Immunodeficiency cat diseases. Medical search. Frequent questions

A) Prevalence and distribution of 19 Florida panthers, sampled 1999-2005, showing evidence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) exposure. (cdc.gov)
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that infects cats. (wikipedia.org)
FeLV can be transmitted from infected cats when the transfer of saliva or nasal secretions is involved. (wikipedia.org)
Because FeLV is cat-to-cat contagious, FeLV+ cats should only live with other FeLV+ cats. (wikipedia.org)
FeLV is categorized into four subgroups, A, B, C and T. An infected cat has a combination of FeLV-A and one or more of the other subgroups. (wikipedia.org)
Although it is thought that virus protein has to be present to induce lymphomas in cats, newer evidence shows that a high percentage of FeLV-Antigen negative lymphomas contain FeLV-DNA, indicating a "hit-and-run" mechanism of virus-induced tumor development. (wikipedia.org)
Once the virus has entered the cat, there are six stages to a FeLV infection[citation needed]: Stage One: The virus enters the cat, usually through the pharynx where it infects the epithelial cells and infects the tonsilar B-lymphocytes and macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
Cats infected with FeLV can serve as sources of infection of FeLV-A. Cats can pass the virus between themselves through saliva and close contact, by biting another cat, and (rarely) through a litter box or food dish used by an infected cat. (wikipedia.org)
Once a cat has been infected with FeLV-A, additional mutated forms of the original FeLV-A virus may arise, as may FeLV subgroups B, C and T. In addition to domestic cats, some other members of Felidae are now threatened by FeLV (e.g. lynx and Florida panther). (wikipedia.org)
Approximately 0.5% of pet cats are persistently infected with FeLV, but many more pet cats (>35%) have specific IgG antibodies which indicate prior exposure and subsequent development of immunity instead of infection. (wikipedia.org)
and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), upper respiratory infection and ear mites for cats. (prnewswire.com)
It has been recognized that cats with a compromised immune system, such as those who are positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or feline leukemia virus (FeLV), may have an increased risk of stomatitis . (petplace.com)
Accurately screen for FIV, FeLV, and feline heartworm antigen in just 10 minutes-all with one sample. (idexx.com)
Not all feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infected cats are the same. (idexx.com)
Even casual contact can transmit parasites such as fleas or ringworm, or more serious communicable diseases such as FeLV (Feline Leukemia). (purina.ca)
What is Feline Leukemia (FeLV)? (kittenrescue.org)
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) is a highly contagious, serious viral disease that affects only cats. (kittenrescue.org)
Nobivac ® FeLV is a feline leukemia vaccine labeled to prevent persistent viremia for 2 years after vaccination. (revivalanimal.com)
This feline FeLV vaccine is approved for the vaccination of healthy cats as an aid in the prevention of lymphoid tumors caused by, and diseases associated with, feline Leukemia virus (FeLV) infection. (revivalanimal.com)
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a disease that impairs the cat's immune system and causes certain types of cancer. (homehealth-uk.com)
FeLV is usually contracted from cat-to-cat transmission (e.g. bites, close contact, grooming, and sharing dishes or litter pans). (homehealth-uk.com)
Although these diseases are in the same retrovirus family and cause many similar secondary conditions FeLV and FIV are different diseases, so it is important to determine which virus (if any) your cat has. (homehealth-uk.com)
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) causes a highly contagious and potentially fatal retroviral infection that weakens a cat's immune system, making her susceptible to illness and secondary infection. (pethealthnetwork.com)
In a study of more than 18,000 cats, 2.3% of them were positive for FeLV. (pethealthnetwork.com)
Your veterinarian can run a simple test to see if your cat has been infected with FeLV. (pethealthnetwork.com)
If the result is negative, they may recommend protecting your cat from FeLV by having her vaccinated. (pethealthnetwork.com)
The AAFP recommends vaccinating all kittens (because their future lifestyle may change), cats that go outdoors, cats that have direct contact with cats of unknown status, and cats that live with FeLV-positive cats. (pethealthnetwork.com)
If you cat tests positive for FeLV, it is NOT a death sentence! (pethealthnetwork.com)
Make sure your cat is tested for FeLV, that you limit her exposure to other cats you don't know, and talk to your veterinarian about whether or not your cat should be vaccinated against FeLV. (pethealthnetwork.com)
Feline Leukemia (FeLV) and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) both weaken the immune system of a cat. (atlantahumane.org)
Your cat can be protected from FeLV by receiving a vaccination, but responsible pet ownership is your cat's only defense against FIV as there is still no vaccination. (atlantahumane.org)
For example, the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) attacks a cat's immune system, making them more susceptible to other diseases. (mymoggy.com)
For example, cats infected with FeLV may have a slower growth rate and may be more prone to infections. (mymoggy.com)
Feline Leukemia (FeLV) is a contagious virus that weakens a cat's immune system. (hiccpet.com)
Kittens typically contract FeLV from their birth mothers or contact with other cats through grooming or other bodily fluids like mucus, blood, or waste. (hiccpet.com)
Before taking in a stray or introducing new cats into your household, get them tested for FeLV. (hiccpet.com)

Download the State of Pet Health(TM) 2014 Report and discover key findings on a wide range of pet health conditions and diseases such as feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus, by visiting stateofpethealth.com. (prnewswire.com)
Feline leukemia virus and Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are among the most common infectious diseases in cats. (pethealthnetwork.com)
While screening a new kitten for Feline Leukemia Virus and FIV is considered crucial to the adoption process, it is important to understand what a positive FIV test means in a kitten under 6 months of age. (vin.com)
Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the APOBEC3H gene of domestic cats (Felis catus) and their association with the susceptibility to feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections. (cdc.gov)

If not defeated by the animal's immune system, the virus weakens the cat's immune system, which can lead to diseases which can be lethal. (wikipedia.org)
FIV infection leads to permanent and progressive infection in affected cats, eventually attacking the immune system and increasing the cat's risk for other serious infections. (prnewswire.com)
Feline immunodeficiency virus - more commonly known as FIV - is a condition that weakens a cat's immune system. (petplan.co.uk)
When a cat parent does finally become aware of a problem, it's typically because they start to notice their cat's bad breath. (oxyfresh.com)
But how do you know if your cat's gingivitis has progressed to the later stages of gum disease? (oxyfresh.com)
Important: Never wait it out if feline dental disease is impacting your cat's quality of life or ability to eat and drink. (oxyfresh.com)
Feline Leukemia is a virus that suppresses a cat's immune system, leaving her unable to fight off diseases such as pneumonia. (purina.ca)
It causes a breakdown in a cat's disease-fighting immune system, and is mostly passed along by bites from infected cats. (purina.ca)
Mainly affecting the cat's immune system, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a slow-moving disease that may take a while to show symptoms. (prudentpet.com)
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is another virus that attacks a cat's immune system and can lead to slow growth and development. (mymoggy.com)
Meanwhile, Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a viral disease that can cause inflammation in a cat's body, including the abdomen. (mymoggy.com)
Cats are independent creatures that enjoy their alone time, so deciphering between your cat's normal behavior and a health issue might be challenging. (hiccpet.com)
Knowing a cat's status tells you which cats need to follow the guidelines listed on this page. (vin.com)

At this point, the virus will stay with the cat for the rest of its life. (wikipedia.org)
PORTLAND, Ore. , April 15, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Banfield Pet Hospital®, the world's largest veterinary practice, released its State of Pet Health™ 2014 Report today, revealing a staggering 48 percent increase in the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in cats and a 21 percent increase in the prevalence of infection with the bacterium that causes Lyme disease in dogs. (prnewswire.com)
The virus is commonly transmitted during mating, through bite wounds associated with cat fights or from an infected mother to her kittens. (prnewswire.com)
Cats will get tests for feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus. (webmd.com)
Get the facts about feline immunodeficiency virus or FIV in cats, including what to expect if your pet is diagnosed and how to care for a cat with FIV or AIDS. (petplan.co.uk)
A diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus - more commonly known as FIV - in your cat isn't as scary as it might sound. (petplan.co.uk)
In the UK, an estimated 4% of cats have the virus. (petplan.co.uk)
When first infected with FIV, a cat develops a short-lived illness as the virus spreads to the lymph nodes around their body. (petplan.co.uk)
They look and behave just like an uninfected cat, but can still spread the virus. (petplan.co.uk)
Pregnant FIV-positive cats can pass the virus on to their kittens in the womb, during birth or through their milk but, remarkably, the majority of kittens aren't affected. (petplan.co.uk)
And don't worry about stroking an FIV-positive cat - there's no risk of transferring the virus to other cats, pets or people via your hands. (petplan.co.uk)
Sadly, there's no cure for FIV, but many infected cats live a happy and healthy life for years before their immune system becomes compromised by the virus. (petplan.co.uk)
Screen all cats to detect specific antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in feline serum, plasma, or anticoagulated whole blood. (idexx.com)
Some bacterial diseases develop after a virus has made it easier for bacteria to infect. (vin.com)
Outdoor cats also risk contracting Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV). (purina.ca)
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), also known as Feline AIDS, is a serious viral disease that affects only cats. (kittenrescue.org)
Some cats have diseases, such as feline immunodeficiency virus, that keep them housebound. (inverse.com)
There have been sporadic reports of infections in pet cats in COVID-households, which demonstrates that cats are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and could act as virus reservoirs. (gla.ac.uk)
The risk of reverse zoonosis and the potential for the establishment of cats as a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 is unknown, warranting the investigation of the susceptibility of cats to SARS-CoV-2 infection and their capacity to transmit the virus to cats and other species as the pandemic progresses. (gla.ac.uk)
Recently cat-to-human transmission was reported, demonstrating that a successful cross-species jump of SARS-CoV-2 into cats has the potential to expand the host range of the virus and generate an additional source of infections for humans and other species. (gla.ac.uk)
What is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus? (homehealth-uk.com)
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection is a complex retrovirus that causes immunodeficiency disease in domestic cats. (homehealth-uk.com)
FIV is similar to HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus) and causes a feline disease that is similar to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). (homehealth-uk.com)
However, FIV is a highly species-specific virus that infects only felines. (homehealth-uk.com)
What are the symptoms of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus? (homehealth-uk.com)
What is Feline Leukaemia Virus? (homehealth-uk.com)
This virus infection is second only to trauma as the leading cause of death in cats, killing 85% of persistently infected felines within three years of diagnosis. (homehealth-uk.com)
The virus commonly causes anaemia or lymphoma, but because it suppresses the immune system, it can also predispose cats to deadly infections. (homehealth-uk.com)
Kittens are much more susceptible to the virus, as are males and cats that have outdoor access. (homehealth-uk.com)
Korean Street cats are susceptible to the same diseases as pet cats-including rabies, distemper, feline immunodeficiency virus, and feline leukemia. (wisdompanel.com)
A veterinarian, she completed her Ph.D. studies on feline immunodeficiency virus in 1991 and subsequently she has pursued an academic research and teaching career in Glasgow, collaborating with colleagues in Europe, US, Australia and Japan. (gla.ac.uk)
Her most significant scientific contributions have included the identification of determinants of virulence amongst feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) isolates, the development of methods to confirm FIV and feline leukaemia virus infections in diagnostic samples, the identification of vaccine-induced enhancement of FIV infection and elucidation of the mechanism of protection induced by whole inactivated FIV vaccines. (gla.ac.uk)
Cats get tests for feline leukemia as well as immunodeficiency virus and receive vaccines that cover multiple diseases. (oxfordpets.com)
The virus itself can live for a long time in many environments and the chances are high that your cat may, at some time, be exposed to this dangerous disease. (atlantahumane.org)
B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)
Feline immunodeficiency virus: The diagnosis used to strike terror into the hearts of cat caretakers as they imagined their feline friends living tortured and short lives, constantly ill or in pain. (catster.com)
The human immunodeficiency virus, which causes AIDS, was identified and named between 1983 and 1986. (catster.com)
FIV has since been found in every country that tests for it, and scientists believe cats have carried the virus for many years before it was documented by veterinarians. (catster.com)
Snuggling and even mutual grooming won't spread the virus between cats. (catster.com)
When an FIV-positive mother cat gives birth, the young ones do inherit the antibodies (the cells that fight off the disease) but usually not the virus itself. (catster.com)
Because the feline immunodeficiency virus is in the same family of viruses as the human immunodeficiency virus, FIV-positive cats can help researchers develop treatments that could improve the lives of HIV-positive people. (catster.com)
Tanya is a conservation ecologist by training (PhD Conservation Ecology, Stellenbosch University) with a specific research interest in wildlife infectious diseases including animal tuberculosis in various wildlife species, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) in lions, leopards and cheetah, as well as Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) in African elephants. (sun.ac.za)
Outdoor cats also live shorter, harsher lives-they suffer from tapeworms, contract diseases such as from feline immunodeficiency virus and leukemia, are maimed in fights, killed by predators, and run over by cars. (cornell.edu)
After three decades of misinformation about Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), increasing numbers of compassionate animal lovers are giving FIV-positive cats the chance to find the loving homes they deserve. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
Since the mid 1980's, many cats that tested positive for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus lost their lives because of fear and misinformation about the disease. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
A long-term study conducted by Dr. Annette L. Litster of Purdue University's College of Veterinary Medicine has proved that FIV-positive and FIV-negative cats can live together peacefully without risk of transmitting the virus. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
Owners are urged to have their cats tested for feline immunodeficiency virus. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
If so, hes at especially high risk for infection with the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a submicroscopic, parasitic organism that can weaken his immune system and, in time, make him vulnerable to a host of opportunistic diseases. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
Virologists classify FIV as a lentivirus, a slow-acting organism that is in the same viral family as the potentially deadly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), says Dr. Levy, associate professor of small animal internal medicine at the University of Floridas College of Veterinary Medicine. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
We dont know why this is, she says, but it appears that a cats immune system is better able to ward off the virus when it is sexually transmitted than when it is transmitted by biting. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
Cat AIDS can be kept under control but not treated, because there are no drug therapies capable of eradicating the virus once it has infected the animal. (aids2010.org)
FIV stands for feline immunodeficiency virus, just as HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. (vin.com)
For a lengthy description of this virus, we recommend the Cornell Feline Health Center . (vin.com)
The mother cat with FIV rarely transfers the virus to her kittens, but she most certainly will transfer her antibodies (usually during nursing). (vin.com)
As mentioned, infected mother cats do not readily transmit the virus to their kittens. (vin.com)
That said, it is important not to introduce any new cats as this is likely to lead to fighting and consequent virus transmission. (vin.com)
Feline Aids is a retrovirus of the subfamily of lentivirus, very similar to the human "Aids" virus HIV. (waterlooanimalhospital.com)
The virus targets feline lymphocytes and macrophages. (waterlooanimalhospital.com)
Although long term prognosis is poor, cats that test positive for the virus can survive years without exhibiting any clinical sign. (waterlooanimalhospital.com)
But in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, AIDS, or another condition that weakens the immune system, infection can spread throughout the body and, without treatment, can be fatal. (msdmanuals.com)

Dogs will get shots for rabies, distemper-parvo, and other diseases. (webmd.com)
We all know that rabies isn't exclusive to just cats, all animals can contract rabies. (prudentpet.com)
Unfortunately, if your cat is infected with rabies, the fatality rate is nearly 100% once symptoms start to show. (prudentpet.com)
However, there are a few ways you can help prevent your cat from getting rabies. (prudentpet.com)
The only way to catch rabies is for another infected animal to bite your cat, which means this cat disease is very contagious. (prudentpet.com)

Many of the same principles for keeping kittens healthy are the same ones for kittens as for cats, so we'll only discuss here the unique circumstances that apply to the younger kittens - those. (kittenrescue.org)
Many people ask us what the best food brand recommendations for kittens and cats are. (kittenrescue.org)
On rare occasions infection is transmitted from an infected mother cat to her kittens, usually during passage through the birth canal or when the newborn kittens ingest infected milk. (homehealth-uk.com)
however, some hit kittens harder than full-grown adult cats. (prudentpet.com)
It mainly affects older, full-grown felines but it's not uncommon to see renal failure in kittens as well. (prudentpet.com)
The Winn Feline Foundation recommends that any young kittens testing positive for FIV be retested when they're over 6 months old. (catster.com)
Rarely, FIV can be passed from a FIV-positive mother cat to her kittens. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
Bengal cats go through several growth stages as they develop from kittens to adult cats. (mymoggy.com)
Russian Blue Kitten photograph by Sensual Shadows Photography Before you go in search of Russian Blue Kittens have a look at these and have a look at some Russian Blue adult cats too and read about this cat breed. (pictures-of-cats.org)
I've also built a page in which I discuss the breed standard in a general kind of way, nothing too technical, which may interest potential buyers of Russian Blue kittens as it also contains a large format slide show of a lot of cats of this breed to get a feel as to how they appear and what they should look like under the breed standard. (pictures-of-cats.org)
During this time of "heat," female kittens wail like crazy in hopes of getting the attention of a nearby male cat. (gatoisland.com)
Cats can reproduce multiple kittens three times a year. (gatoisland.com)
Most domestic cats, particularly kittens, throughout the world are infected but most show no signs of illness. (msdmanuals.com)

Feline Immunodeficiency produced by a Retrovirus, Lentivirus, causes a similar condition to Human Immunodeficiency (AIDS) and it is being intensively studied worldwide. (vin.com)
FIV was discovered in 1986 at a California cattery, where cats were falling ill with symptoms similar to those of AIDS. (catster.com)
What is AIDS in cats (feline immunodeficiency syndrome)FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency), is a common disease of cats, similar to AIDS and for this reason defined, in fact, cat AIDS. (aids2010.org)
Let's get rid of this doubt immediately: cat "AIDS" has nothing to do with HIV infection in humans, which is transmitted sexually or through direct contact with infected (human) blood, and which above all has other pathogenic cause. (aids2010.org)
Aids positive cats can live for many years, but should be kept indoors to prevent spread of the disease. (waterlooanimalhospital.com)
However, in people with immunodeficiencies such as AIDS or malignancies, rupture of cysts results in disease reactivation, including encephalitis or disseminated toxoplasmosis. (cdc.gov)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. (cdc.gov)

The cat can fight off the infection and become totally immune, can become a healthy carrier that never gets sick itself but can infect other cats, or a mid-level case in which the cat has a compromised immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Infection is far higher in city cats, stray or owned, than in rural cats: this is entirely due to the amount of contact the cats have with each other. (wikipedia.org)
Infectious Diseases in Cats, Areas of Potential Infection - Banfield Pet Hospital's State of Pet Health(TM) 2014 Report focuses on infectious diseases that can threaten the overall health of pets. (prnewswire.com)
The cat then enters an asymptomatic stage of FIV infection, which can last for months or even years. (petplan.co.uk)
If an FIV-positive cat does become ill with a secondary infection, it's vital they see a vet straight away to get appropriate treatment for that condition. (petplan.co.uk)
Furthermore, serological studies and experimental infections have demonstrated that cats are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. (gla.ac.uk)
How do cats contract the infection? (homehealth-uk.com)
many infected senior cats pass as a result of problems not associated with their infection. (pethealthnetwork.com)
If your cat is infected, they can become carriers for life and always transmit this infection to other felines. (prudentpet.com)
She has also identified immunological correlates of feline retroviral infection, discovered the primary and co-receptor molecules for FIV infection, and more recently identified the first case of human-to-cat transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK. (gla.ac.uk)
Infection by VMV and CAEV can lead to Visna/Maedi (VM) and Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE) respectively, slow progressive inflammatory diseases primarily affecting the lungs, nervous system, joints and mammary glands. (mdpi.com)
Additional IA risk factors include alcoholism, IV drug abuse, and immunodeficiency, including HIV infection. (uspharmacist.com)
Following initial infection, the viral RNA is carried to the animals major lymph nodes, where it is converted to DNA as the organism replicates within disease-fighting white blood cells called T-lymphocytes. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
According to Dr. Levy, the earliest stage of infection is likely to pass unnoticed by the cats owner. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
In fact, an FIV-positive cat is likely to appear normal for many years following initial infection. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
Compared to all other feline health threats, FIV infection is quite common, according to Dr. Levy. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
HIV-positive pregnant women can, as we have seen, transmit the infection to the unborn child, but antiretroviral therapy is able to reduce this risk;Prevent and treat venereal diseases, which are also a risk factor for acquired immunodeficiency infection. (aids2010.org)
Cats that test negative should be tested annually as they are at higher risk for infection, even though, it is generally considered unnecessary to isolate the negative and positive cats from each other. (vin.com)
The relative high prevalence, especially in rabbits and dogs as potential sources of microsporidial infection for humans, indicates the importance of performing the screening examinations in animals with aim of reducing or halting the spread of this disease. (aaem.pl)
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii can lead to congenital and acquired disease, resulting in loss of vision and neurologic illness. (cdc.gov)
Infection in humans generally occurs either by ingesting viable tissue cysts in raw or undercooked meat or by ingesting oocysts shed in the feces of a cat. (cdc.gov)
People become infected by a cat bite or scratch, which does not need to be severe for infection to occur. (msdmanuals.com)

Easily implement feline health protocols as recommended by the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) and the American Heartworm Society. (idexx.com)
Also helpful is information from the American Association of Feline Practitioners . (vin.com)

What are the symptoms of FIV in cats? (petplan.co.uk)
If you suspect your pet might have FIV - for example, if they've recently been bitten in a cat fight and are showing early symptoms - keep them indoors, away from other cats, and contact your vet. (petplan.co.uk)
Some catteries will take cats who are FIV-positive, provided they have no symptoms. (petplan.co.uk)
Diagnosis of stomatitis can be difficult as the symptoms are common to many dental diseases. (petplace.com)
The two types of germs can cause diseases with similar symptoms, but each one has a different way of multiplying and spreading disease. (vin.com)
You can treat symptoms such as coughing and headache, but not the disease itself. (vin.com)
Whilst most infected cats do not show symptoms, they are prone to developing other infections and certain types of cancer. (homehealth-uk.com)
An FIV-infected cat may not show any symptoms for years. (homehealth-uk.com)
Once symptoms do develop, however, they may continually progress, or a cat may show signs of sickness interspersed with health for years. (homehealth-uk.com)
Unfortunately, cats get sick often and you need to be aware of the signs and symptoms. (prudentpet.com)
Symptoms are similar to the common cold or flu, causing sneezing, coughing, runny nose and eyes, fatigue and general misery, but these diseases are much more serious. (atlantahumane.org)
She had no symptoms suggestive of active disease, and there was no report or documentation of treatment. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
If your cat shows any of these symptoms, they are treatable with topical medications to try. (hiccpet.com)
It is one of the most common cat diseases and presents symptoms like seizures, fevers, brain chemical imbalances, weight loss, and more. (hiccpet.com)
Usually, people have no other symptoms, and cat-scratch disease resolves on its own. (msdmanuals.com)
2. Radiological findings suggestive of a respiratory disease other than COPD that is significantly cRadiological findings suggestive of a respiratory disease other than COPD that is significantly contributing to the participant's respiratory symptoms. (who.int)

She is also a member of the panel that is responsible for updating the AAFP: Feline Retrovirus Management Guidelines. (gla.ac.uk)
Image showing an adult cat with feline immunodeficiency FIV is a viral disease caused by a retrovirus that affects only felines (therefore cats, in particular stray but not, for example, dogs) and which is transmitted from infected person to person healthy mostly through scratching and biting, because the pathogen is contained in saliva and blood. (aids2010.org)

PETA's investigation found that the "ranch" consisted of dilapidated, moldy, trailers reeking of ammonia, crowded kennels, and impossible-to-sanitize wooden sheds and that Grant denied cats effective veterinary care for rampant upper-respiratory infections and other ailments, sometimes with fatal consequences. (peta.org)

Measles is perhaps the most contagious infectious viral disease, with a basic reproduction number (R 0 ) estimated at between 12 and 18. (gla.ac.uk)

While all cats are at risk, lifestyle, sex, and vaccination status all play an important part in reducing exposure to this contagious disease. (pethealthnetwork.com)
Feline distemper is very common, highly contagious and is almost always FATAL. (atlantahumane.org)

It makes cats susceptible to other infections in a similar way that HIV does in humans. (petplan.co.uk)
This eventually makes them susceptible to secondary infections from bacteria, viruses and other germs - even ones that are normally harmless to cats. (petplan.co.uk)
For example, onions can damage red blood cells and lead to anemia in both dogs and cats, though cats are more susceptible. (athomepetcare.com)
Cats with FIV may also be more susceptible to infections and other diseases. (mymoggy.com)

Panleukopenia (feline distemper) is not the same kind of disease as canine distemper and can not be transmitted between cats and dogs. (atlantahumane.org)

They also get vaccinations that cover several diseases. (webmd.com)
Your cat or dog will get vaccinations when needed and will get a thorough physical exam, along with tests to follow up on any problems. (webmd.com)
Owners can prevent this by keeping their cat up-to-date with veterinary visits and vaccinations on an annual basis. (prudentpet.com)
This list is accompanied by a brief description of the diseases for which the vaccinations are recommended. (atlantahumane.org)
This is one reason why many vets don't recommend FIV vaccinations for any but the highest-risk cats. (catster.com)

Have your veterinarian check all of your pets for infectious diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
PETA's investigator routinely brought to Grant's attention the suffering of individual cats at the facility, but requests for veterinary care and offers to rush suffering and even dying cats to a veterinarian for emergency medical attention were often dismissed. (peta.org)
As a dog or cat owner, you know that your pet needs regular veterinarian checkups to ensure proper health and long life. (oxfordpets.com)
To help your cat stay healthy and happy, you should both visit your veterinarian at least once every year. (atlantahumane.org)
If you suspect your Bengal cat may have a parasitic infestation, you must take him to a veterinarian for evaluation. (mymoggy.com)

An FIV-positive cat can live happily for many years with no sign of illness. (petplan.co.uk)
Another concluded, however, that an FIV-positive cat is more likely to die of other causes - such as old age or being run over - than any illness linked to their condition. (petplan.co.uk)
If you have a weak immune system, having a pet can put you at risk for serious illness from diseases that can spread from animals to humans. (medlineplus.gov)
Some infected cats experience recurrent illness interspersed with periods of relative good health. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
In most cats, however, susceptibility to opportunistic diseases increases progressively as the animals immune system is repeatedly challenged by successive episode of illness. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
Understand the signs of a cat illness so you can act quickly before the condition worsens. (hiccpet.com)
The remaining cats appear normal in that time frame, and many go on to live long lives, only periodically experiencing illness. (vin.com)
New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases, resulting in prolonged illness, disability, and even death. (who.int)

Evaluate all cats for feline heartworm disease by identifying heartworm antigen in feline serum, plasma, or anticoagulated whole blood. (idexx.com)
Heartworm disease is caused by the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis , which has widespread dissemination. (idexx.com)
NaturalNews) In a seemingly diabolical plot, veterinarians and pharmaceutical companies have teamed up in a marketing campaign to frighten pet guardians into giving year-round heartworm preventatives to their cats, as well as dogs. (naturalnews.com)
The increase in positive-testing dogs may be attributable to the widespread dispersion of heartworm-infected dogs after Hurricane Katrina, rather than a true increase in the level of disease. (naturalnews.com)
This uniquely feline condition is called Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease, or HARD. (naturalnews.com)

Cat welfare organisations recommend keeping FIV-positive cats indoors , or only letting them outside in a secure enclosure, to minimise their risk of infecting other cats. (petplan.co.uk)
So housebound cats may be good for wildlife, but how can people ensure their pets thrive indoors? (inverse.com)
High energy and hyperactive cats, rescued strays with little indoor experience, or those that aren't very friendly towards people aren't good choices for a life lived entirely indoors. (inverse.com)
It's often assumed that older cats may be a better choice because they're more sedentary, and cats with a previous history of living indoors may also adjust more easily to a new indoor home. (inverse.com)
It is recommended to keep infected cats indoors as much as possible, because they will be more vulnerable to contracting other infections due to their weakened immune systems. (homehealth-uk.com)
FIV cats should always be spayed/neutered, live indoors-only and avoid exposure to infectious diseases, including avoiding raw food diets. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
Therefore, feline positive cats should be housed indoors to protect other cats. (waterlooanimalhospital.com)

They may also need shots to protect against health woes such as kennel cough, influenza, and Lyme disease. (webmd.com)

Bad cat breath is often the first sign of cat gingivitis, a serious oral health condition that affects 7 in 10 cats by age 3. (oxyfresh.com)
Diabetes results from a lack of hormonal insulin and affects cats across the world. (prudentpet.com)
IA usually affects a joint that has already been compromised by disease, typically osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (uspharmacist.com)

Similarly to canine stomatitis, an immune-related cause is usually suspected in the majority of cats due to the presence of antibody secreting cells, called plasma cells , that are found when inflamed tissue is examined microscopically. (petplace.com)

Your dog may get other vaccines to prevent illnesses like kennel cough, and outdoor cats should get feline leukemia vaccines. (webmd.com)

A positive test result indicates that an unvaccinated cat has circulating antibodies against FIV and, therefore, is likely infected. (idexx.com)
Any cat that receives the FIV vaccine will test positive for FIV antibodies. (catster.com)
To diagnose cat-scratch disease, doctors measure antibodies to the bacteria in the blood. (msdmanuals.com)

This means FIV transmission is extremely unlikely through cats grooming one another, sharing food bowls or even using the same litter tray (although owners of an FIV-positive cat should take every possible measure to prevent transmission). (petplan.co.uk)
People who don't like cats may not tolerate them using their gardens as litter boxes. (purina.ca)
In the middle of the room was a 3' x 3' sandbox filled with at least 2" of soft scoopable litter (such as Dr. Elsey's Precious Cat clumping litter). (tica.org)
Cats in the clinic-like environment pawed and sniffed at the litter and litterpan more both before and after elimination, moved around the litterpan more, and groomed more after elimination. (tica.org)
Using the litterpan less often and for a longer duration may be signs that your cat is trying to tell you that an improvement is needed, such as a larger pan or softer, more absorbent litter. (tica.org)
FIV cannot be passed to humans or dogs, and it cannot spread to other cats through casual contact or by sharing toys, food, water or litter boxes. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
It may be possible to trace the cat back to a particular litter to learn more about its parentage and origins. (mymoggy.com)
From personal experience over decades the best odor control cat litter is wood based. (pictures-of-cats.org)
For me there are essential 2 types of cat litter: clay or earth based (Fullers Earth - see history of cat litter ) wood based I presume the wood based litter is made from wood chippings. (pictures-of-cats.org)
It was a popular opinion to let a female cat give birth to a litter at least once before getting it spayed in earlier times. (gatoisland.com)

Fleas in Dogs and Cats Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) on a severely flea-infested and anemic cat. (merckvetmanual.com)
Fleas transmit the Bartonella bacteria from one cat to another. (msdmanuals.com)

Have your cat tested for the feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency viruses. (medlineplus.gov)
Both bacteria and viruses are germs and can make dogs or cats (or people) sick. (vin.com)
She conducts research in infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnostics and vaccine development, with a focus on feline viruses. (gla.ac.uk)

Download the State of Pet Health(TM) 2014 Report and discover key findings on a wide range of pet health conditions and diseases such as Lyme disease and canine parvovirus, by visiting stateofpethealth.com. (prnewswire.com)

What is the life expectancy of cats with FIV? (petplan.co.uk)
However, the prognosis and life expectancy is significantly enhanced by regular Vet check-ups and careful health management of infected cats, so early diagnosis is vital. (homehealth-uk.com)
The life expectancy of the feline with full-blown FIV is about five years from diagnosis. (aids2010.org)
The life expectancy of the FIV+ cat is variable. (vin.com)

These cats are unable to fight off the progression of dental disease due to their weakened immune system. (petplace.com)
Some people with weakened immune systems may be advised to give up their pets to avoid getting diseases from the animals. (medlineplus.gov)
Beneficial bacteria protect from disease-causing bacteria, promote a healthy immune system, and help the body with metabolism. (vin.com)
FIV is a lentivirus that causes a progressive disruption of the immune function in cats. (vin.com)
The main objective of the present study is to compare neuro-immune-endocrine parameters (ACTH, Cortisol, AGP and Evoqued potentials) in cats infected with FIV along 6 months of antiretroviral therapy. (vin.com)
are proteins produced by the immune system to help defend the body against a particular attacker, such as the bacteria that cause cat-scratch disease. (msdmanuals.com)

Domestic Cat Care is a comprehensive 100 hour course covering all aspects of diet and nutrition, preventative health care and treating illnesses, understanding feline behaviour, breeding, business planning and more! (edu.au)
It is so slow to progress, that most FIV+ cats die of old age instead of FIV related illnesses. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
They remove dirt that carries bacteria, causing acne, hot spots, and various cat illnesses. (hiccpet.com)

Rest assured that FIV cannot pass from cats to humans or other animal species. (petplan.co.uk)
Scientists say the study opens opportunities for better understanding genes that trigger fatal diseases, like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, in humans. (mentalfloss.com)
If you decide to keep your pet, you and your family must be aware of the risk of diseases that can be passed from animals to humans. (medlineplus.gov)
This puts your cat at risk of other infections that may be spread to humans. (medlineplus.gov)
Like humans, cats like to maintain themselves. (inverse.com)
Remains of cats found buried in tombs in ancient Egypt suggest the relationship between humans and felines began thousands of years ago. (wisdompanel.com)
Though attitudes have shifted in recent decades, mistreatment at the hands of humans has left many Korean street cats fearful of people. (wisdompanel.com)
While sharing similar characteristics with domestic pet cats, Free-Roaming cats are a genetically diverse group which are adapted to spending an independent life outdoors with little to no reliance on humans for their needs. (wisdompanel.com)
Just like us humans, cat diabetes can be classified into two types, Type I and Type II. (prudentpet.com)
We would like to stress this disease is controllable and many cats can live long healthy lives under diabetes, similar to humans. (prudentpet.com)
Similar to humans, cancer in kitty cats can be centralized to one specific area of the body. (prudentpet.com)
His work involves a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the dynamics of disease transmission between livestock, wildlife, and humans and improving surveillance efforts to identify and respond to outbreaks. (sun.ac.za)
bite wounds from humans, dogs or cats, and rats, which are often polymicrobial and usually affect the small joints of the hands. (uspharmacist.com)

This is referred to as feline gingivostomatitis (FGS). (petplace.com)

This hormone has been associated with the development of several retroviral diseases and their pathogenesis, such as Feline immunodeficiency. (vin.com)

FIV is mainly passed from cat to cat through deep bite wounds, the kind that usually occur outdoors during aggressive fights and territorial disputes. (homehealth-uk.com)
Cats get infected with FIV through deep bite wounds, which occur most often among un-neutered male cats fighting for mating or territorial rights. (catster.com)
Other topical medications like cat hot spot anti-itch spray combat skin irritations and wounds caused by ringworm and other fungal diseases. (hiccpet.com)
The operation is nearly painless for male cats, while for females, it may take up to three days to heal surgical wounds. (gatoisland.com)
Transmission usually occurs by cat-to-cat bite wounds. (waterlooanimalhospital.com)

Regarding physical growth, Bengal cats typically reach their full adult size and weight at around one to two years of age. (mymoggy.com)
Once Bengal cats reach 2-3 years of age, they are considered fully grown and have reached their adult size. (mymoggy.com)

During those checkups, the vet will give your dog or cat a proper, all-over physical to check for any skin issues, and usually will also take a blood sample to check for heartworms - this is done with dogs only, as cats don't usually get tested. (oxfordpets.com)

These can be signs of a new problem such as kidney disease or arthritis. (webmd.com)
Cats with uremia , a result of kidney disease causing a buildup of waste products in the blood, commonly suffer from oral inflammation. (petplace.com)
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) , is one of the most common diseases for cats. (prudentpet.com)
When chronic kidney failure occurs, it's important to get a proper diagnosis early so you can make sure your cat is comfortable. (prudentpet.com)
Other than old age, kidney failure can be the result of your cat eating something poisonous. (prudentpet.com)
If you notice your cat is losing their sight or has a decreased appetite with weight loss, they might have chronic kidney disease. (prudentpet.com)
Caring for an animal with ongoing medical needs - whether it's a dog with a seizure disorder or a senior cat with kidney disease - can be expensive, and often discourages potential adopters from offering a loving home to an otherwise wonderful companion. (animalfriendsrescue.org)

The infected cat is now at risk of developing a range of diseases, including mouth and gum inflammation, respiratory infections, skin problems, eye infections, blood disorders, stomach upsets and cancers. (petplan.co.uk)
This type of inflammation can either be an acute or chronic disease. (petplace.com)
Patients with acute disease usually present with inflammation of the gums only (gingiva). (petplace.com)
In addition, these cats have an increase of ammonia in their saliva, causing ulcerations and exacerbating inflammation. (petplace.com)

Emerging Infectious Diseases , 29(6), pp. 1223-1227. (gla.ac.uk)

Also in 2013, approximately 1 in every 130 dogs was infected with the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. (prnewswire.com)

It is a feline-only lentivirus. (animalfriendsrescue.org)

The report, compiled by Banfield's internal research team, Banfield Applied Research and Knowledge (BARK), analyzed data collected in 2013 from nearly 2.3 million dogs and 470,000 cats cared for in Banfield's more than 850 hospitals in 43 states. (prnewswire.com)
Stomatitis is more common in cats than dogs, but no matter what species is affected, it can be very painful and cause a decrease in an animal's quality of life. (petplace.com)
These radiant sheep, dogs, and cats help further research of human diseases. (mentalfloss.com)
The experiment was meant to prove the principle of transgenic animals, particularly dogs, who, due to their lifespan and reproductive cycle, are good stand-ins for human disease research. (mentalfloss.com)
Dogs and cats can use flea collars. (medlineplus.gov)
Pyodermas are common in dogs and less common in cats. (merckvetmanual.com)
While it's more common in dogs, we still see cancer frequently show up in cats. (prudentpet.com)
In this age range, dogs and cats are now considered to be adults. (oxfordpets.com)
Cats are not small dogs. (atlantahumane.org)
They rationalize this by citing statistics on how most people don't use the products, and proclaiming that the number of unprotected dogs will surely cause even more disease. (naturalnews.com)
From time to time, AFRP waives adoption fees for the cats and dogs that have been with AFRP the longest. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
This program brings attention to the animals that are most in need of adoption, and when these pets go home, it enables us to free up space to rescue more dogs and cats in need of help. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
Though our cats and dogs are never in danger of being euthanized because they have been with us too long, the sooner they can find their forever home, the better. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
While dogs may be the most popular choice as a pet, cats are no less famous. (gatoisland.com)

As knowledge about feline immunology and vaccine technology improves, many former recommendations have become obsolete. (tica.org)
Cats must be healthy to adequately respond to a vaccine. (tica.org)
The addition of a vaccine at 20 weeks is due to recent evidence that as many as 1/3 of all cats may not be protected against panleukopenia if the vaccine series is stopped at 16 weeks. (tica.org)
It should be noted that giving the FIV vaccine will cause a cat to test positive on both of the above tests. (vin.com)

A cat cannot transmit the disease. (naturalnews.com)

It is our responsibility-as a practice and as a dedicated group of professionals who love pets-to provide the best possible preventive care, which leads to early disease diagnosis and management. (prnewswire.com)
One study found that cats with FIV typically live for five years after diagnosis. (petplan.co.uk)
1 The 3 most common etiologic categories of FUO in children in order of frequency are infectious diseases, connective tissue diseases, and neoplasms.1Outlined in the differential diagnosis table are etiologies of FUO by category.1 Infectious diseases to consider in immigrant children include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, hepatitis A-D , parasitic infections, malaria, and typhoid fever. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
With a healthy diet, lots of love, regular vet care, and a calm environment, an FIV-positive cat can enjoy a good quality of life for many years after a diagnosis. (catster.com)

This alone is a great reason to have your cat spayed or neutered. (catster.com)

FIV is most common in unneutered tom cats who fight rivals. (petplan.co.uk)
Stomatitis in cats is more common and is usually a chronic condition, meaning that it can be a problem for months to years. (petplace.com)
While ANY breed of cat can get gingivitis (remember - 7 in 10 cats have gum disease by age three), it's especially common in short-nosed breeds like Persians, Chinchillas, and British or Exotic Shorthairs because their teeth tend to be overcrowded, which creates a breeding ground for plaque and tartar to accumulate. (oxyfresh.com)
Feline leukemia is a very common disease. (pethealthnetwork.com)
Feral cats are very common in Korea, with populations running rampant in big cities. (wisdompanel.com)
Cushing disease) is the most common form of hyperadrenocorticism and. (merckvetmanual.com)
Chlamydia, Calici, and Rhinotracheitis are the three most common upper respiratory diseases in cats. (atlantahumane.org)
Although sexual contact is a common mode of transmission in HIV, the same does not hold true for FIV, says Dr. Levy, despite the viruss presence in feline semen and other genital secretions. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
The most common parasitic infestation is hookworm, which can cause anemia and other cat health problems. (mymoggy.com)
Lice are also a common parasitic infestation in cats and can cause hair loss and itching. (mymoggy.com)
In cats, a study from the United Kingdom showed that the most common material cats sucked or chewed on was wool (93%), followed by cotton, man-made fabrics, rubber, plastic, paper, and cardboard. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
Read on to learn more about the nine common cat diseases that may afflict your cat. (hiccpet.com)
What Are The Most Common Cat Diseases? (hiccpet.com)

When an infected mosquito bites a dog or cat, the microfilaria are deposited on the skin, where they then crawl into the bite wound and enter the bloodstream. (naturalnews.com)
FIV is only transmitted to other cats through a deep bite wound, where blood and saliva mingle. (animalfriendsrescue.org)
And pugnacious free-roaming males are more likely, by far, than other felines to bite their sparring partners or be bitten by them. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
Bartonella henselae and transmitted by a scratch or bite from an infected cat, often causing a crusted bump and swollen lymph nodes. (msdmanuals.com)
At the site of a cat bite or scratch, a red, painless bump develops within about 3 to 10 days. (msdmanuals.com)

The disease is fatal and progressive. (waterlooanimalhospital.com)

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -The evaluated NRTIs had low cytotoxicity against feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells and appeared to be safe options for further in vivo evaluation for the treatment of FIV-infected cats. (avma.org)
He has been involved in the monitoring and investigation of mycobacterial diseases at the Swiss National Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis and he acquired knowledge of disease control and prevention, clinical management, and diagnostic possibilities. (sun.ac.za)
Endocarditis with negative culture findings and seropositivity (culture positivity and seropositivity or culture negativity and seronegativity are relatively uncommon) is the main clinical presentation of chronic Q fever, usually occurring in patients with preexisting cardiac disease including valve defects, rheumatic heart disease, and prosthetic valves. (medscape.com)

It is often called the "friendly cat" disease as it is commonly spread from cat to cat through casual contact, such as grooming or sharing food or water. (pethealthnetwork.com)

Cells from all 3 cats were infected with a pathogenic clone of FIV, and in vitro antiviral efficacy of each NRTI was assessed with an FIV p24 antigen capture ELISA. (avma.org)

Parasitic infestation can harm the growth and development of Bengal cats. (mymoggy.com)

8 These organisms are the causative factor in patients who have severe joint trauma and serious disease, such as diabetes mellitus, RA, SLE, and malignancy, are immunosuppressed, or are receiving hemodialysis. (uspharmacist.com)
Diabetes happens when cats do not produce insulin which breaks down sugar. (hiccpet.com)
If left untreated, diabetes can cause long-term health issues for your feline. (hiccpet.com)

Your cat or dog will receive vaccines and go through a complete physical examination. (oxfordpets.com)

House cats are prone to obesity and may spend large amounts of time inactive, both physically and mentally. (inverse.com)

[ 1 ] Prior to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, an estimated 179 million cases of acute gastroenteritis occurred every year in the United States. (medscape.com)
On 30 January 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak to be a global public health emergency of international concern under the International Health Regulations (2005). (who.int)

Ringworm causes painful skin irritations in cats. (hiccpet.com)

Street Cats are typically fastidious groomers that keep their coats relatively clean. (wisdompanel.com)

Korean street cats are feral cats that share the same basic physical characteristics as pet cats, but they lead a mostly independent life outdoors. (wisdompanel.com)
The issue of outdoor and feral cats is perennially contentious, but the cumulative effect of millions of outdoor cats is clear cut. (cornell.edu)
We estimate that about four percent of all feral cats in the U.S. are infected, she says. (catwatchnewsletter.com)

Anatomy20

Organisms26

Diseases34

Chemicals and Drugs92

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes57

Information Science5

Named Groups2

Health Care8

FeLV36

Leukemia virus4

Cat's13

Virus60

Rabies5

Kittens13

AIDS6

Centers for Diseas4

Infection22

American Association of Feline Practitioners2

Symptoms16

Retrovirus2

Upper-respirator1

Viral disease1

Contagious2

Susceptible4

Distemper1

Vaccinations5

Veterinarian5

Illness8

Heartworm5

Indoors7

Influenza1

Affects3

Antibody1

Kennel cough1

Antibodies3

Litter10

Fleas2

Viruses3

Parvovirus1

Life expectancy4

Immune6

Illnesses3

Humans13

Gingivostomatitis1

Pathogenesis1

Wounds5

Adult2

Heartworms1

Kidney7

Inflammation4

Emerging Infectio1

Lyme Disease1

Lentivirus1

Dogs14

Vaccine4

Transmit1

Diagnosis4

Spayed or neute1

Common13

Bite5

Fatal1

Clinical3

Commonly1

Antigen1

Parasitic1

Diabetes3

Vaccines1

Prone1

Coronavirus Disease2

Ringworm1

Typically1

Feral cats3