue from patients are the 16/6, 2 GN2 3 idiotypes and the 9G4 idiotope (Id). (bmj.com)
  • Organization and sequence studies of the 17-piece chicken conalbumin gene. (wikidata.org)
  • They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation. (lookformedical.com)
  • POU domain genes have been identified in diverse organisms including nematodes, flies, amphibians, fish and mammals but have not been yet identified in plants and fungi. (embl.de)
  • In mammals, there are five classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD) which differ in their Phi, the half-life, the number of constant domains and the role of the constant parts. (allergy-link.com)
  • The sharing of idiotypes by immunoglobulins from different people implies that the genes that encode the idiotypes are also shared. (bmj.com)
  • Immunoglobulins were detected with serially diluted Goat Anti-Human IgD-HRP (SB Cat. (southernbiotech.com)
  • CD8a ( C luster of D ifferentiation 8a ), is a human gene . (wikidoc.org)
  • Amazingly, the first human cancer gene was cloned only thirty years ago. (jcancer.org)
  • Without doubt, the first human transforming gene, and more broadly, oncogenes and anti-oncogenes, had been previously theorized by Theodor Boveri. (jcancer.org)
  • All 4 combinations of the s/g & v/g polymorphisms at positions 192 and 216 have been observed in human mu chains. (lu.se)
  • In nonlymphoid cells, the Cκ gene replicated earlier than the Vκ families. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Individual B-cells in lymphoid tissue possess either kappa or lambda light chains, but never both together. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent studies have shown that these Ig light chains can bind to mast cells and, using their ability to bind antigen, facilitate activation of these mast cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent studies have shown that Ig light chains not only activate mast cells but also dorsal root ganglia and neutrophils, expanding their possible role as mediators in inflammatory disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • CD5 is a potential selecting ligand for B-cell surface immunoglobulin: a possible role in maintenance and selective expansion of normal and malignant B cells. (southernbiotech.com)
  • Memory cells travel to the primary follicle, where, after exposure to dendritic cells, they differentiate into centroblasts (immunoglobulin class-switch). (medscape.com)
  • TMEM240 gene manipulation, viability, migration assays, RNA-seq, and MetaCore were performed to determine its biological functions and relationship to hormone drug treatment response in breast cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • These findings suggest that IgA- and/or IgG-expressing CLLs represent, in their VH gene structure, transformants of B cells at different stages of ontogeny. (omicsdi.org)
  • immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)